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Educational Technology and Mobile Learning

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20 Great STEAM Websites for Young Learners

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A platform that provides reviews of educational web tools and apps to help educators, teachers, and students integrate technology in education.

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The Institute for Arts Integration and STEAM

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We're dubbing 2017 the Year of Creativity and we want you to join in. What better way to do that than with some new STEAM apps and websites to explore? We've found 20 apps and 20 websites that you can use to integrate the arts everywhere. So whether you're using Arts Integration, STEAM, PBL or any other maker-centered approach, these resources will make that process so much easier.

Want to download these as a single PDF for reference later? We've broken these into two pages. One for apps and one for websites. We've also suggested which grade levels each app or website is most successful with. Just click, print and away you go!

- This is a hugely popular game of digital flashcards and charades all rolled into one. What's even better is that you can create your own category, so you can upload your own facts and lesson details that students can use to help invent and create their own solutions.

Adobe Capture - We are loving all of the free tools that Adobe has been releasing recently and this one is at the top of our list. The app lets users take a photo of something and then trace the outline. A student can then erase parts, color it in, or enhance areas, all based on the initial sketch provided by the photo.

Color Vacuum - This unique, interactive and educational app by Curious Hat encourages children to explore, experience and experiment with the world of color in their immediate environment.

- Turn your colors into sound! The app reacts to light and colors in the environment of the image and translates them in an aesthetic way in tones, sounds, and geometrical patterns.
DOWNLOAD THE PDF VERSION HERE
Top 20 Websites for 2017

-We also showcased John Spencer's book The Creative Classroom Launch.We're bringing you his website because it's just. that. good.Be sure to check out his "Sketchy Videos" area.Powerful learning comes in small video packages!

Project Noah - Project Noah was created to provide people of all ages with a simple, easy-to-use way to share their experiences with wildlife. By encouraging your students to share their observations and contribute to Project Noah missions, you not only help students to reconnect with nature, you provide them with real opportunities to participate and even artfully document their learning.

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Susan Riley | May 2017 40 STEAM Apps and Websites We're dubbing 2017 the Year of Creativity and we want you to join in. What better way to do that than with some new STEAM apps and websites to explore?

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Keep in Touch

Are you looking to get involved with iMAGINE in the Upstate, Rock Hill, or Greenwood? It takes a big team of people to make the program truly meaningful! If you are looking to stay informed, volunteer or learn more about partnering with iMAGINE, we will find a way to get YOU involved.

STEAM in the Streets

Resources for Exhibitors, Parents, and Educators

iMAGINE is a program of South Carolina's Coalition for Mathematics & Science (SCCMS) at Clemson University.

The College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences

The College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences is creating a rich environment for students to develop not only excellent technical skills but also a broad set of abilities that position them as the intellectual leaders of tomorrow.

Visit Website

SC's Coalition for Mathematics and Science

An alliance of partnering organizations and initiatives working together everywhere that STEM matters to address STEM education challenges in our State through partnerships, advocacy and public engagement.

Visit Website

Upstate SC STEM Collaborative

The central mission of the Upstate SC STEM Collaborative is to pursue opportunities and possibilities in STEM education to promote workforce development in the Upstate region of South Carolina.

Visit Website

This exciting event will take place on October 16, 2021, from 11 am - 3 pm in Uptown Greenwood from the Arts Center, along Oregon Avenue, to the Farmers' Market!

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Are you looking to get involved with iMAGINE in the Upstate, Rock Hill, or Greenwood? It takes a big team of people to make the program truly meaningful! If you are looking to stay informed, volunteer or learn more about partnering with iMAGINE, we will find a way to get YOU involved.

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Each lesson in this program has multiple learning outcomes that integrate the arts and sciences. The lessons include vocabulary, activities, literature connections, extensions, worksheets, and rubrics for evaluation. The program includes learning standards from a range of important national contributors. These can be seen as specific learning outcomes, skills, or performance indicators.

- Identify the parts of a circuit and explain how it works.

- Create a circuit and describe the process to create it.

- Make observations about electricity in a circuit.

- Connect the lesson to real-world applications.

- Create a circuit on paper, describe the process for creating it, and explain how it

works.

- Troubleshoot and solve problems to make simple and parallel circuits with LEDs.

- Develop a sketch to illustrate how they will create their paper circuit so that it works.

- Add circuits and creative design to a piece of writing and art.

- Write a friendly letter using the parts of a letter.

- Develop a character.

- Design a costume.

- Create a wearable electronic accessory with a simple circuit.

- Analyze a set of data.

- Write and illustrate a story.

The Game Show Buzzer was easy to assemble and provided a quick lesson in creating a functional circuit. Packaging the buzzer into some kind of console was an optional activity that provided an opportunity for trouble-shooting and creativity.

KitHub makes it easy for parents, teachers, and students to connect concrete capabilities - making physical objects light up, make sounds, move, sense, react - with theories of how electrons move through circuits.

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STEAM + Coding Program For Grades 3-8 - KitHub

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Each lesson in this program has multiple learning outcomes that integrate the arts and sciences. The lessons include vocabulary, activities, literature connections, extensions, worksheets, and rubrics for evaluation. The program includes learning standards from a range of important national contributors. These can be seen as specific learning outcomes, skills, or performance indicators.

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"My teaching colleague and I have been discussing possibilities for activities on getting our students involved in problem-solving and critical thinking about the environment. This sounds like such a perfect fit! We wanted real-world situations that they could use, and create possible applications in their home environment." -Middle School Teacher, Incline City, Nevada

"These resources would be a great addition to the ecology lessons we teach. I know this would be current and my co-teacher and I would be able to hook our students!" -9th Grade Teacher, Lockport, Illionois

​"I love that the images in the video reflect the diversity of students and teachers I work with. I think this will help urban students see they are part of the equation of learning about and caring for our world." -High School Informer Educator, Missouri Department of Conservation

"I want to help my students critically think and problem solve about the problems they may encounter in their lifetime. This gives them some practice to collaborate with their peers and look for solutions." -7th Grade Teacher, Lincoln Nebraska

"As a science teacher with a diverse group of learners, I am always on the lookout for new ways to present learning interactions, to maximize concept understanding. I think that this is a form of education that will be beneficial to my student's needs and interests. My school consists of students with learning disabilities, some with mental health issues... Thank you for adding another tool to our toolbox." -7th-12th Grade Teacher, Califon, New Jersey

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This youth-powered series tackles complex environmental topics and empowers viewers to make a difference. Check out these innovative solutions to our global food, water, energy, and ocean issues of our day.

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Click here to access the Lesson Plan Manuals!

Lesson Abstracts

Goal: To provide information on all of the following lessons.

Acids and Bases

Goal: To introduce students to acids, bases, and the pH scale.

Acids and Bases (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To introduce students to acids and bases.

Alternative Energy Sources

Goal: To help students understand solar, wind, and electrical energy as alternative sources of energy to help reduce the use of fossil fuels.

Beanie Baby Mystery

Goal: To introduce students to the use of microscopes.

Bed of Nails

Goal: To demonstrate the physics of pressure and the difference between pressure and force.

Blood Typing Game

Goal: To show students which blood types can be used in transfusions.

Bottle Rockets

Goal: To study Newton's 3rd Law with bottle Rockets.

Bottled Water vs Filtered Water

Goal: To have students investigate the quality of their drinking water. To test water from home for pH, chlorine, hardness, copper and iron, and compare it to other sources of potable water.

Bubbles

Goal: To introduce students to the structure of bubbles.

Buoyancy (Submarine)

Goal: To explain the properties of density and buoyancy.

Cartesian Diver

Goal: To use a pipette bulb as a 'submarine' to explain the properties of density and buoyancy.

Catching Counterfeiters

Goal: To demonstrate how some scientific techniques re used in finding counterfeit money and fraudulent checks.

Cells (Shrinky Dink)

Goal: To help students understand the structure and physiology of cells by making a "shrinky dink" cell.

Changes in States of Matter Using Dry Ice

Goal: To demonstrate changes of state to students using CO2. To illustrate that changes in state of matter are physical changes.

Chemical Energy Conversions

Goal: To help students understand the energy conversions from chemical to electrical, light, and thermal energy.
Chromatography
Chemistry in a Ziploc Bag (5th Grade Mini-Lesson)

Goal: To give a short hands-on activity in chemicstry that illustrates the importance of recording observations.

Chemistry in a Ziploc Bag (7th Grade Mini-Lesson)

Goal: To use the scientific method to explain observations made when calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, water and phenol red are mixed.

Goal: To use chromatography - a technique or process for separating mixtures that is used by biologists, chemists, clinical scientists, and forensics scientists (detectives).

Chromatography (Mini-Lesson)

Goal: To provide an abbreviated (10 minute) version of the above lesson.

Chromatography of Food Colors

Goal: To learn how to separate color mixtures using chromatography.

Coffee Filter Chromatography

Goal: To demonstrate a technique or process for separating mixtures that is used by scientists.

Comets

Goal: To teach students the importance of and composition of comets.

Conduction (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To introduce students to conduction in solid objects.

Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

Goal: To learn about and demonstrate the concepts of conduction, convection, and radiation.
Crazy Traits
Consumerism: Paper Towel Testing

Goal: To introduce students to the challenge of scientifically comparing products using objective, quantifiable information thus enabling them to make informed consumer decisions. This experiment also demonstrates the use of tests and variables (possibly as preparation for science fair projects).

Convection Currents

Goal: To demonstrate the concept of heat convection through currents by observing motion in liquids and gases.

Goal: To understand some basic principles of heredity by building creatures determined by flipping a coin for different traits.

Cryogenic Temperatures

Goal: To investigate the properties of substances at extremely cold temperatures (referred to as cryogenic temperatures) and illustrate that changes in phases of matter are physical changes.

Deep Ocean Currents and Air Convection Currents

Goal: To teach students about deep ocean currents by allowing them to visualize and understand how and why the currents form. To introduce students to convection in liquids and gases.

Density of Liquids

Goal: To explore the concept of density.

Density Column (Identifying Plastics by Using a Density Column)

Goal: To explain the concepts governing the recycling of plastics, problems encountered in the recycling process due to the diffrent types of plastics used, and to gain an understanding of the differing properties of each type of plastic using density to illustrate the concept.

Diffusion Using Agar Blocks

Goal: To show students that diffusion is a fairly slow process and a cell that relies primarily on diffusion to transport essential molecules into and throughout its interior-and to carry wasted products out-could conceivably grow too large for this process to work efficiently.

Diffusion (with Dialysis Tubing)

Goal: To understand diffusion, the selective movement of molecules through membranes of different porosity.

DNA

Goal: To understand the role DNA plays in our bodies and to extract and visualize DNA.

Dry Ice Activities and Cave Formation (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To use some reactions of carbon dioxide to learn about (1) the acidity of carbon dioxide solution and (2) how caves form.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Environment

Goal: To investigate how the acidity of water changes after carbon dioxide is bubbled through it.

Effervescent Launchers

Goal: To explain the concepts of angle of trajectory vs. distance and the horizontal/vertical components of projectile motion; also to apply basic graphing and data interpretation skills to the physics of projectile motion.

Electrical Circuits (Elementary)

Goal: To learn about series circuits and their properties through the use of Elenco Snap Circuit™ kits.

Electrical Circuits - Series & Parallel Circuits

Goal: To learn about series and parallel circuits and their properties through the use of Elenco Snap Circuit ™ kits.

Electrical Conductivity (Elementary)

Goal: To measure the conductivity of solids.

Electrical Conductivity

Goal: To measure the conductivity of solids and solutions using an LED in a circuit.

Electricity - Resistors and Capacitors

Goal: To learn about the function of resistors and capacitors in electric circuits.

Electrolysis and Fuel Cells

Goal: To learn about the energy conversion from electrical energy to chemical energy through the electrolysis of water and to become familiar with fuel cells.

Electrolysis of Water (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To learn about the energy conversion from electrical energy to chemical energy in the electrolysis of water.

Electromagnetism

Goal: To introduce students to magnetism and to allow them to understand how a compass works.

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Goal: To help show the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Endothermic and Exothermic Processes

Goal: To help students understand endothermic and exothermic processes by using the same chemicals that are in cold and hot packs.

Energy Conversions

Goal: To help students understand the energy conversions among chemical, electrical, and light energy.

Energy Conversions in Roller Coasters

Goal: To study energy conversions, the relationship of height to potential energy, and the resulting kinetic energy.

Epidemic, Tracing an - elementary

Goal: To demonstrate how a disease spreads and how the carrier is identified.

Epidemic, Tracing an - 7th grade mini-lesson

Goal: To demonstrate how an epidemic spreads and how the carrier is identified.

Evidence of Chemical Reactions

Goal: To show students evidence of a chemical change.

Eye (The)

Goal: To learn the basic science of the eye.

Fluorescence

Goal: To study fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence through demonstrations and hands-on activities.

Fluorescence (4th Grade)

Goal: To introduce students to the electromagnetic spectrum.

Food Chemistry

Goal: To investigate basic nutrients found in foods.

Fossils

Goal: To introduce students to the geological time scale, the fossil record and index fossils.

Glow-in-the-Dark Slime

Goal: To demonstrate phosphorescence using slime.

Gluey Putty (4th grade)

Goal: To introduce the concepts of polymers and cross-linkers and to investigate their properties.

Gluey Putty (8th grade)

Goal: To elaborate on concepts from the previous lesson; students make Gluey Putty by mixing solutions of 50% glue/water (white), 80% glue (blue), or 20% glue (green) and 4% borax.

Household Chemicals

Goal: To identify an unknown household chemical by comparing its physical and chemical properties to those of known household chemicals.

Igneous Rocks

Goal: To introduce students to the types of igneous rocks, how they form, and what minerals combine to form them.

Inclined Plane

Goal: To learn that simple machines can multiply the force put into them.

Inheritance and Blood Typing

Goal: To learn the difference between elements and compounds by studying the different forms of iron.

Inheritance Patterns in Dragons

Goal: To understand recessive and dominant traits.

Inheritance Patterns in Humans

Goal: To introduce the students to the fundamentals of genetics and probability.

Inheritance Patterns in Reebops

Goal: To understand recessive and dominant traits.

Investigating Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Goal: To measure the conductivity of solids and solutions using an LED in a circuit.

