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Berke Karlar, Deniz Özbay, Eray Çırpanlı, İpek Bayar, Nilsu Kula

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Berke Karlar, Deniz Özbay, Eray Çırpanlı, İpek Bayar, Nilsu Kula

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1- It is an anti-memorial.

2- The main audience is Turkey citizens, especially survivors of earthquake and all people who were affected from the earthquake at that area.

3- The ideological statement is “the earthquake is a natural disaster, but the destruction created by the earthquake is not natural” And “the home is more than a building”

4- “Hatay Earthquake Memorial”

5- It has an abstract design. There is a large landscape. In the middle, there is a broken faultline. The ground around the broken fault is sloping and uneven. With this uncertainty and imbalance, while people are walking, they can understand what the earthquake felt like. The material is concrete and the location is the Hatay Cumhuriyet Meydanı, which is one of the most affected areas from the earthquake.

6- We are influenced by Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial. We tried to create an abstraction, and make people think about the effect of the earthquake and its consequences. In addition, we want people to remember this event and take precautions to prevent its consequences for the next time.

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Selcen Kaya, Ece Mısırlı, Begüm Çavuş, Miray Biçen, Zeynep Usta

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Selcen Kaya, Ece Mısırlı, Begüm Çavuş, Miray Biçen, Zeynep Usta

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"The Distance of The Unity"

This title refers both to physical distancing and emotional separation during lockdowns.

Our design is an anti-memorial.

Rather than pointing to heroism, it focuses on absence, vulnerability, and isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is not to glorify the event but to encourage reflection and emotional engagement.

The main audience is future generations, especially young people who did not directly experience the pandemic.

It is also intended for everyday visitors who pass through public spaces, allowing accidental encounters with memory.

The memorial shows that human connection is fragile, and that collective crises reveal social inequalities, loneliness, and interdependence.

It emphasizes empathy, responsibility toward others, and remembrance of ordinary lives lost, not just statistics.

The design is abstract, not literal. Visitors walk through separated panels, physically experiencing distance and silence.

The design is inspired by counter-memorial approaches such as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and Holocaust memorials, especially their use of abstraction, reflection, and emotional participation rather than heroic representation.

Material: Concrete and glass (cold, and reflective surfaces)

• Form: Narrow pathways with empty spaces between vertical panels

• Imagery: Shadows, reflections, and negative space

• Names: No individual names but instead, dates marking lockdown periods

The design is abstract, not literal. Visitors walk through separated panels, physically experiencing distance and silence.

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The Empty Library is made by Micha Ullman in 1995 in Berlin Germany. This structure is not to be a place for celebration but to be a place to remember the wicked past of the Germany. It is to condem the book burning made by the Nazis in the 1940s Berlin. Its emptyness is to show the damage made by the nazis by burnings books of the jews people. An normal monument is to celebrate an important event or a historical someone in the past in order not to forget them. This library is to not celebrate but to remember a important past event. This makes it an anti-monument.

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It is the anti monument, because it refers to the book burnings during the interwar period in Nazi Germany, thr empty library refers to burned books and lost information. This anti monument is made by a Jew and it is located at Berlin so as the context and its location it is clear that this is an anti monument

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Micha Ullman’s The Empty Library in Berlin marks the site of Nazi book burnings. It consists of empty underground bookshelves visible through a glass panel in the pavement, symbolizing cultural loss. It is an anti-monument because, instead of celebrating or glorifying, it emphasizes absence and loss. Traditional monuments are figurative and declarative, showing heroes or events; anti-monuments are minimal, conceptual, and provoke reflection through what is missing rather than what is present.

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Micha Ullman‘s The Empty library is a clear demonstration of an anti monument. The reason being that whilst traditional monuments glorify and celebrate certain figures and circumstances most of the time being flashy the anti monument is hidden and quietly holds your attention. Micha Ullman perfectly encapsulates the anti monuments purpose and makes you feel the pain of the nazi library burnings. The monument does not glorify anyone or anything just recalls a horrific incident.

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A monument is permanent and represents an idea, an important person, or a national event. Anti-monument, on the other hand, could be temporary and abstract. We see movement in the anti-monument, which may also reflect on personal experience. When we look at Micha Ulman's The Empty Library, we see a piece that could be interpreted differently by people. It symbolizes something rather than indicating a solid truth. It is about the Nazi book burnings that took place in the Bebelplatz in Berlin, Germany, on May 10, 1933. This makes it an anti-monument.