Knex Engineering

Goal: To introduce students to processes in engineering and demonstrate Newton's third law of motion.

Lactose Intolerance

Goal: To show students that the enzyme lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, which are easily digested by humans.

Lenz's Law

Goal: To explain how Lenz's law works and the application of it in commonplace items.

Light

Goal: To demonstrate scattering, reflection of light, and diffraction.

Magic Sand (Elementary)

Goal: To learn about "water-loving" (hydrophilic) and "water-hating" (hydrophobic) substances by using sand and coated sand (Magic Sand).

Magic Sand (Mini Lesson)

Goal: To learn about "water-loving" (hydrophilic) and "water-hating" (hydrophobic) substances by using sand and coated sand (Magic Sand) in an abbreviated manner.

Magnetism (8th grade)

Magnetism (Elementary)

Mineral Density

Goal: To show students that density is a unique property of a mineral.

Minerals

Goal: To introduce students to some of the tests that geologists use to determine the properties of minerals.

Minerals and Crystals

Goal: To develop an understanding of the four defining characteristics of minerals.

Minerals and Their Everyday Uses (Elementary)

Goal: To explore the everyday uses of minerals.

Mixing Colors

Goal: To illustrate the mixing of colors.

Nanotechnology and Magnetism

Goal: To introduce students to nanotechnology and new magnetic products.

Newton's Second Law (Rubber Band)

Goal: To allow students to discover a relationship between the input force and the relationship (Newton's Second Law of Motion.)

Newton's Second Law (Kinex Cars)

Goal: To allow students to discover a relationship between the input force and the relationship (Newton's Second Law of Motion.

Oh Deer!

Goal: To help students understand the importance of suitable habitat for animal populations and recognize factors that may affect wildlife populations in changing ecosystems.

Oil Spill

Goal: For students to find the quickest and most cost effective method of cleaning up an oil spill in an ocean-like environment.

Optical Illusions

Goal: To study different features of the eye using optical illusions.

Osmosis (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To demonstrate the concept of osmosis using large-scale models.

Oxidation of Iron

Goal: To have students observe rusting of iron and evidence of a chemical reaction.

Packing Peanuts (Mini-lesson)

Goal: To run tests on two different types of packing peanuts to determine which one is more environmentally friendly.

pH

Goal: To introduce students to acids, bases and the pH scale.

Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Goal: To show students the difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence.

Phosphorescence and Fluorescence (Elementary)

Goal: To show students the difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence.

Pinhole Optics

Polymer Chemistry

Goal: To introduce the concepts of polymers and cross-linkers and to investigate their properties.

Potato Power

Goal: To learn how a pinhole affects how we see things using a pinhole magnifier and pinhole camera.

Goal: To learn about the energy conversion from chemical energy to electrical energy. To understand how a battery is made.

Goal: To investigate mechanical energy and the interconversion of kinetic and potential energy; to show that gravitational potential energy is related to the height and mass of an object.

Power of Food

Goal: To learn about energy balance and the source of energy for human metabolism.

Powers of 10

Goal: To show students cubes whose volume increases by a power of ten. They are given a picture and told to draw a portion of it ten times larger.

Properties of CO2

Goal: To introduce students to various properties of CO2. To illustrate that changes in phases of matter are physical changes.

Properties of Iron

Goal: To learn the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures by studying the different forms of iron. To explain why iron is useful in the diet, and to demonstrate how iron is used by the body.

Properties of Waves

Goal: To investigate properties of waves by studying reflection, diffraction, and refraction of light.

Pulleys

Goal: To understand how pulleys can be used to lift objects; to understand the mechanical advantage of different pulley systems.

Rainbows and Colors (Elementary)

Rates of Chemical Reactions

Goal: To understand factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions - temperature, concentration of reacting substances in solutions, surface area (particle size) of solids in reactions with gases and liquids, and catalysts.

Rates of Chemical Reactions using Chalk

Goal: To understand factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions - temperature, concentration of reacting substances in solutions, surface area (particle size) of solids in reactions with gases and liquids, and catalysts.

Refraction and Absorption

Goal: To introduce the concepts of refraction and absorption.

Refraction using Water Gel Balls

Rock Cycle (The Game)

Goal: To understand what factors cause rocks to break down and change.

Rusting

Goal: To introduce students to common metals and investigate their oxidation. To investigate the rusting of iron.

Saltwater Density

Goal: To demonstrate the concept of density using saltwater, and to share some information about the salinity of oceans

Science of Soda Pop Lesson

Goal: To demonstrate the concept of density using saltwater, and to share some information about the salinity of oceans

Goal: Abracadabra baby!

Solar Energy

Solar Energy and Fuel Cells

Goal: To become familiar with the solar cell to be used in following investigations, and to gain experience in making scientific observation

Solids, Liquids, and Gases and Lava Lamps

Sound and Resonance

Goal: To introduce students to tuning forks, resonance, and the speed of sound.

Sound and Vibrations

Goal: To use hands-on activities to investigate the properties of sound as it moves through air and different types of solids.

Sound Waves (mini-lesson)

Static Electricity

Stratigraphy

Goal: To teach students the how to determine the relative ages of sedimentary rock layers. Students will create a geological column which includes fossils and an igneous layer.

Straw Rockets

Goal: To explain the concepts of angle of trajectory vs. distance and the horizontal/vertical components of projectile motion. To apply basic graphing and data interpretation skills to the physics of projectile motion.

Stream Pollution

Goal: To learn how pollution runoff can cause a fish kill by affecting the pH of different locations on a model river

Sunscreen

Survivor

Goal: To explain how the environment helps determine what traits certain species possess.

Goal: To teach students how sunscreen and other materials block UV light.

Taste

Goal: To examine the sense of taste.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Goal: To introduce students to 3 types of chemical reactions.

Thin Films and Nanotech

Ultraviolet Light

Goal: To study the properties of ultraviolet light (UV light). To use a UV light source to study fluorescence. To test the ability of various substances to absorb UV light.

Ultraviolet Light Mini Lesson

Goal: To test the ability of various substances to prevent UV light from damaging skin.

Universal Indicators

Goal: To help students understand natural indicators and pH.

UV Light (Elementary)

Goal: To test the ability of various substances to prevent UV light from damaging skin.

Vacuums and Air Pressure

Vitamin C Testing

Water Color Transport

Goal: To learn about the engineering process by learning how to transport any color or any combination of colors of water through a water distribution system.

Goal: To teach students how to determine the Vitamin C content in different substances.

Water Pollutants and Purification

Water Quality

Goal: To show different methods of testing the quality of water found in pools, spas, and faucets. The students will be testing for chlorine and pH.

Why is an Apple Red

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Click here to access the Lesson Plan Manuals! Chromatography Goal: To use chromatography - a technique or process for separating mixtures that is used by biologists, chemists, clinical scientists, and forensics scientists (detectives). Crazy Traits Goal: To understand some basic principles of heredity by building creatures determined by flipping a coin for different traits.

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The PictureSTEM Project includes instructional units for K-2 classrooms that use an engineering challenge and picture books as supports for learning science, mathematics, engineering, computational thinking, and reading. These transformative new models for STEM provide students with authentic, contextual activities that engage learners in specific content while integrating across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Currently, there are limited curricula that address this need for integration. The goal of PictureSTEM is getting these high-quality, research-based materials into practice in a form that fits with teachers' current implementation structures. Therefore, the units are modular with the ability for teachers to implement different lessons during different parts of their school day. Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Computational Thinking (STEM+C) with reading provides children opportunities to see the connections between the subjects we see in school and also see how these content areas are used together to solve problems for people.

Overview: Max and Lola are going to display their rock collection at a local nature center. They want to give people who visit their display a basket to help them collect their own rocks; however, they will not be able to make enough for everyone. In this unit, students explore patterns and investigate the strength of paper before designing a paper basket plan to be given to Max and Lola's visitors.

Overview: Perri's Pet Palace wants to offer its customers an enlarged hamster habitat that meets all of the basic needs of a hamster. In this unit, students learn about animal's basic needs and how a habitat provides for these needs. Students also learn spatial reasoning through exploration of 2D and 3D shapes (tangrams and solids) before applying them to design a prototype of a hamster habitat cage and exercise trail.

Overview: Talia's Toy Box Company has received complaints from parents about how messy toy boxes can get and how hard it is for their children to find their toys without dumping out all of the toys. In this unit, students investigate standard units of measure and sort objects according to their physical properties before applying them to design a toy box organizer.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1055382 through the Early Faculty Career program from the EEC division, through Grant No. 1519387 through the I-Corps for Learning program, and through Grant No. 1543175 through the STEM + Computing (STEM+C) program from the DRL division. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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The PictureSTEM Project includes instructional units for K-2 classrooms that use an engineering challenge and picture books as supports for learning science, mathematics, engineering, computational thinking, and reading. These transformative new models for STEM provide students with authentic, contextual activities that engage learners in specific content while integrating across traditional disciplinary boundaries.

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WV STEAM Lesson Plans | PBS LearningMedia

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Art, math, science, and technology media and lessons in this collection provide opportunities for students to engage in activities which integrate content from the different subjects.

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NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind.

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Learning at home | Monterey Bay Aquarium

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Check out our free online courses and daily science activities for parents, caregivers and educators to support children's learning at home.

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Join MIT BLOSSOMS and SHARE MY LESSON For A Webinar On Solving Real-World Math Problems With Inquiry-Based, Collaborative Learning

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STEM learning is largely about designing creative solutions for real-world problems. When students learn within the context of authentic, problem-based STEM design, they can more clearly see the genuine impact of their learning. That kind of authenticity builds engagement, taking students from groans of "When will I ever use this?" to a genuine connection between skills and application.

Using STEM to promote critical thinking and innovation

Invention and problem-solving aren't just for laboratory thinkers hunkered down away from the classroom. Students from elementary to high school can wonder, design, and invent a real product that solves real problems. " Problem-solving involves finding answers to questions and solutions for undesired effects. STEM lessons revolve around the engineering design process (EDP) - an organized, open-ended approach to investigation that promotes creativity, invention, and prototype design, along with testing and analysis," says in her book STEM by Design . "These iterative steps will involve your students in asking critical questions about the problem, and guide them through creating and testing actual prototypes to solve that problem."

STEM projects that use real-world problems

Here are some engaging projects that get your students thinking about how to solve real-world problems.

Preventing soil erosion

In this project, meant for sixth - 12th grade, students learn to build a seawall to protest a coastline from erosion, calculating wave energy to determine the best materials for the job. See the project.

Growing food during a flood

A natural disaster that often devastates communities, floods can make it difficult to grow food. In this project, students explore "a problem faced by farmers in Bangladesh and how to grow food even when the land floods." See the project .

Solving a city's design needs

Get your middle or high school students involved in some urban planning. Students can identify a city's issues, relating to things like transportation, the environment, or overcrowding - and design solutions. See the project here or this version for younger learners.

Creating clean water

Improving the lives of those with disabilities

How can someone with crutches or a wheelchair carry what they need? Through some crafty designs! This project encourages middle school students to think creatively and to participate in civic engagement. See the project here .

Cleaning up an oil spill

Building earthquake-resistant structures

Constructing solar ovens

Stopping apple oxidization

Advancing as a STEAM educator

The push for STEM has evolved into the Concordia University-Portland's Projects have included slow-motion animation and egg carton gardening." Adjunct instructor Sarah Elliott, EdD, STEAM movement, adding the arts for further enrichment and engagement. There are so many ways to embed STEM or STEAM lessons in your curriculum, but doing it well requires foundational knowledge and professional development. Imagine what type of impact you could have on your students and your community if you were supported by a theoretical framework, a variety of strategies, and a wealth of ideas and resources. MEd in Curriculum & Instruction: STEAM helps educators advance their practice by learning about STEAM integration, how to become a STEAM program leader, and more. Graduates of the program have created says, "Whatever your forte, we'll give you specific tools to successfully bring STEAM into your classroom." makerspaces and all kinds of problem-based projects where students examine topics like water quality and our carbon footprint. Recent graduate Arwyn says, "I have helped run a STEAM program at the Columbus Public Library.

Tags: Art, Educational Technology, Engaging Activities, Math and Science, Science, STEAM

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STEM Projects That Tackle Real-World Challenges

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STEM learning is largely about designing creative solutions for real-world problems. When students learn within the context of authentic, problem-based STEM design, they can more clearly see the genuine impact of their learning. That kind of authenticity builds engagement, taking students from groans of "When will I ever use this?"

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The lessons combine individual and group activities. Within each lesson, Michigan core curriculum standards are noted, and a vocabulary and illustrations are provided. References to basic architectural principles are listed. Lessons can be adapted to your school's needs and interests, and your input and insights are encouraged to refine and improve the curriculum guide.

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view:education_geosource_search=page] [view:education_geosource_recently_loaded_resources=block_1] About Education GeoSource https://egs.americangeosciences.org Education GeoSource compiles geoscience education resources from a variety of organizations, providing credible and accurate Earth and Space Science resources for all ages. Visitors have access to thousands of free resources, from lessons to outreach and teacher professional development, for use in classrooms, scout programs, or at home.

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The Institute for Arts Integration and STEAM

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Susan Riley | September 2018

Let's face it: the world is changing more rapidly than ever. There's no way that we could possibly know what kind of jobs or career paths will exist in the next decade, much less the next 5 years. Since the beginning of education, part of our focus as teachers has been preparing students to enter the workforce. But that's a challenge for 21st century teachers because the jobs our students will enter haven't been invented yet. That's why exploring STEAM careers is worth the time. Not just because these careers are quickly emerging, but because the STEAM process itself allows students to explore through curiosity, play and hands-on learning.

IS STEAM TAKING AWAY FROM STEM?

Often, one of the arguments against using STEAM education as a teaching approach is that it's "taking away" from preparing our students for jobs in the STEM fields. But this argument falls flat when you consider that STEM itself is integrative in nature. It's about making connections across Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. And in each of these fields, applicants are considered more prepared and desirable if they are also creative thinkers, collaborators and effective communicators - the 21st century skills that are embedded within all art forms.

This is not an "us vs. them" mentality. Rather, it's a shift to consider that STEM and STEAM are two sides of the same coin. The job market of the future requires flexibility, innovation, and connections. These are skills that are grounded in integration, which is exactly the point of both STEM and STEAM education models.

LIST OF STEAM CAREERS

There are many lists of STEM careers available, but surprising little has been shared about possible STEAM careers. And while STEM and STEAM are often linked hand in hand, there are some key distinctions. STEAM is intentional about connecting the arts in and through the STEM areas. It's not just about "making the product look pretty". Instead, the arts are an integral part of the work as a whole. Both the actual arts themselves and/or the skills the arts build.

Here's a list of 25 STEAM careers that are exciting for students to explore:

Mechanical & Civil Engineer

Architect

Website/App Designer

Modern Urban Planner

Orthopedic Technologist

Biomedical Engineer

Product Designer

Animator

Forensic Psychologist

Sound Engineer

Video Game Designer

Medical Illustrator

Astrophysicist

Audio Developer

Graphic Designer

Broadcast Technicians

Fashion Designer

Interior Designer

Photographer

Sports Announcer

Pilots

Astronaut

Conservators

Archeologist

Scientific Imaging

CLASSROOM EXPLORATIONS

It's one thing to be aware these kinds of jobs exist, but it's a whole new world when students can explore each of these careers. Here are some ideas for getting students really excited:

1. CLASSROOM JOBS

Why not translate some of these STEAM career fields into actual jobs your student can do in the classroom? For each group project you have students working on throughout the year, each person in the group could take on a STEAM career role. For instance, one person could be the group's graphic designer, creating the artwork for the finished presentation. Another could be the product designer that provides the sequence of the presentation to the graphic designer. Yet another could be the conservator who curates each element for the product designer.

There's a lot of flexibility and possibilities here. You could have the same jobs for each project, or you can rotate some of them out. Obviously, not all careers are going to work for this idea (you probably won't have a forensic psychologist), but you could definitely have a standard rotation of options. To really make this pop, create a card for each position, laminate it and then have students randomly pull one for each project.

2. RESEARCH AND PRESENTATION

You could make this a whole project on it's own. Have students randomly select one of the careers from the list and research what is involved with that career choice, examples of companies and/or people who are currently working in that position and what a typical product or day might look like. Then, they can present their work in either a group presentation, a career day or even through tech tools like Buncee, Sway or Flipgrid.

3. PARTNERSHIPS

This one could piggyback off of the research project, or could be done as an outreach/afterschool program. Based on the student research, or as an extension, explore if there are any people in your community who are in these careers. If so, reach out and see if they would be willing to present at a STEAM career day in your school. If there's no one in your own community, see if there are people in these careers at larger corporations who would be willing to share their experiences in a Skype Call with your students. You can find a lot of folks through your own professional learning networks in places like Twitter chats or social media groups. There's nothing more powerful than seeing and hearing from people who are actually doing this kind of work now.

The future is here and the question isn't are we ready. The question is, are we open to all the possibilities? Because we can't predict what's to come for our students. But we can prepare them for whatever is around the corner through strong creative and connective skills. Which is exactly what STEAM education provides.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Looking for more about STEAM Careers? Try these articles and resources:
Art and Science Careers Emerging Careers in STEAM 7 Dream Jobs that Require Math

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Susan Riley | September 2018 STEAM Careers for the 21st Century Let's face it: the world is changing more rapidly than ever. There's no way that we could possibly know what kind of jobs or career paths will exist in

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjXC3QyTHNA.

Quick Facts: Economists
2019 Median Pay

$105,020 per year
$50.49 per hour

Economists collect and analyze data, research trends, and evaluate economic issues for resources, goods, and services.

Although the majority of economists work independently in an office, many collaborate with other economists and statisticians. Most economists work full time during regular business hours, but occasionally they work overtime to meet deadlines.

Most economists need a master's degree or Ph.D. However, some entry-level jobs-primarily in the federal government-are available for workers with a bachelor's degree.

The median annual wage for economists was $105,020 in May 2019.

Employment of economists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. Job prospects should be best for those with a master's degree or Ph.D., strong analytical skills, and experience using statistical analysis software.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for economists.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of economists with similar occupations.

Learn more about economists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Economists study the production and distribution of resources, goods, and services by collecting and analyzing data, researching trends, and evaluating economic issues.

Duties

Economists typically do the following:

Research economic issues

Conduct surveys and collect data

Analyze data using mathematical models, statistical techniques, and software

Present research results in reports, tables, and charts

Interpret and forecast market trends

Advise businesses, governments, and individuals on economic topics

Recommend solutions to economic problems

Write articles for academic journals and other media

Economists apply both qualitative and quantitative economic analysis to topics within a variety of fields, such as education, health, development, and the environment. Some economists study the cost of products, healthcare, or energy, while others examine employment levels, business cycles, exchange rates, taxes, inflation, or interest rates.

Economists often study historical trends and use them to make forecasts. They research and analyze data using a variety of software programs. They sometimes present their research to various audiences.

Many economists work in federal, state, and local government. Federal government economists collect and analyze data about the U.S. economy, including employment, prices, productivity, and wages, among other types of data. They also project spending needs and inform policymakers on the economic impact of laws and regulations.

Economists working for corporations help managers and decisionmakers understand how the economy will affect their business. Specifically, economists may analyze issues such as consumer demand and sales to help a company maximize its profits.

Economists also work for international organizations, research firms, and think tanks, where they study and analyze a variety of economic issues. Their analyses and forecasts are frequently published in newspapers and journals.

Many PhD economists become postsecondary teachers.

Economists held about 20,500 jobs in 2019. The largest employers of economists were as follows:

Federal government, excluding postal service

23%

Scientific research and development services

18

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

17

State government, excluding education and hospitals

9

Finance and insurance

7

Economists typically work independently in an office. However, many economists collaborate with other economists and statisticians, sometimes working on teams. Some economists work from home, and others may be required to travel as part of their job or to attend conferences.

Economists spend much of their time using computers to analyze data, review research, or write findings.

Work Schedules

Most economists work full time. In addition to working full time at a business or university, some economists consult part-time. Some perform work that may require overtime hours.

Most economists need a master's degree or Ph.D. However, some entry-level jobs-primarily in government-are available for workers with a bachelor's degree.

Education

A master's degree or Ph.D. is required for most economist jobs. Positions in business, research, or international organizations often require a combination of graduate education and work experience. In addition, courses that introduce students to statistical analysis software are helpful.

Students can pursue an advanced degree in economics with a bachelor's degree in a number of fields, but a strong background in mathematics is essential. A Ph.D. in economics may require several years of study after earning a bachelor's degree, including completion of detailed research in a specialty field.

Candidates with a bachelor's degree may qualify for some entry-level economist positions, including jobs with the federal government. An advanced degree is sometimes required for advancement to higher level positions.

Other Experience

Aspiring economists can gain valuable experience from internships where the work involves gathering and analyzing data, researching economic issues and trends, and writing reports on their findings. In addition, related experience, such as using statistical analysis software, can be advantageous.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Economists must be able to review data in detail, observe patterns, perform advanced calculations, and draw logical conclusions. For example, labor economists analyze the effects of labor policies on employment.

Critical-thinking skills. Economists must be able to use logic and reasoning to solve complex problems. For instance, they might identify how economic trends may affect an organization.

Speaking skills. Economists must be able to explain their work to others. They often give presentations and explain reports to clients who may not have a background in economics.

Writing skills. Economists must be able to present their findings clearly. Many economists prepare reports for colleagues or clients; others write for publication in journals or for news media.

Median annual wages, May 2019

The median annual wage for economists was $105,020 in May 2019. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $59,450, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $185,020.

In May 2019, the median annual wages for economists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Finance and insurance

$120,770

Federal government, excluding postal service

119,580

Scientific research and development services

114,140

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

108,190

State government, excluding education and hospitals

73,400

Most economists work full time. Some perform work that may require overtime hours.

Employment of economists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will result in only about 2,900 new jobs over the decade. Many of the new jobs for these workers are expected to be in firms that specialize in research and consulting services.

Organizations across many industries use economic analysis and quantitative methods to study and forecast business, sales, and other market trends. Employment demand is expected to be strong for these workers, as organizations increasingly turn to economists to apply analysis of "big data" to pricing, advertising, and other areas. The increasing complexity of the global economy and a more competitive business environment also are expected to support demand for economists.

Job Prospects

In general, job opportunities should be good. Job prospects should be best for those with a master's degree or Ph.D., strong analytical skills, and experience using statistical analysis software.

Applicants with a bachelor's degree may face strong competition for jobs. As a result, bachelor's degree holders will likely find jobs in other occupations.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2019

Projected Employment, 2029

Change, 2019-29

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Economists

19-3011

20,500

23,500

14

2,900
Get data

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about economists, visit
American Economic Association
For information about careers in business economics, visit
National Association for Business Economics
For information on federal government education requirements for economist positions, visit
U.S. Office of Personnel Management
O*NET
Economists Environmental Economists

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjXC3QyTHNA. Quick Facts: Economists 2019 Median Pay $105,020 per year $50.49 per hour Economists collect and analyze data, research trends, and evaluate economic issues for resources, goods, and services. Although the majority of economists work independently in an office, many collaborate with other economists and statisticians.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXaw9K33lsU.

Quick Facts: Market Research Analysts
2022 Median Pay

$68,230 per year
$32.80 per hour

Market research analysts study consumer preferences, business conditions, and other factors to assess potential sales of a product or service.

Because most industries use market research, these analysts are employed throughout the economy. Most analysts work full time during regular business hours.

Market research analysts typically need a bachelor's degree. Some employers require or prefer that job candidates have a master's degree.

The median annual wage for market research analysts was $68,230 in May 2022.

Employment of market research analysts is projected to grow 13 percent from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 94,600 openings for market research analysts are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for market research analysts.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of market research analysts with similar occupations.

Learn more about market research analysts by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Market research analysts study consumer preferences, business conditions, and other factors to assess potential sales of a product or service. They help companies understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at what price.

Duties

Market research analysts typically do the following:

Monitor and forecast marketing and sales trends

Measure the effectiveness of marketing programs and strategies

Devise and evaluate methods for collecting data, such as surveys, questionnaires, and opinion polls

Gather data on consumers, competitors, and market conditions

Analyze data using statistical software

Convert data and findings into tables, graphs, and written reports

Prepare reports and present results to clients and management

Market research analysts gather data and study other information to help a company promote its products or services. They gather data on consumer buying habits, demographics, needs, and preferences. They collect data and information using a variety of methods, such as focus groups, interviews, literature reviews, market analysis surveys, public opinion polls, and questionnaires.

Analysts help determine a company's position in the marketplace by researching their competitors and studying their marketing methods, prices, and sales. Using this information, analysts may determine potential markets, product demand, and pricing. Their knowledge of the targeted consumer enables analysts to develop advertising brochures and commercials, product promotions, and sales plans.

Market research analysts evaluate data using statistical techniques and software. They must interpret what the data mean for their client, and they may forecast future trends. They often make charts, graphs, infographics, and other visual aids to present the results of their research.

Workers who design and conduct surveys that market research analysts use are survey researchers.

Market research analysts held about 868,600 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of market research analysts were as follows:

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

11%

Finance and insurance

9

Information

8

Wholesale trade

7

Management of companies and enterprises

7

Because most industries use market research, these analysts are employed throughout the economy.

Market research analysts work individually or as part of a team, collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. For example, some analysts work with graphic designers and artists to create charts, graphs, and infographics summarizing their research and findings.

Work Schedules

Most market research analysts work full time during regular business hours.

How to Become a Market Research Analyst About this section

Market research analysts typically need a bachelor's degree. Some employers require or prefer that job candidates have a master's degree. Strong research and analytical skills are essential.

Education

Market research analysts typically need a bachelor's degree in market research or a related business, communications, or social science field.

Courses in statistics, research methods, and marketing are important for prospective analysts. Courses in communications and social sciences, such as economics or consumer behavior, are also helpful.

Some employers of market research analysts require or prefer a master's degree. Several schools offer graduate programs in marketing research, but analysts may choose to complete a bachelor's degree in another field, such as statistics and marketing, and earn a master's degree in business administration (MBA). A master's degree is often required for leadership positions or positions that perform more technical research.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Analysts may pursue certification, which is voluntary, to demonstrate a level of professional competency. The Insights Association offers several certifications for market research analysts, including the IPC Principal and the IPC Masters. Candidates qualify based on industry experience and passing an exam.

Other Experience

Completing an internship while in school may be helpful. Prospective analysts also may gain experience by volunteering for an organization and helping with market research or related projects.

Employers may prefer to hire candidates who have experience in other positions that require collecting and analyzing data or writing reports to summarize research.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Market research analysts must evaluate large amounts of data and information related to market conditions.

Communication skills. Market research analysts must be able to clearly convey information when gathering material, interpreting data, and presenting results to clients.

Critical-thinking skills. To determine which marketing strategies would work best for a company, market research analysts must assess all available information.

Detail oriented. Market research analysts must pay attention to minutiae to evaluate data.

Median annual wages, May 2022

The median annual wage for market research analysts was $68,230 in May 2022. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,280, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $131,850.

In May 2022, the median annual wages for market research analysts in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Management of companies and enterprises

$82,740

Information

82,380

Finance and insurance

78,920

Wholesale trade

67,560

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

64,900

Most market research analysts work full time during regular business hours.

Employment of market research analysts is projected to grow 13 percent from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 94,600 openings for market research analysts are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Employment growth will be driven by an increasing use of data and market research across many industries. These workers will be needed to help understand the needs and wants of customers, measure the effectiveness of marketing and business strategies, and identify the factors affecting product demand.

The increase in the collection and analyses of big data-extremely large sets of information, such as social media comments or online product reviews-can provide insight on consumer behaviors and preferences. Businesses will need market research analysts to conduct analyses of the data and information.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

13-1161

868,600

985,200

13

116,600
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about market research analysts, visit
Insights Association
For resources and information about qualitative research, visit

Qualitative Research Consultants Association (QRCA)

CareerOneStop

For a career video on market research analysts, visit
Market research analysts
O*NET
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists Search Marketing Strategists

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Market research analysts study consumer preferences, business conditions, and other factors to assess potential sales of a product or service.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKbMFDf1ftk.

Quick Facts: Interior Designers
2022 Median Pay

$61,590 per year
$29.61 per hour

Interior designers make indoor spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting essential and decorative items.