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A monument should be representing something that society would want to remember and honor. While antimonuments, with their questioning nature, refer to a form of art in its own being, criticizes to some extent. Monuments basically aim to maintain continuity and respect, and to fully commemorate the individuals or events mentioned in its presence. Michael Ullman’s Library which is showing empty bookshelves under glass is to remember the 1933 Nazis book burning. The empty shelves stand for the lost books and ideas, making people think about what was destroyed. It is an antimonument for me because, instead of celebrating or glorifying someone or some incident, it shows an absence and a loss, making people question and reflect rather than admire while looking.

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Micha Ullman’s The Empty Library which is created in 1995 is a public memorial located in Berlin. It is commemorating the Nazi book burnings of 1933. Unlike traditional monuments that stand tall and visible to glorify events. The Empty Library is an underground installation nearly invisible from the distance, seen only through a glass panel in the ground. Inside viewers see empty white bookshelves illuminated by light, symbolizing the absence of the thousands of books that were destroyed. In contrast  anti-monuments like The Empty Library challenge this idea. They avoid glorification and instead provoke reflection and emotional engagement. They are often minimal hidden and open ended. They are inviting viewers to interpret their meaning personally.

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A monument is typically a statue or a structure that celebrates a hero or victory, aiming to produce feelings of admiration. But on the other hand an anti-monument confronts difficult or shameful histories by using absence and negative space. Micha Ullman's The Empty Library in Berlin is an example of an anti-monument. It's located in Bebelplatz, the site of the 1933 Nazi book burnings, and it isn't a statue at all. Instead, it's a subterranean room viewed from above through a glass plate in the cobblestones. Looking down, we see completely empty shelves, representing the 20,000 books that were destroyed. This design is effective because it rejects glory and it uses a void to symbolize the cultural loss. The work forces the public to physically look down and reflect on this shameful instance in their history.

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Micha Ullman's Empty Library is an anti-monument, rejecting heroic glorification. Unlike traditional monuments, anti-monumentsemphasize absence, reflection, and collective memory over celebration or permanence. Its emptiness sybomlizes loss, questioning traditional rememberence and confronting historical absence

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The empty library is an anti-monument, a memorial dedicated to Nazi book burning during the WW2, against jews. It's located in Berlin and involves such themes as memory and regret in itself. The reason why it's called an anti-monument is because it doesn't try to glorify the country's past, instead shows the regret of a nation.

The difference between anti-monument and monument is: Monuments honor people, events, or ideas and are usually grand or symbolic. Anti-monuments question or critique traditional memorials, focusing on absence, forgotten histories, or provoking thought.

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The empty Library can be considered as an anti-monument since it rejects features of traditional monuments. Besides monument, The Empty Library does not glorify in an open-structure. It is located middle of street which although it does not glorify, it has certain role to remember the history. Though The Empty Library is rebellious monument to traditional structure of monument, also it can be said that its functionality can be attributed to monument rather than an anti-monument. Morever, the Empty Library provides shared communal experience of a country likewise traditional monuments do.

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"The empty library" is a public memorial located in Berlin. Where the Nazis burned thousands of books. The monument is empty white bookshelves. The emptiness symbolizes cultural loss and repressions of the period. Its an antimonument. Monuments generally is for glorify. Antimonuments are often reflective and unsettling.

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The Empty Library is an underground room with white empty bookshelves, seen through glass on the ground. If I were there and looked down, I think I would feel a mix of silence and sadness. Seeing only emptiness and my own reflection would make me think about all the voices, ideas, and people that were erased.

The work feels quiet but very powerful. It’s not big or heroic like old monuments. Instead, it’s simple and hidden. That’s why it’s seen as an anti-monument, it doesn’t celebrate victory, it reminds us of loss.

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The empty library by Micha Ullman is a depiction of an anti-monument. Unlike a reguler memorial it forces the viewer to look deeper to understand and thus gain new perspectives and ideas that they had not thought of before. This anti-monument is a representation of the book burning of 1933 yet instead of depicting a very understandable and public figure/object. It shows something much more abstract and aims to make us doubt our understanding of the physical world.

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A monument is the traditional approach to sculpture -and public art in general- in that it has a vertical, solid, unitary form it seeks to honor and glorify whereas an anti-monument is a sort of counter to this approach, in which the form is horizontal, abstract, darker and fragmented and it is trying to include the public and encourage them to think and reflect as opposed to traditional monuments' aim to inspire pride and awe from a distance.