Many interior designers work in specialized design services or in architectural, engineering, and related services.

Interior designers typically need a bachelor's degree to enter the occupation.

The median annual wage for interior designers was $61,590 in May 2022.

Employment of interior designers is projected to grow 4 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 9,000 openings for interior designers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for interior designers.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of interior designers with similar occupations.

Learn more about interior designers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Interior designers make indoor spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting essential and decorative items, such as colors, lighting, and materials. They must be able to draw, read, and edit blueprints. They also must be aware of building codes, inspection regulations, and other considerations, such as accessibility standards.

Duties

Interior designers typically do the following:

Search for and bid on new projects

Determine the client's goals and requirements for the project

Consider how the space will be used and how people will move through the space

Sketch preliminary design plans, including electrical and partition layouts

Specify materials and furnishings, such as lighting, furniture, wall finishes, flooring, and plumbing fixtures

Create a timeline for the interior design project and estimate project costs

Place orders for materials and oversee the installation of the design elements

Oversee construction and coordinate with general building contractors to implement the plans and specifications for the project

Visit the site after the project is complete, to ensure that the client is satisfied

Interior designers work closely with architects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, and construction laborers and helpers to determine how interior spaces will function, look, and be furnished. Interior designers read blueprints and must be aware of building codes and inspection regulations.

Although some sketches may be freehand, most interior designers use computer-aided design (CAD) software for most of their drawings. Throughout the design process, interior designers often use building information modeling (BIM) software to create three-dimensional visualizations that include construction elements such as walls or roofs.

Many designers specialize in particular types of buildings, such as homes, hospitals, or hotels; specific rooms, such as bathrooms or kitchens; or a specific style. Some designers work for home-furnishings stores, providing design services to help customers choose materials and furnishings.

Some interior designers produce designs, plans, and drawings for construction and installation. These products may include information for construction and demolition, electrical layouts, and building permits. Interior designers may draft the preliminary design into documents ranging from simple sketches to construction schedules and attachments.

The following are examples of types of interior designers:

Corporate designers create interior designs for professional workplaces in a variety of settings, from small offices to large buildings. They focus on creating spaces that are efficient, functional, and safe for employees. In their designs, they may incorporate elements of a company's brand.

Healthcare designers plan and renovate healthcare centers, clinics, doctors' offices, hospitals, and residential care facilities. They specialize in evidence-based design, which uses data and research in design decisionmaking to achieve positive results for patients, residents, and facilities.

Kitchen and bath designers specialize in kitchens and bathrooms and have expert knowledge of cabinet, fixture, appliance, plumbing, and electrical solutions for these rooms.

Sustainable designers suggest strategies to improve energy and water efficiencies and indoor air quality as well as environmentally sustainable products, such as bamboo and cork for floors. They may obtain certification in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) from the U.S. Green Building Council. Such certification indicates expertise in designing buildings and spaces with sustainable practices in mind.

Universal designers renovate spaces in order to make them more accessible. Often, these designs are used to renovate spaces for elderly people and people with special needs; however, universal designs benefit everyone. For example, an entryway without steps may be necessary for someone in a wheelchair, but it is also helpful for someone pushing a baby stroller.

Interior designers held about 94,900 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of interior designers were as follows:

Self-employed workers

32%

Specialized design services

27

Architectural, engineering, and related services

14

Wholesale trade

4

Most interior designers work in offices, but technology has changed the way many designers work. For example, interior designers now use software rather than drafting tables to create two- or three-dimensional images.

Interior designers also travel to clients' design sites.

Work Schedules

Interior designers may need to adjust their workday to suit their clients' schedules and deadlines, including meeting with clients in the evening and on weekends.

Interior designers typically need a bachelor's degree to enter the occupation.

Education

Interior designers entering the occupation typically need a bachelor's degree in any field, with fine arts subjects being most common. Studies should include courses in interior design, drawing, and computer-aided design (CAD).

Programs in interior design are available at the associate's, bachelor's, and master's degree levels. Applicants to these programs may need to submit sketches and other examples of their artistic ability.

The National Association of Schools of Art and Design accredits more than 360 postsecondary colleges, universities, and independent institutes that have programs in art and design. The Council for Interior Design Accreditation accredits about 180 professional-level (bachelor's or master's degree) interior design programs.

Nearly 100 colleges and universities are affiliated with the National Kitchen & Bath Association. These schools offer programs on kitchen and bath design at the certificate, associate's degree, and bachelor's degree levels.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Licensure requirements vary by state. In some states, only licensed designers may do interior design work. In other states, both licensed and unlicensed designers may do such work; however, only licensed designers may use the title "interior designer." In still other states, both licensed and unlicensed designers may call themselves interior designers and do interior design work.

In states with laws restricting the use of the title "interior designer," only candidates who pass their state-approved exam, most commonly the National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) exam, may call themselves registered interior designers. Candidate eligibility for taking the NCIDQ exam includes having at least a bachelor's degree in interior design and 2 years of full-time work experience.

California requires a different exam, administered by the California Council for Interior Design Certification (CCIDC). To take this exam, eligible candidates must have a combination of education and experience.

Voluntary certification in an interior design specialty, such as environmental design, allows designers to demonstrate expertise in a particular area of the occupation. Interior designers often specialize to distinguish the type of design work they do and to promote their expertise. Certifications usually are available through professional and trade associations and are independent of the NCIDQ licensing examination.

Important Qualities

Artistic ability. Interior designers use their sense of style to develop aesthetically pleasing designs.

Creativity. Interior designers need to be imaginative in selecting furnishings and fabrics and in creating functional spaces that serve the client's needs and fit the client's lifestyle.

Detail oriented. Interior designers need to be precise in measuring interior spaces and creating drawings, so that their drawings can be used by workers such as engineers or other designers.

Interpersonal skills. Interior designers need to be able to communicate effectively with clients and others. They spend much of their time soliciting new clients and new work and collaborating with other designers, engineers, and general building contractors on ongoing projects.

Problem-solving skills. Interior designers must address challenges, such as construction delays or unavailability of certain materials, while keeping the project on time and within budget.

Visualization. Interior designers need a strong sense of proportion and visual awareness in order to understand how the pieces of a design will fit together to create the intended environment.

Median annual wages, May 2022

The median annual wage for interior designers was $61,590 in May 2022. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,610, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $101,550.

In May 2022, the median annual wages for interior designers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Architectural, engineering, and related services

$71,360

Wholesale trade

66,770

Specialized design services

60,870

Interior designers may need to adjust their workday to suit their clients' schedules and deadlines, including meeting with clients in the evening and on weekends.

Employment of interior designers is projected to grow 4 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 9,000 openings for interior designers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

As the demand for renovation projects increases, homeowners and companies are expected to need services provided by interior designers to help create safe and functional spaces. A greater focus on building codes, as well as the need to design spaces that meet accessibility standards, may also help to create jobs for these workers.

However, there will be fewer opportunities for self-employed interior designers to renovate existing homes, commercial buildings, and other facilities.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Interior designers

27-1025

94,900

98,700

4

3,700
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about interior designers, visit
American Society of Interior Designers International Interior Design Association
For more information on accredited college degree programs in interior design, visit
National Association of Schools of Art and Design Council for Interior Design Accreditation
For more information on licensing, visit
National Council for Interior Design Qualification California Council for Interior Design Certification
For more information on kitchen and bath specialty programs in colleges and universities and on voluntary certification programs in residential kitchen and bath design, visit
National Kitchen & Bath Association
O*NET
Interior Designers

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Interior designers make indoor spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting essential and decorative items.

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Industrial Designers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Industrial designers develop the concepts for manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and toys. They combine art, business, and engineering to make products that people use every day. Industrial designers consider the function, aesthetics, production costs, and usability of products when developing new product concepts.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt6td67yF9E.

Quick Facts: Graphic Designers
2023 Median Pay

$58,910 per year
$28.32 per hour

Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers.

Many of these workers are employed in specialized design services, publishing, or advertising, public relations, and related services industries.

Graphic designers usually need a bachelor's degree in graphic design or a related field. Candidates for graphic design positions should have a portfolio that demonstrates their creativity and originality.

The median annual wage for graphic designers was $58,910 in May 2023.

Employment of graphic designers is projected to grow 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 22,800 openings for graphic designers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for graphic designers.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of graphic designers with similar occupations.

Learn more about graphic designers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers. They develop the overall layout and production design for applications such as advertisements, brochures, magazines, and reports.

Duties

Graphic designers typically do the following:

Meet with clients or the art director to determine the scope of a project

Use digital illustration, photo editing software, and layout software to create designs

Create visual elements such as logos, original images, and illustrations to help deliver a message

Design layouts, including selection of colors, images, and typefaces

Present design concepts to clients or art directors

Incorporate changes recommended by clients or art directors into final designs

Review designs for errors before printing or publishing them

Graphic designers, also referred to as graphic artists or communication designers, combine art and technology to communicate ideas through images and the layout of websites and printed pages. They may use a variety of design elements to achieve artistic or decorative effects.

Graphic designers work with both text and images. They often select the type, font, size, color, and line length of headlines, headings, and text. Graphic designers also decide how images and text will go together in print or on a webpage, including how much space each will have. When using text in layouts, graphic designers collaborate with writers, who choose the words and decide whether the words will be put into paragraphs, lists, or tables. Through the use of images, text, and color, graphic designers may transform data into visual graphics and diagrams to make complex ideas more accessible.

Graphic design is important to market and sell products, and it is a critical component of brochures and logos. Therefore, graphic designers often work closely with people in advertising and promotions, public relations, and marketing.

Frequently, designers specialize in a particular category or type of client. For example, some designers create the graphics used on product packaging, and others may work on the visual designs used on book jackets.

Graphic designers need to keep up to date with software and computer technologies in order to remain competitive.

Some individuals with a background in graphic design become postsecondary teachers and teach in design schools, colleges, and universities.

Some graphic designers specialize in experiential graphic design. These designers work with architects, industrial designers, landscape architects, and interior designers to create interactive design environments, such as museum exhibitions, public arts exhibits, and retail spaces.

Graphic designers held about 270,900 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of graphic designers were as follows:

Self-employed workers

19%

Advertising, public relations, and related services

9

Specialized design services

9

Printing and related support activities

6

Publishing industries

6

Graphic designers generally work in studios, where they have access to equipment such as drafting tables, computers, and software. Although many graphic designers work independently, those who work for specialized graphic design firms are often part of a design team. Many graphic designers collaborate with colleagues or work with clients on projects.

Work Schedules

Graphic designers' schedules vary depending on workloads and deadlines.

Those who are self-employed may need to adjust their workday to meet with clients in the evenings or on weekends. In addition, they may spend some of their time looking for new projects or competing with other designers for contracts.

Graphic designers usually need a bachelor's degree in graphic design or a related field. Candidates for graphic design positions should have a portfolio that demonstrates their creativity and originality.

Education

Graphic designers typically need a bachelor's degree in graphic design or a related fine arts field. People who have a bachelor's degree in another field may complete technical training in graphic design to meet most hiring qualifications.

The National Association of Schools of Art and Design accredits more than 360 postsecondary colleges, universities, and independent institutes with programs in art and design. Most programs include courses in studio art, principles of design, computerized design, commercial graphics production, printing techniques, and website design. In addition, students should consider courses in writing, marketing, and business, all of which are useful in helping designers work effectively on project teams.

High school students interested in graphic design should take basic art and design courses, if available. Many bachelor's degree programs require students to complete a year of basic art and design courses before being admitted to a formal degree program. Some schools require applicants to submit sketches and other examples of their artistic ability.

Many programs provide students with the opportunity to build a portfolio-a collection of completed works that demonstrates an artist's styles and abilities. For many artists, including graphic designers, developing a portfolio is essential because employers rely on portfolios in making hiring decisions.

Graphic designers must keep up with new and updated computer graphics and design software, either on their own or through formal software training programs. Professional associations that specialize in graphic design, such as AIGA, offer courses intended to keep the skills of their members up to date.

Other Experience

Graphic designers often gain experience through internships, which they may undertake while enrolled in a design program. Internships allow aspiring graphic designers to work with designers and to experience the design process from concept to completion.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Certification programs are generally available through software product vendors. Certification in graphic design software demonstrates competence and may provide jobseekers with a competitive advantage.

Advancement

Experienced graphic designers may advance to chief designer, art director, or other supervisory positions.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Graphic designers must be able to perceive their work from their consumers' point of view to ensure that the designs convey the client's message.

Artistic ability. Graphic designers must be able to create designs that are artistically interesting and appealing to clients and consumers. They produce rough illustrations of design ideas, either by hand sketching or by using computer programs.

Communication skills. Graphic designers must communicate with clients, customers, and other designers to ensure that their designs accurately and effectively convey information.

Computer skills. Most graphic designers use specialized graphic design software to prepare their designs.

Creativity. Graphic designers must be able to think of new approaches to communicating ideas to consumers. They develop unique designs that convey their client's message.

Time-management skills. Graphic designers often work simultaneously on multiple projects, each with a different deadline.

Median annual wages, May 2023

The median annual wage for graphic designers was $58,910 in May 2023. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $100,450.

In May 2023, the median annual wages for graphic designers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Specialized design services

$62,330

Advertising, public relations, and related services

56,970

Publishing industries

54,450

Printing and related support activities

44,500

Graphic designers' schedules vary depending on workload and deadlines.

Those who are self-employed may need to adjust their workday to meet with clients in the evenings or on weekends. In addition, they may spend some of their time looking for new projects or competing with other designers for contracts.

Employment of graphic designers is projected to grow 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 22,800 openings for graphic designers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

As companies continue to increase their digital presence, graphic designers may be needed to help create visually appealing and effective layouts of websites and social media sites. However, a decrease in print newspapers and magazines may limit employment growth for graphic designers who create advertisements for companies and products.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Graphic designers

27-1024

270,900

279,800

3

8,900
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about graphic design, visit
AIGA Graphic Artists Guild Society for Experiential Graphic Design
For more information about art and design and a list of accredited college-level programs, visit
National Association of Schools of Art and Design
O*NET
Graphic Designers

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Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers.

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Art directors are responsible for the visual style and images in magazines, newspapers, product packaging, and movie and television productions.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XIQSrYi0O0.

Quick Facts: Civil Engineers
2022 Median Pay

$89,940 per year
$43.24 per hour

Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction and maintenance of building and infrastructure projects.

Civil engineers work in a variety of locations and conditions, commonly splitting their time between an office setting and construction sites. Most civil engineers work full time, and some work more than 40 hours per week.

Civil engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in civil engineering or a related field to enter the occupation. They typically need a state-issued license if they provide services directly to the public.

The median annual wage for civil engineers was $89,940 in May 2022.

Employment of civil engineers is projected to grow 5 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 21,200 openings for civil engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for civil engineers.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of civil engineers with similar occupations.

Learn more about civil engineers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction and maintenance of building and infrastructure projects. These projects may include facilities, bridges, roads, tunnels, and water and sewage systems.

Duties

Civil engineers typically do the following:

Analyze plans, survey reports, maps, and other data related to project design

Consider regulations, site selection, and other factors relevant to a project

Analyze the results of tests on soil and building materials to determine strength for foundations and other support

Prepare cost estimates for equipment, materials, and labor to determine a project's economic feasibility

Use design software to plan transportation systems, hydraulic systems, and structures

Submit permit applications to local, state, and federal agencies, as needed, and confirm that projects comply with regulations

Perform or oversee surveying to establish building locations, site layouts, grades, and elevations to guide construction

Manage the construction or repair, maintenance, and replacement of buildings and infrastructure

Civil engineers work in all aspects of planning, designing, and constructing or repairing a building or infrastructure project to ensure that structures and systems are assembled correctly. Depending on the job, civil engineers may be involved in a project from start to finish or for certain stages of it.

Civil engineers' responsibilities during the planning stage may include researching specific topics, such as building codes for a construction proposal or traffic patterns near an intended site. They also may conduct analyses, such as for estimating availability and costs of concrete and other building materials, to determine a project's timeline and feasibility.

During design and preconstruction stages, civil engineers may focus on specific elements such as site layout, grading (shaping) the land, and identifying appropriate stormwater and sewage systems for the project. Engineers use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create detailed project plans and may make presentations related to the final design, such as about its environmental impact. They often review project documents and secure required permits before work may begin.

Civil engineers also oversee the building of structures or systems throughout a project's construction, and they help with signoff and other postconstruction activities. They ensure that work complies with safety regulations and adheres to design specifications, helping to resolve problems that may arise. At the conclusion of a project, they may finalize billing, inspection, and other completion details.

Civil engineers may collaborate on projects with other workers, such as architects, construction managers, and urban planners. They may be assisted by civil engineering technicians.

Civil engineers often work as generalists on a variety of projects, gaining skills in different areas that are widely applicable. Some specialize in one of several areas. The following are examples of types of civil engineers:

Construction engineers manage construction projects, ensuring that they are scheduled and built according to plans and specifications. They typically are responsible for the design and safety of any temporary structures used during construction. They also may oversee a project's budget and communications.

Geotechnical engineers ensure the safety and sturdiness of foundations for streets, buildings, and other structures and systems. They focus on how these manmade objects interact with the earth, including soil and rock. In this way, their work relates to that of environmental engineers.

Structural engineers design and assess major projects, such as buildings, bridges, and dams, to ensure their strength and durability.

Transportation engineers plan, design, and maintain streets and highways, airports, mass transit systems, harbors, and related systems.

Civil engineers held about 326,300 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of civil engineers were as follows:

Engineering services

48%

State government, excluding education and hospitals

12

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

10

Nonresidential building construction

6

Federal government, excluding postal service

3

Civil engineers work in a variety of locations and conditions, including indoors in office settings and outdoors at construction sites. Some construction jobs require setting up a temporary office, such as in a trailer, to work onsite.

Work Schedules

Most civil engineers work full time, and some work more than 40 hours per week. Engineers who direct projects sometimes work extra hours to ensure that designs meet requirements and that the projects are on track to meet deadlines.

Civil engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in civil engineering or a related field. Although licensure requirements vary by state, civil engineers usually must be licensed if they provide services directly to the public.

Education

Civil engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in civil engineering or a related field. Civil engineering programs include coursework in math, physics, engineering mechanics, and construction systems. Courses may include a mix of academic learning and laboratory work.

Employers usually prefer to hire graduates of civil engineering programs accredited by ABET. Some students attend schools that have cooperative-education programs (also known as co-ops); others participate in internships. Co-ops and internships provide students with an opportunity to gain practical experience while pursuing a degree.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Licensure is not required for entry-level civil engineers. However, civil engineers typically must be licensed if they provide services directly to the public. Engineers who have a Professional Engineer (PE) license are called professional engineers (PEs).

A PE may oversee the work of other engineers, approve design plans, sign off on projects, and provide services directly to the public. State licensure generally requires a bachelor's or higher degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program, a passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam, several years of relevant work experience, and a passing score on the PE exam.

Each state issues its own licenses. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the licensing state's requirements meet or exceed their own licensure requirements. Some states require continuing education for engineers to keep their licenses.

Certifications, such as in coastal engineering or geotechnical engineering from the American Society of Civil Engineers, also are available. Optional certification may demonstrate a level of competence and experience that make candidates attractive to prospective employers.

Advancement

With experience, some PEs advance to supervisory or administrative positions. Their responsibilities may focus on a specific project, such as a construction site, or encompass broad oversight, such as in working as a city engineer, public works director, or city manager.

Graduate-level education, along with a PE license and experience, may be helpful for advancing into supervisory positions, such as engineering managers.

PEs who have certification that demonstrates expertise in a civil engineering specialty also may be able to advance into senior technical or managerial positions.

Important Qualities

Communication skills. Civil engineers must be able to explain, both orally and in writing, the details of their projects. They may need to convey information to a variety of audiences, including nontechnical ones.

Decision-making skills. Civil engineers must be able to balance a variety of objectives, such as the feasibility of plans against cost and safety.

Interpersonal skills. Civil engineers often manage projects and the teams that work on them. They must be able to lead urban planners, surveyors, civil engineering technicians, and others.

Math skills. Civil engineers use calculus, trigonometry, and other mathematics for analysis, design, and troubleshooting.

Organizational skills. Civil engineers often oversee several projects at the same time and must be able to allocate resources effectively.

Problem-solving skills. Civil engineers may encounter problems during each stage of their work. They must be able to evaluate issues that arise and troubleshoot to find solutions.

Median annual wages, May 2022

The median annual wage for civil engineers was $89,940 in May 2022. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $61,040, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $138,690.

In May 2022, the median annual wages for civil engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Federal government, excluding postal service

$103,170

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

101,460

State government, excluding education and hospitals

87,010

Engineering services

86,440

Nonresidential building construction

78,420

Most civil engineers work full time, and some work more than 40 hours per week. Engineers who direct projects sometimes work extra hours to ensure that designs meet requirements and that projects are on track to meet deadlines.

Employment of civil engineers is projected to grow 5 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 21,200 openings for civil engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

With continued investment in U.S. infrastructure, civil engineers will be needed to manage projects that meet society's need for upgrading bridges, roads, water systems, buildings, and other structures.

Civil engineers also will be needed to oversee renewable-energy projects, such as construction of wind farms and solar arrays, as these projects gain approval.

Public projects may depend on funding from state and local governments. Employment of civil engineers may fluctuate with the availability of project funds.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Civil engineers

17-2051

326,300

342,500

5

16,200
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For information about general engineering education and career resources, visit

American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)

Technology Student Association (TSA)

For more information about licensure, visit

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)

National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)

For information about accredited programs in civil engineering and civil engineering technology, visit
ABET
For more information about civil engineers, visit

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Occupational Requirements Survey

For a profile highlighting selected BLS data on occupational requirements, see

Civil engineers (PDF)

CareerOneStop

For a career video on civil engineers, visit
Civil Engineers
O*NET
Civil Engineers Transportation Engineers Water/Wastewater Engineers

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Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction and maintenance of building and infrastructure projects.

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Architects : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Architects plan and design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eOnm-61cDE.

Quick Facts: Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians
2020 Median Pay

$68,570 per year
$32.97 per hour

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians run and maintain equipment used to develop, test, produce, and sustain aircraft and spacecraft.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians usually work in manufacturing plants, laboratories, and offices. Most work full time.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians typically need an associate's degree in engineering technology or a related field. Some employers consider candidates who have a high school diploma or have completed a certificate program.

The median annual wage for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians was $68,570 in May 2020.

Employment of aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2020 to 2030, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 1,200 openings for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians with similar occupations.

Learn more about aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

What Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians Do About this section

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians install, run, and maintain equipment used to develop, test, produce, and sustain aircraft and spacecraft. Their work is critical to ensuring the safety and precision of key parts of these vehicles and systems.

Duties

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians typically do the following:

Meet with aerospace engineers to discuss details and implications of test procedures

Build and maintain test facilities for aircraft systems

Make and install parts and systems to be tested in test equipment

Operate and calibrate computer systems so that they comply with test and manufacturing requirements

Make sure that test procedures are performed smoothly and safely

Record data from test parts and assemblies

Install instruments in aircraft and spacecraft

Monitor and ensure quality in producing systems that go into the aircraft

New aircraft designs undergo years of testing before they are put into service. As part of the job, technologists and technicians often calibrate test equipment, such as wind tunnels, and determine the causes of equipment malfunctions. They also may program and run computer simulations that test the new designs.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians held about 11,900 jobs in 2020. The largest employers of aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians were as follows:

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

35%

Engineering services

22

Scientific research and development services

12

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

8

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians who work in manufacturing or industrial plants are frequently involved in assembly.

Work Schedules

Most aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians work full time. Depending on the employer or project, they may work in shifts or be required to work overtime.

How to Become an Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologist or Technician About this section

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians typically need an associate's degree in engineering technology or a related field. Some employers consider candidates who have a high school diploma or have completed a certificate program. Some aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians must have security clearances to work on projects related to national defense. U.S. citizenship may be required for certain types and levels of clearance.

Education

High school students interested in becoming an aerospace engineering and operations technologist or technician should take classes in math, science, and, if available, drafting and information technology.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians typically need an associate's degree in engineering technology or a related field. Some employers consider candidates who have a high school diploma or have completed a certificate program. Associate's degree and certificate programs are available at community colleges or vocational-technical schools.

Important Qualities

Communication skills. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians must be able to follow instructions from aerospace engineers. They also need to clearly convey problems to their supervisors.

Detail oriented. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians take precise measurements needed by aerospace engineers. In addition, they must keep accurate records of these measurements.

Interpersonal skills. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians must be able to work well with others. They interact with people from other divisions, businesses, and governments.

Math skills. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians use mathematics for measurement, analysis, design, and troubleshooting tasks.

Mechanical skills. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians assist aerospace engineers by building what the engineers design. They need technical skills to guide processes from design to production.

Problem-solving skills. Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians help aerospace engineers troubleshoot design issues. They must be able to help evaluate system capabilities, formulate questions, and then find the answers.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Although not required for the job, SpaceTEC, the National Science Foundation's Center for Aerospace Technical Education, offers the Certified Aerospace Technician Core Certification. Recertification is required every 3 years.

Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

Median annual wages, May 2020

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

Drafters, engineering technicians, and mapping technicians

Total, all occupations

The median annual wage for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians was $68,570 in May 2020. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $43,400, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,450.

In May 2020, the median annual wages for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

$72,890

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

70,280

Engineering services

64,590

Scientific research and development services

63,320

Most aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians work full time. Depending on the employer or project, they may work in shifts or be required to work overtime.

Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

Percent change in employment, projected 2020-30

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

Total, all occupations

Drafters, engineering technicians, and mapping technicians

Employment of aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2020 to 2030, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 1,200 openings for aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Most employment growth for these workers will be in the professional, scientific, and technical services industry.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2020

Projected Employment, 2030

Change, 2020-30

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

17-3021

11,900

12,900

9

1,100
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about accredited aeronautics and engineering programs, visit
ABET
For more information about careers in engineering, visit
Technology Student Association
For more information about certification, visit
SpaceTEC
CareerOneStop

For a career video on aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians, visit
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians
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Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

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Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eOnm-61cDE. Quick Facts: Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians 2020 Median Pay $68,570 per year $32.97 per hour Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians run and maintain equipment used to develop, test, produce, and sustain aircraft and spacecraft.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDg2UcaZzcg.

Quick Facts: Mechanical Engineers
2022 Median Pay

$96,310 per year
$46.31 per hour

Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices.

Mechanical engineers generally work in offices. They may occasionally visit worksites where a problem or piece of equipment needs their personal attention. Mechanical engineers work mostly in engineering services, research and development, and manufacturing.

Mechanical engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering technology. All states and the District of Columbia require mechanical engineers who sell services to the public to be licensed.

The median annual wage for mechanical engineers was $96,310 in May 2022.

Employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 10 percent from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 19,200 openings for mechanical engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for mechanical engineers.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of mechanical engineers with similar occupations.

Learn more about mechanical engineers by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Duties

Mechanical engineers typically do the following:

Analyze problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might help solve a particular problem

Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems, using analysis and computer-aided design

Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose faulty operation and to recommend remedies

Develop and test prototypes of devices they design

Analyze the test results and change the design or system as needed

Oversee the manufacturing process for the device

Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering fields. Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacture of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries.

Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines, such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines, as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

Mechanical engineers design other machines inside buildings, such as elevators and escalators. They also design material-handling systems, such as conveyor systems and automated transfer stations.

Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers extensively. Mechanical engineers are routinely responsible for the integration of sensors, controllers, and machinery. Computer technology helps mechanical engineers create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely to work, interact with connected systems, and generate specifications for parts.

The following are examples of types of mechanical engineers:

Auto research engineers seek to improve the performance of cars. These engineers work to improve traditional features of cars such as suspension, and they also work on aerodynamics and new possible fuels.

Heating and cooling systems engineers work to create and maintain environmental systems wherever temperatures and humidity must be kept within certain limits. They develop such systems for airplanes, trains, cars, schools, and even computer rooms.

Robotic engineers plan, build, and maintain robots. These engineers plan how robots will use sensors for detecting things based on light or smell, and they design how these sensors will fit into the designs of the robots.

Mechanical engineers held about 286,100 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of mechanical engineers were as follows:

Architectural, engineering, and related services

20%

Machinery manufacturing

15

Transportation equipment manufacturing

10

Scientific research and development services

8

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

7

Mechanical engineers generally work in offices. They may occasionally visit worksites where a problem or piece of equipment needs their personal attention. In most settings, they work with other engineers, engineering technicians, and other professionals as part of a team.

Work Schedules

Most mechanical engineers work full time and some work more than 40 hours a week.

Mechanical engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical engineers who sell services publicly must be licensed in all states and the District of Columbia.

Education

Mechanical engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering technologies. Mechanical engineering programs usually include courses in mathematics and life and physical sciences, as well as engineering and design. Mechanical engineering technology programs focus less on theory and more on the practical application of engineering principles. They may emphasize internships and co-ops to prepare students for work in industry.

Some colleges and universities offer 5-year programs that allow students to obtain both a bachelor's and a master's degree. Some 5-year or even 6-year cooperative plans combine classroom study with practical work, enabling students to gain valuable experience and earn money to finance part of their education.

ABET accredits programs in engineering and engineering technology. Most employers prefer to hire students from an accredited program. A degree from an ABET-accredited program is usually necessary to become a licensed professional engineer.

Important Qualities

Creativity. Mechanical engineers design and build complex pieces of equipment and machinery. A creative mind is essential for this kind of work.

Listening skills. Mechanical engineers often work on projects with others, such as architects and computer scientists. They must listen to and analyze different approaches made by other experts to complete the task at hand.

Math skills. Mechanical engineers use the principles of calculus, statistics, and other advanced subjects in math for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.

Mechanical skills. Mechanical skills allow engineers to apply basic engineering concepts and mechanical processes to the design of new devices and systems.

Problem-solving skills. Mechanical engineers need good problem-solving skills to take scientific principles and discoveries and use them to design and build useful products.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Licensure is not required for entry-level positions as a mechanical engineer. A Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership and independence, can be acquired later in one's career. Licensed engineers are called professional engineers (PEs). A PE can oversee the work of other engineers, sign off on projects, and provide services directly to the public. State licensure generally requires

A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program

A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam

Relevant work experience typically at least 4 years

A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam.

The initial FE exam can be taken after one earns a bachelor's degree. Engineers who pass this exam are commonly called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering.

Several states require engineers to take continuing education to renew their licenses every year. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the other state's licensing requirements meet or exceed their own licensing requirements.

Several professional organizations offer a variety of certification programs for engineers to demonstrate competency in specific fields of mechanical engineering.

Advancement

A Ph.D. is essential for engineering faculty positions in higher education, as well as for some research and development programs. Mechanical engineers may earn graduate degrees in engineering or business administration to learn new technology, broaden their education, and enhance their project management skills. Mechanical engineers may become administrators or managers after gaining work experience.

Median annual wages, May 2022

The median annual wage for mechanical engineers was $96,310 in May 2022. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $61,990, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $151,260.

In May 2022, the median annual wages for mechanical engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Scientific research and development services

$125,850

Computer and electronic product manufacturing

101,100

Transportation equipment manufacturing

98,360

Architectural, engineering, and related services

98,280

Machinery manufacturing

82,280

Most mechanical engineers work full time and some work more than 40 hours a week.

Employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 10 percent from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 19,200 openings for mechanical engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Mechanical engineers work in a range of industries and on many types of projects. As a result, employment growth for these workers varies by industry.

As manufacturing processes incorporate more complex automation machinery, mechanical engineers are expected to be needed to help plan for and design this equipment.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Mechanical engineers

17-2141

286,100

314,700

10

28,500
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about general engineering education and mechanical engineering career resources, visit
American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society for Engineering Education Technology Student Association
For more information about accredited engineering programs, visit
ABET
For more information about licensure as a mechanical engineer, visit
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying National Society of Professional Engineers
For information about certification, visit
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Occupational Requirements Survey

For a profile highlighting selected BLS data on occupational requirements, see

Mechanical engineers (PDF)

O*NET
Automotive Engineers Fuel Cell Engineers Mechanical Engineers

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Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKAnWFOyk8E.

Quick Facts: Database Administrators
2018 Median Pay

$90,070 per year
$43.31 per hour

Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data.

Many database administrators work in firms that provide computer design services or in industries that have large databases, such educational institutions and insurance companies. Almost all database administrators work full time.

Database administrators usually have a bachelor's degree in an information- or computer- related subject, such as computer science.

The median annual wage for database administrators was $90,070 in May 2018.

Employment of database administrators is projected to grow 9 percent from 2018 to 2028, faster than the average for all occupations. Growth in this occupation will be driven by the increased data needs of companies across the economy.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for database administrators.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of database administrators with similar occupations.

Learn more about database administrators by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Database administrators use specialized software to store and organize data, such as financial information and customer shipping records. They make sure that data are available to users and secure from unauthorized access.

Duties

Database administrators typically do the following:

Ensure that organizational data are secure

Back up and restore data to prevent data loss

Identify user needs to create and administer databases

Ensure that databases operate efficiently and without error

Make and test modifications to database structure when needed

Maintain databases and update permissions

Merge old databases into new ones

Database administrators, often called DBAs, make sure that data analysts and other users can easily use databases to find the information they need and that systems perform as they should. Some DBAs oversee the development of new databases. They have to determine the needs of the database and who will be using it. They often monitor database performance and conduct performance-tuning support.

Many databases contain personal or financial information, making security important. Database administrators often plan security measures, making sure that data are secure from unauthorized access.

Many database administrators are general-purpose DBAs and have all of these duties. However, some DBAs specialize in certain tasks that vary with an organization and its needs. Two common specialties are as follows:

System DBAs are responsible for the physical and technical aspects of a database, such as installing upgrades and patches to fix program bugs. They typically have a background in system architecture and ensure that the firm's database management systems work properly.

Application DBAs support a database that has been designed for a specific application or a set of applications, such as customer-service software. Using complex programming languages, they may write or debug programs and must be able to manage the applications that work with the database. They also do all the tasks of a general DBA, but only for their particular application.

Database administrators held about 116,900 jobs in 2018. The largest employers of database administrators were as follows:

Computer systems design and related services

15%

Educational services; state, local, and private

10

Management of companies and enterprises

8

Insurance carriers and related activities

6

Data processing, hosting, and related services

3

Some DBAs administer databases for retail companies that keep track of their buyers' credit card and shipping information; others work in healthcare settings and manage patients' medical records.

Work Schedules

Almost all database administrators work full time.

How to Become a Database Administrator About this section

Database administrators (DBAs) usually have a bachelor's degree in an information- or computer-related subject, such as computer science.

Education

Most database administrators have a bachelor's degree in an information- or computer-related subject such as computer science. Firms with large databases may prefer applicants who have a master's degree focusing on data or database management, typically either in computer science, information systems, or information technology.

Database administrators need an understanding of database languages, the most common of which is Structured Query Language, commonly called SQL. Most database systems use some variation of SQL, and a DBA will need to become familiar with whichever programming language the firm uses.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Certification is generally offered directly from software vendors or vendor-neutral certification providers. Certification validates the knowledge and best practices required from DBAs. Companies may require their database administrators to be certified in the products they use.

Advancement

Database administrators can advance to become computer and information systems managers.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. DBAs must monitor a database system's performance to determine when action is needed. They must evaluate complex information that comes from a variety of sources.

Communication skills. Most database administrators work on teams and need to communicate effectively with developers, managers, and other workers.

Detail oriented. Working with databases requires an understanding of complex systems, in which a minor error can cause major problems. For example, mixing up customers' credit card information can cause someone to be charged for a purchase he or she didn't make.

Problem-solving skills. When database problems arise, administrators must troubleshoot and correct the problems.

Median annual wages, May 2018

The median annual wage for database administrators was $90,070 in May 2018. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $50,340, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $138,320.

In May 2018, the median annual wages for database administrators in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Insurance carriers and related activities

$96,440

Computer systems design and related services

95,910

Data processing, hosting, and related services

95,550

Management of companies and enterprises

94,990

Educational services; state, local, and private

74,720

Almost all database administrators work full time.

Employment of database administrators (DBAs) is projected to grow 9 percent from 2018 to 2028, faster than the average for all occupations. Growth in this occupation will be driven by the increased data needs of companies in all sectors of the economy. Database administrators will be needed to organize and present data in a way that makes it easy for analysts and other stakeholders to understand.

The increasing popularity of database-as-a-service, which allows database administration to be done by a third party over the Internet, could increase the employment of DBAs at cloud computing firms in the data processing, hosting, and related services industry. Employment of DBAs in this industry is projected to grow 21 percent from 2018 to 2028.

Employment of DBAs in the computer systems design and related services industry is projected to grow 24 percent from 2018 to 2028. The increasing adoption of cloud services by small and medium-sized businesses that do not have their own dedicated information technology (IT) departments could increase the employment of DBAs in establishments in this industry.

Job Prospects

Job prospects should be favorable. Database administrators are in high demand, and firms sometimes have difficulty finding qualified workers. Applicants who have experience with the latest technology should have the best prospects.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2018

Projected Employment, 2028

Change, 2018-28

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Database administrators

15-1141

116,900

127,400

9

10,500
Get data

Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OES data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about database administrators, visit
Association for Computing Machinery Computing Research Association IEEE Computer Society
For more information about opportunities for women pursuing information technology careers, visit
National Center for Women & Information Technology
O*NET
Database Administrators

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKAnWFOyk8E. Quick Facts: Database Administrators 2018 Median Pay $90,070 per year $43.31 per hour Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data. Many database administrators work in firms that provide computer design services or in industries that have large databases, such educational institutions and insurance companies.

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Computer Systems Analysts : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Computer systems analysts, sometimes called systems architects, study an organization's current computer systems and procedures, and design solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. They bring business and information technology (IT) together by understanding the needs and limitations of both.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlZucw7_qWU.

Quick Facts: Computer and Information Research Scientists
2021 Median Pay

$131,490 per year
$63.22 per hour

Computer and information research scientists design innovative uses for new and existing computing technology.

Most computer and information research scientists work full time.

Computer and information research scientists typically need at least a master's degree in computer science or a related field. In the federal government, a bachelor's degree may be sufficient for some jobs.

The median annual wage for computer and information research scientists was $131,490 in May 2021.

Employment of computer and information research scientists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2021 to 2031, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 3,300 openings for computer and information research scientists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for computer and information research scientists.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of computer and information research scientists with similar occupations.

Learn more about computer and information research scientists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

What Computer and Information Research Scientists Do About this section

Computer and information research scientists design innovative uses for new and existing technology. They study and solve complex problems in computing for business, science, medicine, and other fields.

Duties

Computer and information research scientists typically do the following:

Explore problems in computing and develop theories and models to address those problems

Collaborate with scientists and engineers to solve complex computing problems

Determine computing needs and system requirements

Develop new computing languages, software systems, and other tools to improve how people work with computers

Design and conduct experiments to test the operation of software systems, frequently using techniques from data science and machine learning

Analyze the results of their experiments

Write papers for publication and present research findings at conferences

Computer and information research scientists create and improve computer software and hardware.

To create and improve software, computer and information research scientists work with algorithms: sets of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Some difficult computing tasks require complex algorithms, which these scientists simplify to make computer systems as efficient as possible. These simplified algorithms may lead to advancements in many types of technology, such as machine learning systems and cloud computing.

To improve computer hardware, these scientists design computer architecture. Their work may result in increased efficiencies, such as better networking technology, faster computing speeds, and improved information security.

The following are examples of specialties for computer and information research scientists:

Programming. Some computer and information research scientists study and design new programming languages that are used to write software. New languages make software writing efficient by improving an existing language, such as Java, or by simplifying a specific aspect of programming, such as image processing.

Robotics. These scientists study the development and application of robots. They explore how a machine can interact with the physical world. For example, they may create systems that control the robots or design robots to have features such as information processing or sensory feedback.

Some computer and information research scientists work on multidisciplinary projects with electrical engineers, computer hardware engineers, and other specialists. For example, robotics specialists and engineers who design robots' hardware may team up to test whether the robots complete tasks as intended.

Computer and information research scientists held about 33,500 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of computer and information research scientists were as follows:

Federal government, excluding postal service

31%

Computer systems design and related services

20

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

16

Software publishers

6

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

5

Some scientists collaborate with engineers or other specialists or research scientists in different locations and do much of their work online.

Work Schedules

Most computer and information research scientists work full time.

How to Become a Computer and Information Research Scientist About this section

Computer and information research scientists typically need at least a master's degree in computer science or a related field. In the federal government, a bachelor's degree may be sufficient for some jobs.

Education

Computer and information research scientists typically need a master's or higher degree in computer science or a related field, such as computer engineering. A master's degree usually requires 2 to 3 years of study after earning a bachelor's degree in a computer-related field, such as computer science or information systems. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have a Ph.D. Others, such as the federal government, may hire candidates who have a bachelor's degree in computer and information technology.

Computer and information research scientists who work in a specialized field may need knowledge of that field. For example, those working on biomedical applications may need to have studied biology.

Advancement

Some computer and information research scientists advance to become computer and information systems managers.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Computer and information research scientists must be organized in their thinking to evaluate the results of their research.

Communication skills. Computer and information research scientists must be able to clearly explain their research, including to a nontechnical audience. They write papers for publication and present their research at conferences.

Detail oriented. Computer and information research scientists must pay close attention to their work, such as when testing the systems they design. Small programming errors could affect an entire project.

Interpersonal skills. Computer and information research scientists must work effectively with programmers and managers. They also may be on teams with engineers or other specialists.

Logical thinking. Computer and information research scientists must use sound reasoning when working on algorithms.

Math skills. Computer and information research scientists need a solid grasp of advanced math and other technical subjects critical to computing.

Problem-solving skills. Computer and information research scientists must think creatively to find innovative solutions in their research.

Median annual wages, May 2021

The median annual wage for computer and information research scientists was $131,490 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $74,210, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $208,000.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for computer and information research scientists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Computer systems design and related services

$161,870

Software publishers

152,940

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

132,810

Federal government, excluding postal service

112,310

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

79,510

Most computer and information research scientists work full time.

Employment of computer and information research scientists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2021 to 2031, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 3,300 openings for computer and information research scientists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

The research and development conducted by computer and information research scientists turn ideas into technology. As demand for new and better technology grows, demand for computer and information research scientists will grow as well.

Rapid growth in data collection by businesses will lead to an increased need for data-mining services. Computer and information research scientists will be needed to write algorithms that help businesses make sense of very large amounts of data.

A growing emphasis on cybersecurity also should lead to new jobs because computer and information research scientists will be needed to find innovative ways to prevent potential cyberattacks. In addition, an increase in demand for software may increase the need for computer and information research scientists who create new programming languages to make software writing more efficient.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2021

Projected Employment, 2031

Change, 2021-31

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Computer and information research scientists

15-1221

33,500

40,600

21

7,100
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about computer and information research scientists, visit
Association for Computing Machinery Computing Research Association IEEE Computer Society
For information about opportunities for women pursuing information technology careers, visit
National Center for Women & Information Technology
To find job openings for computer and information research scientists in the federal government, visit
USAJOBS
CareerOneStop

For a career video on computer and information research scientists, visit
Computer and Information Research Scientists
O*NET
Computer and Information Research Scientists

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Computer and Information Research Scientists

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlZucw7_qWU. Quick Facts: Computer and Information Research Scientists 2021 Median Pay $131,490 per year $63.22 per hour Computer and information research scientists design innovative uses for new and existing computing technology. Most computer and information research scientists work full time.

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Web Developers and Digital Designers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Web developers design and create websites.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoyuggwziWA.

Quick Facts: Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
2023 Median Pay

$70,600 per year
$33.94 per hour

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals, those both in captivity and in the wild, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in a variety of settings, including offices and laboratories. Depending on their job, they also may spend time outdoors, gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions and may need a master's degree for higher level jobs. They typically need a Ph.D. to lead research projects.

The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists was $70,600 in May 2023.

Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to grow 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 1,500 openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for zoologists and wildlife biologists.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of zoologists and wildlife biologists with similar occupations.

Learn more about zoologists and wildlife biologists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

What Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Do About this section

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals, those both in captivity and in the wild, and how they interact with their ecosystems. They focus primarily on undomesticated animals and their behavior, as well as on the impact humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.

Duties

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically do the following:

Develop and conduct experimental studies with animals in controlled or natural surroundings

Collect and analyze specimens and other biological data

Study the characteristics of animals, such as their reproduction, interactions with other species, diseases, and movement patterns

Research, initiate, and maintain breeding programs that support game animals, endangered species, or other terrestrial or aquatic wildlife

Estimate, monitor, and manage wildlife populations and invasive species

Analyze how human activity influences wildlife and their natural habitats

Develop and implement programs to prevent harm to wildlife from human activities, including farming and aircraft operations

Write research papers, reports, and other documents that explain their findings

Present research findings to academics, policymakers, and the public

Develop conservation plans and recommend action related to wildlife conservation and management

Zoologists' and wildlife biologists' study of animals includes conducting scientific tests and experiments, such as taking blood samples to assess an animal's health, and researching their habitats. Although the roles of zoologists and wildlife biologists often overlap, zoologists typically research certain types of animals, such as birds, whereas wildlife biologists study specific ecosystems or animal populations, such as an at-risk species.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists use geographic information systems (GIS), modeling software, and other technology for a variety of purposes. For example, they may use technology to estimate wildlife populations, track animal movement, forecast the spread of invasive species or diseases, and assess potential threats to habitats.

Zoologists generally specialize in either vertebrates or invertebrates for an individual species. Following are some examples of specialization by species:

Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins.

Entomologists study insects, such as beetles and butterflies.

Herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, such as snakes and frogs.

Ichthyologists study wild fish, such as sharks and lungfish.

Malacologists study mollusks, such as snails and clams.

Mammalogists study mammals, such as monkeys and bears.

Ornithologists study birds, such as hawks and penguins.

Teuthologists study cephalopods, such as octopuses and cuttlefish.

Other zoologists and wildlife biologists specialize in a particular field of study, such as evolution or animal behavior. Following are some examples of specialization by field of study:

Anatomy is the study of structure of organisms and their parts.

Embryology is the study of the development of embryos and fetuses.

Ethology, sometimes called behavioral ecology, is the study of animal behaviors as natural or adaptive traits.

Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of cells and tissues in plants and animals.

Physiology is the study of the normal function of living systems.

Soil zoology is the study of animals which live fully or partially in the soil.

Teratology is the study of abnormal physiological development.

Zoography is the study of descriptive zoology and describes plants and animals.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists are often part of a team of scientists and technicians working on conservation efforts. For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists may work with environmental scientists and hydrologists to monitor water pollution and its effects on fish populations.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists held about 19,100 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of zoologists and wildlife biologists were as follows:

Government

65%

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

8

Social advocacy organizations

7

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

5

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

4

Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in a variety of settings, including offices and laboratories. Depending on their job, they may spend time outdoors, gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats.

Fieldwork may require zoologists and wildlife biologists to travel to remote locations for long periods. For example, cetologists studying whale populations may spend months at sea; herpetologists researching snakes may spend significant time in deserts or forests.

Fieldwork can be physically demanding, especially for zoologists and wildlife biologists whose research involves working outdoors in all types of weather.

Injuries and Illnesses

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists handle wild animals or spend significant time outdoors in difficult terrain or in extreme temperatures. To avoid injury or illness, they must use caution when handling wildlife or working under challenging circumstances.

Work Schedules

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may have irregular schedules, especially when doing fieldwork. Zoologists and wildlife biologists who work with nocturnal animals may need to work at night.

How to Become a Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist About this section

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions and may need a master's degree for higher level jobs. They typically need a Ph.D. to lead research projects.

Education

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor's degree to enter the occupation. Students may pursue a degree in zoology, wildlife biology, or a related field, such as natural resources. Some students major in biology and take coursework in zoology and wildlife biology.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a master's degree for higher level positions and a Ph.D. for independent research positions.

Coursework in undergraduate and graduate-level science programs often includes academic, laboratory, and field work. In addition, students may need to take mathematics and statistics to learn data analysis.

Zoology and wildlife biology students may gain practical experience through internships, volunteer work, or other employment during college.

Other Experience

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists need outdoor skills to work in remote locations. For example, they may need to be comfortable driving a tractor, boat, or all-terrain vehicle (ATV); using a generator; or providing for themselves.

Advancement

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically take on greater responsibility and independence in their work as they gain experience or have more education. For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists with a Ph.D. may lead independent research and control the direction and content of projects.

Important Qualities

Attention to detail. Zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to notice changes in an animal's behavior or appearance.

Communication skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists write about and present their research to the public, policymakers, and academic audiences.

Critical-thinking skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists need sound reasoning and judgment to draw conclusions from their experiments and observations.

Interpersonal skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically work on teams and must be able to work effectively with others.

Outdoor skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to navigate rough terrain, carry heavy equipment for long distances, or perform other activities associated with living in remote areas.

Problem-solving skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists try to find solutions to wildlife threats, such as disease and habitat loss.

Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Median annual wages, May 2023

Life scientists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists

Total, all occupations

The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists was $70,600 in May 2023. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $45,840, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $110,590.

In May 2023, the median annual wages for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

$74,980

Government

72,180

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

71,920

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

64,430

Social advocacy organizations

59,650

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may have irregular schedules, especially when doing fieldwork.

Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Percent change in employment, projected 2022-32

Life scientists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists

Total, all occupations

Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to grow 3 percent from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 1,500 openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists are expected to be needed to help combat the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities, as well as to research climate-driven ecosystem changes. These workers also may be needed to develop and implement conservation plans to reduce threats to animals and protect natural resources. However, demand for zoologists and wildlife biologists may be limited by budgetary constraints, as jobs and funding for these workers often come from state, federal, and local governments.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Zoologists and wildlife biologists

19-1023

19,100

19,700

3

600
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

American Ornithological Society (AOS)

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)

American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)

Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
MarineBio
The Wildlife Society (TWS)

Zoological Association of America (ZAA)

For information about topics related to zoology and wildlife biology, visit
National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
To find job openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the federal government, visit
USAJOBS
CareerOneStop

For a career video on zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
O*NET
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

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Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals, those both in captivity and in the wild, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

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Summary

Quick Facts: Microbiologists
2023 Median Pay

$85,470 per year
$41.09 per hour

Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi.

Microbiologists work in primarily in laboratories and offices. Most work full time.

Microbiologists typically need a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field to enter the occupation. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have a master's degree or Ph.D.

The median annual wage for microbiologists was $85,470 in May 2023.

Employment of microbiologists is projected to grow 5 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 1,700 openings for microbiologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for microbiologists.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of microbiologists with similar occupations.

Learn more about microbiologists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi. They investigate the growth, structure, and other characteristics of these organisms.

Duties

Microbiologists typically do the following:

Plan and conduct research projects, such as improving sterilization procedures or developing drugs to combat infectious diseases

Perform laboratory experiments for a variety of purposes, such as to inform the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses

Isolate and maintain cultures of microorganisms for study

Identify and classify microorganisms found in specimens collected from humans, plants, animals, or the environment

Monitor the effect of microorganisms on plants, animals, other microorganisms, or the environment

Prepare technical reports and make recommendations based on research findings

Attend conferences and present research findings

Supervise biological technicians and evaluate the accuracy of their results

Microbiologists study microscopic organisms to understand how they live, grow, and interact with their environments. Microbiologists sometimes focus on particular topics and collaborate with specialists in that field. For example, a medical microbiologist may research viruses and coordinate with epidemiologists and medical scientists to control the spread of disease.

Microbiologists who work in research and development may collect samples, conduct experiments, and help create a variety of products. For example, microbiologists may aid in developing genetically engineered crops designed to prevent vitamin deficiency. Those who work in academia usually choose the focus of their research, which may include overseeing their own laboratories.

To fund their research, microbiologists may need to apply for grants. They also write reports and prepare presentations about their research.

Microbiologists use microscopes, Bunsen burners, incubators, and other types of laboratory equipment. In addition, they may use computers for tasks that involve analysis and writing.

The following are examples of types of microbiologists:

Bacteriologists study the growth, development, and other properties of bacteria, including the positive and negative effects that bacteria have on plants, animals, and humans.

Clinical microbiologists test a wide range of specimens collected from plants, humans, and animals to aid in detecting and preventing disease.

Environmental microbiologists study how microorganisms interact with ecosystems and each other.

Industrial microbiologists study how microorganisms can be used in manufacturing production processes.

Medical microbiologists study diseases, specifically focusing on how they impact microorganisms and how to diagnose, treat, and control them.

Mycologists study the properties of fungi such as yeast and mold. They research beneficial uses for, and risks of, various species of fungi.

Parasitologists study organisms that live off another organism, causing harm to it. They research the life cycle of parasites, the parasite-host relationship, and how parasites adapt to different environments.

Public health microbiologists examine microorganisms to track, control, and prevent communicable diseases and other health hazards. They typically provide laboratory services for local health departments and community health programs.

Virologists study the structure, development, and other properties of viruses and how they affect organisms.

Microbiologists held about 20,900 jobs in 2022. The largest employers of microbiologists were as follows:

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

28%

Government

20

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

15

Testing laboratories

8

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

6

Microbiologists typically work in laboratories, offices, and industrial or academic settings. Some microbiologists travel to collect samples from the field, which may require working outdoors in a variety of settings. Microbiologists who work with dangerous organisms follow safety procedures to avoid exposure.

In addition, the uncertainty of financial support for research may be stressful. Microbiologists often depend on funding from grants, which are awarded through a highly competitive selection process.

Work Schedules

Most microbiologists work full time.

Microbiologists typically need a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field to enter the occupation. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have a master's degree or Ph.D.

Education

Microbiologists typically need at least a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field, such as biology.

Microbiology study includes courses such as microbial genetics, environmental microbiology, and virology. Students also may be required to take courses in chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

Undergraduate microbiology programs typically include laboratory experience, which helps students learn how to work with the equipment they will encounter on the job. Students also may gain laboratory and other practical experience by participating in internships.

A master's degree or Ph.D. may be helpful or required for some positions. Graduate programs allow students to learn more complex topics or focus on an area of specialization, such as bacteriology or immunology. Degree requirements vary, but Ph.D. programs usually include completing a thesis or dissertation.

Training

After completing their studies, Ph.D. holders often enter postdoctoral research positions. Postdoctoral work involves developing a broader understanding of a specialization, which typically culminates in publication of their research findings.

Advancement

Some microbiologists move into managerial positions, often as natural sciences managers. Others become postsecondary teachers, which typically requires a Ph.D. and postdoctoral research experience.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Some employers prefer to hire microbiologists who have earned certification, which is typically not required otherwise. Microbiologist certifications are available for a variety of specialties. For example, the American Society for Clinical Pathology offers certification that may be helpful for clinical microbiologists.

Important Qualities

Communication skills. Microbiologists must be able to effectively communicate the results of their research, both orally and in writing.

Detail oriented. Microbiologists must conduct scientific experiments and analyses with precision, including monitoring and recording the conditions, processes, and results of their work.

Interpersonal skills. Microbiologists often work on research teams and must collaborate with others. They also lead research projects, which may involve managing technicians.

Logical-thinking skills. Microbiologists draw conclusions from experiments by using reasoning and judgment to interpret the results.

Perseverance. Microbiologists must persist in the trial-and-error demands of research. They should be motivated to avoid becoming discouraged in their work.

Problem-solving skills. Microbiologists conduct experiments and analyze results to find solutions to scientific problems.

Median annual wages, May 2023

The median annual wage for microbiologists was $85,470 in May 2023. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $49,070, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $147,470.

In May 2023, the median annual wages for microbiologists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

$102,570

Government

99,740

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

79,190

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

63,180

Testing laboratories

54,700

Most microbiologists work full time.

Employment of microbiologists is projected to grow 5 percent from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 1,700 openings for microbiologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Microbiologists are expected to be needed to help pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies develop new drugs that are produced with the aid of microorganisms. In addition, demand for biofuels production is expected to increase the need for microbiologists to conduct advanced research and development in these areas. Efforts to discover new and improved ways to preserve the environment and safeguard public health also are expected to support demand for these workers.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2022

Projected Employment, 2032

Change, 2022-32

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Microbiologists

19-1022

20,900

22,000

5

1,100
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about microbiologists, visit
American Society for Microbiology International Union of Microbiological Societies Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
To find job openings for microbiologists in the federal government, visit
USAJOBS
For general information about careers and specialties in biological sciences, visit
American Institute of Biological Sciences The American Society for Cell Biology American Society for Clinical Pathology Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
O*NET
Microbiologists

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Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxmbHQnxnZg.

Quick Facts: Environmental Science and Protection Technicians
2021 Median Pay

$47,370 per year
$22.78 per hour

Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination.

Environmental science and protection technicians work in offices, laboratories, and the field.

Environmental science and protection technicians typically need an associate's degree or 2 years of postsecondary education, although some positions require a bachelor's degree.

The median annual wage for environmental science and protection technicians was $47,370 in May 2021.

Employment of environmental science and protection technicians is projected to grow 6 percent from 2021 to 2031, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 4,000 openings for environmental science and protection technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for environmental science and protection technicians.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of environmental science and protection technicians with similar occupations.

Learn more about environmental science and protection technicians by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

What Environmental Science and Protection Technicians Do About this section

Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination, including those affecting public health.

Duties

Environmental science and protection technicians typically do the following:

Inspect establishments, including public places and businesses, to ensure that there are no environmental, health, or safety hazards

Set up and maintain equipment used to monitor pollution levels, such as remote sensors that measure emissions from smokestacks

Collect samples of air, soil, water, and other materials for laboratory analysis

Clearly label, track, and ensure the integrity of samples being transported to the laboratory

Use equipment, such as microscopes, to evaluate and analyze samples for the presence of pollutants or other contaminants

Prepare charts and reports that summarize test results

Discuss test results and analyses with clients

Verify compliance with regulations that help prevent pollution

Many environmental science and protection technicians work under the supervision of environmental scientists and specialists, who direct the technicians' work and evaluate their results. In addition, technicians often work on teams with scientists, engineers, and technicians in other fields to solve complex problems related to environmental degradation and public health. For example, they may work on teams with geoscientists and hydrologists to manage the cleanup of contaminated soils and ground water around an abandoned bomb-manufacturing site.

Most environmental science and protection technicians work for consulting firms, state or local governments, or testing laboratories.

In consulting firms, environmental science and protection technicians help clients monitor and manage the environment and comply with regulations. For example, they help businesses develop cleanup plans for contaminated sites, and they recommend ways to reduce, control, or eliminate pollution. Also, environmental science and protection technicians conduct feasibility studies for, and monitor the environmental impact of, new construction projects.

In state and local governments, environmental science and protection technicians inspect businesses and public places, and investigate complaints related to air quality, water quality, and food safety. They may be involved with the enforcement of environmental regulations. They also may help protect the environment and people's health by performing environmental impact studies of new construction. Or they may evaluate the environmental health of sites that may contaminate the environment, such as abandoned industrial sites.

In testing laboratories, environmental science and protection technicians collect and track samples, and perform tests that are often similar to those carried out by chemical technicians, biological technicians, or microbiologists. However, in contrast to the work done by these science workers, that done by environmental science and protection technicians focuses on topics that are directly related to the environment and how it affects human health.

Environmental science and protection technicians typically specialize either in laboratory testing or in fieldwork and sample collection. However, it is common for laboratory technicians to occasionally collect samples from the field and for fieldworkers to do some work in a laboratory.

Environmental science and protection technicians held about 35,500 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of environmental science and protection technicians were as follows:

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

24%

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

17

Testing laboratories

15

Engineering services

9

State government, excluding education and hospitals

6

Environmental science and protection technicians work in laboratories, offices, and the field. Fieldwork offers a variety of settings. For example, technicians may investigate an abandoned manufacturing plant, or work outdoors to test the water quality of lakes and rivers. They may work near streams and rivers, monitoring the levels of pollution caused by runoff from cities and landfills, or they may have to use the crawl spaces under a house in order to neutralize natural health risks such as radon. While working outdoors, they may be exposed to adverse weather conditions.

In the field, environmental science and protection technicians spend most of their time on their feet, which can be physically demanding. They also may need to carry and set up testing equipment, which can involve some heavy lifting and frequent bending and crouching. Fieldwork may be seasonal, depending on the location, since low temperatures in the winter could inhibit taking samples from water sources or soil.

Depending on the type of work and fieldwork they do, technicians may need to wear protective gear such as hardhats, masks, and coveralls to protect them from hazards.

Work Schedules

Environmental science and protection technicians typically work full time. Working in the field exposes them to all types of weather. Also, technicians may need to travel to meet with clients or to perform fieldwork, either of which may require technicians to work additional or irregular hours.

How to Become an Environmental Science and Protection Technician About this section

Environmental science and protection technicians typically need an associate's degree or 2 years of postsecondary education, although some positions require a bachelor's degree.

Education

Environmental science and protection technicians typically need an associate's degree in environmental science, environmental health, or public health, or a related degree. Because of the wide range of tasks, environments, and industries in which these technicians work, there are jobs that do not require postsecondary education and others that require a bachelor's degree.

A background in natural sciences is important for environmental science and protection technicians. Students should take courses in chemistry, biology, geology, and physics. Coursework in math, statistics, and computer science also is useful, because technicians routinely do data analysis and modeling.

Many technical and community colleges offer programs in environmental studies or a related technology, such as remote sensing or geographic information systems (GISs). While in college, students should include coursework that provides laboratory experience.

Associate's degree programs at community colleges often are designed to allow students to easily transfer to bachelor's degree programs at public colleges and universities.

Training

Technicians whose jobs involve handling hazardous waste typically need to complete training in accordance with Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) standards. The length of training depends on the type of hazardous material that workers handle. The training covers health hazards, personal protective equipment and clothing, site safety, recognizing and identifying hazards, and decontamination.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Environmental science and protection technicians must carry out a wide range of laboratory and field tests, and their results must be accurate and precise.

Communication skills. Environmental science and protection technicians must have good listening and writing skills, because they must follow precise directions for sample collection and communicate their results effectively in written reports. They also need to discuss their results with colleagues, clients, and, sometimes, public audiences.

Critical-thinking skills. Environmental science and protection technicians reach their conclusions through sound reasoning and judgment. They have to determine the best way to address environmental hazards.

Interpersonal skills. Environmental science and protection technicians need to work well and collaborate with others, because they often work with scientists and other technicians.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

In some states, environmental science and protection technicians can benefit from obtaining certification to conduct certain types of environmental and health inspections. For example, certification for technicians who test buildings for radon is offered through the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

The Registered Environmental Health Specialist/Registered Sanitarian (REHS/RS) credential is offered through the National Environmental Health Association (NEHA).

Median annual wages, May 2021

The median annual wage for environmental science and protection technicians was $47,370 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $30,050, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $76,810.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for environmental science and protection technicians in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

$50,060

State government, excluding education and hospitals

49,980

Engineering services

47,590

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

46,820

Testing laboratories

41,660

Environmental science and protection technicians typically work full time. Working in the field exposes them to all types of weather. Also, technicians may need to travel to meet with clients or to perform fieldwork, either of which may require technicians to work additional or irregular hours.

Employment of environmental science and protection technicians is projected to grow 6 percent from 2021 to 2031, about as fast as the average for all occupations.

About 4,000 openings for environmental science and protection technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Heightened public interest in issues involving the environment, such as fracking, and the increasing demands placed on the environment by population growth should lead to more jobs for environmental science and protection technicians as businesses and governments rely on these workers to help monitor the environment and comply with regulations.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2021

Projected Employment, 2031

Change, 2021-31

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Environmental science and protection technicians, including health

19-4042

35,500

37,600

6

2,100
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about environmental health technicians and related occupations, visit
National Environmental Health Association
For more information about training, visit
UCAR Occupational Safety and Health Administration
For more information specific to radon technicians, visit
National Radon Safety Board
O*NET
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health

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Environmental Science and Protection Technicians

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxmbHQnxnZg. Quick Facts: Environmental Science and Protection Technicians 2021 Median Pay $47,370 per year $22.78 per hour Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination. Environmental science and protection technicians work in offices, laboratories, and the field.

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Conservation Scientists and Foresters : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources.

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Summary

Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEr_X2rDM-0.

Quick Facts: Biological Technicians
2021 Median Pay

$48,140 per year
$23.15 per hour

Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.

Biological technicians typically work in laboratories. Most biological technicians work full time.

To enter the occupation, biological technicians typically need a bachelor's degree in biology or a related field.

The median annual wage for biological technicians was $48,140 in May 2021.

Employment of biological technicians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2021 to 2031, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 12,200 openings for biological technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for biological technicians.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of biological technicians with similar occupations.

Learn more about biological technicians by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.

Duties

Biological technicians typically do the following:

Set up, maintain, and clean laboratory instruments and equipment, such as microscopes, scales, pipets, and test tubes

Gather and prepare biological samples, such as blood, food, and bacteria cultures, for laboratory analysis

Conduct biological tests and experiments

Document their work, including procedures, observations, and results

Analyze experimental data and interpret results

Write reports that summarize their findings

Biological technicians, sometimes called laboratory assistants, typically are responsible for doing scientific tests, experiments, and analyses under the supervision of biologists (such as microbiologists) or medical scientists who direct and evaluate their work. Biological technicians use traditional laboratory instruments, advanced robotics, and automated equipment to conduct experiments. They use specialized computer software to collect, analyze, and model experimental data. Some biological technicians, such as those who assist the work of zoologists and wildlife biologists, may collect samples in the field, so they may need the ability to hike rugged terrain or otherwise travel through wilderness areas.

Biological technicians work in many research areas. They may assist medical researchers by administering new medicines and treatments to laboratory animals. They may separate proteins from other cell material, and analyze data from an experiment.

Biological technicians working in a microbiological context typically study living microbes and perform techniques specific to microbiology, such as staining specimens to aid identification.

Biological technicians also may work in private industry and assist in the study of a wide range of topics concerning industrial production. They may test samples in environmental impact studies, or monitor production processes to help ensure that products are not contaminated.

Biological technicians held about 84,300 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of biological technicians were as follows:

Scientific research and development services

32%

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

25

Federal government, excluding postal service

11

Hospitals; state, local, and private

8

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

7

Biological technicians typically work in laboratories and offices, where they conduct experiments and analyze the results under the supervision of biological scientists and medical scientists. Some biological technicians who do fieldwork may be exposed to weather events and wildlife, such as mosquitoes.

Biological technicians must follow strict procedures to avoid contaminating the experiment, themselves, or the environment. Some experiments may involve dangerous organisms or toxic substances.

Biological technicians work together on teams under the direction of biologists or other scientists.

Work Schedules

Most biological technicians work full time and keep regular hours.

How to Become a Biological Technician About this section

To enter the occupation, biological technicians typically need a bachelor's degree in biology or a related field. Although less common, some positions are available to candidates who have less than a bachelor's degree.

Education

Biological technicians typically need a bachelor's degree in biology or a related field, such as physical science or natural resources. Positions are sometimes open to candidates who have less education than a bachelor's degree but have laboratory experience.

Biology programs typically include subfields such as ecology, microbiology, and physiology. In addition to studying biological sciences, students may need to take courses in math and physics, as well as in other sciences. Students need laboratory experience, so science coursework should include a lab component.

Other Experience

Prospective biological technicians should have laboratory experience. In addition to coursework, students may gain laboratory experience during summer internships with prospective employers, such as pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturers, or in university laboratories.

Advancement

Biological technicians may advance to scientist positions, such as microbiologist or biochemist and biophysicist, after a few years of experience working as a technician or after earning a master's degree or Ph.D. Gaining more experience and higher levels of education often allows biological technicians to move into positions such as natural sciences managers or postsecondary teachers.

Important Qualities

Analytical skills. Biological technicians need to conduct scientific experiments and analyses with accuracy and precision.

Communication skills. Biological technicians must understand and follow the instructions of their managing scientists. They also need to communicate their processes and findings clearly in written reports.

Critical-thinking skills. Biological technicians draw conclusions from experimental results through sound reasoning and judgment.

Observational skills. Biological technicians must constantly monitor their experiments. They need to keep a complete, accurate record of their work, including the conditions under which the experiment was carried out, the procedures they followed, and the results they obtained.

Technical skills. Biological technicians need to set up and operate sophisticated equipment and instruments. They also may need to adjust equipment to ensure that experiments are conducted properly.

Median annual wages, May 2021

The median annual wage for biological technicians was $48,140 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $31,170, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $78,090.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for biological technicians in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

$59,770

Scientific research and development services

49,850

Hospitals; state, local, and private

49,580

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private

48,140

Federal government, excluding postal service

41,910

Most biological technicians work full time and keep regular hours.

Employment of biological technicians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2021 to 2031, faster than the average for all occupations.

About 12,200 openings for biological technicians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment

Demand for biological and medical research is expected to increase the need for biological technicians. Synthetic biology, a relatively new area of biotechnology, will employ biological technicians to redesign biological systems or living organisms for medical, manufacturing, and agriculture applications. Continued growth in biotechnology research and development projects, such as using cells to deliver drugs within the human body, is expected to support demand for biological technicians.

Occupational Title

SOC Code

Employment, 2021

Projected Employment, 2031

Change, 2021-31

Employment by Industry

Percent

Numeric

Biological technicians

19-4021

84,300

92,000

9

7,700
Get data

Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The link(s) below go to OEWS data maps for employment and wages by state and area.

Projections Central

Occupational employment projections are developed for all states by Labor Market Information (LMI) or individual state Employment Projections offices. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.com. Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. In addition, states may produce projections for areas; there are links to each state's websites where these data may be retrieved.

CareerOneStop

CareerOneStop includes hundreds of occupational profiles with data available by state and metro area. There are links in the left-hand side menu to compare occupational employment by state and occupational wages by local area or metro area. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code.

For more information about career opportunities in the biological sciences, visit
American Institute of Biological Sciences American Society for Cell Biology American Society for Microbiology DIYbio Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
To find job openings for biological technicians in the federal government, visit
USAJOBS
CareerOneStop

For a career video on biological technicians, visit
Biological technicians
O*NET
Biological Technicians

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Video transcript available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEr_X2rDM-0. Quick Facts: Biological Technicians 2021 Median Pay $48,140 per year $23.15 per hour Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments. Biological technicians typically work in laboratories. Most biological technicians work full time.