The Empty Library by Micha Ullman is an anti-monument about the Nazi book burnings situated in Babelplatz, which was the scene of one such event. The monument is composed of a glass window on the floor and when looked upon from a certain angle above, it shows rows and rows of empty bookshelves. It is an abstract work that invites you to think and reflect, the main message is the emptiness of the shelves and the abscence of the books. These factors make it an anti-monument.

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Located in the Bebelplatz square in Berlin. Nazis burned 20.000 books in 1933, so the monument is in the underground room filled with empty bookshelves. It's an anti-monument because it is not celebrate anything. instead, reflection of past mistakes.

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Micha Ullman’s The Empty Library is an anti-monument. It is located in Berlin’s Bebelplatz, where the Nazis burned thousands of books in 1933. The work consists of an underground room of empty bookshelves visible through a glass panel on the ground.

Unlike traditional monuments that stand tall and glorify events, this one is subtle and hidden, inviting reflection on absence and loss.

Monuments celebrate and solidify memory, while anti-monuments question, provoke, and keep memory open to interpretation

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The monument represents the Nazi book burning of may 10. The monument has an underground form. This piece is considered as a anti-monument. Traditional monuments are usually meant to be celebrate or glorify a event or people. In contrast, anti-monuments reject this traditional idea and they often emphasize a loss or silence rather than pride.

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The Empty Library by Micha Ullman is an anti-monument as it is built in a somewhat hidden manner in order to represent the books burnt during WW2. Rather than a large, visible, celebratory monument; empty space is used to better convey the idea of absence to the the viewer.

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The Empty Library (1995) by Micha Ullman, which is situated on Berlin's Bebelplatz, honors the May 10, 1933, Nazi book burnings, in which more than 20,000 books by Marxist, Jewish, and other prohibited authors were burnt. The monument's shape is simple and subterranean: a glass panel built into the square lets spectators gaze down into a blank, white room filled with empty bookcases, enough to accommodate the burning books. Its emptiness and simplicity evoke a spooky sense of loss and introspection.

This piece of art is regarded as an anti-monument. Anti-monuments challenge memory itself, in contrast to conventional monuments that rise above the ground, honor heroes, or exalt national pride. To encourage visitors to think critically rather than accept a predetermined message, they frequently emphasize stillness, emptiness, and absence. Because Ullman decides to bury the memorial, remembering becomes an exercise of introspection.

By focusing solely on what is lost—the books, the information, and the culture destroyed—The Empty Library defies the ostentatious displays of traditional monuments. It serves as a potent illustration of how memory can be communicated through emptiness rather than presence by confronting viewers with the void created by censorship and bigotry.

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The empty library is a below ground small, almost invisible, emptry bookshelf that aims to show not the presence of the books but the absenence of them. Aims to display thr Nazi book burnings that happened in a not glorifiying but still expressive manner. Its form is minimal, empty and dark since it tries to show us the absenence of books.

Since it tries to explain a tragedy and gives the viewers an opportunity for experiencing discomfort and some self reflecftion on the human nature it is an anti monument

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Monuments aim to make people remember important historical events or people, through a glorifying and exact approach. But, anti-monuments aim to represent an idea/ideology, creating a open-ended commentary while encouraging people to think about an issue. So this is an anti-monument, both with its form and purpose. It is minimal so it is not trying to glorify an event. Instead, it brings us to think about Nazi library burnings through an abstract form. It makes us remember and understand the burden of this saddening event.

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It's an anti monument it does represents the Nazi book burning incident's it's a anti monument with a abstract expresion and represents a traumatic event the Nazi book burning incident's this anti monument is made by a jew and is located in Berlin as if to spite the Nazi's and it meet's the criterias for a anti monument which is to represent something traumatic and have a design structure that's not traditional to mention something traumatic rather than to unite the crowd it's a fascinating example of a anti monument.

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This is an anti-monument not a monument. While traditional monuments rise up proudly to celebrate and glorify, Ullman’s work is like a empty gap on the ground. It doesn’t show something about history it reminds loss, making viewers fill the emptiness with their own thoughts.

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Monuments are for remembering and understanding of the past . They are made to make us not forget our past they are big and bold and they catch your eye . Whereas anti monuments do the opposite. They’re hidden you have to look closely to realize they are monuments . They are mostly made because of tragic events rather than victories and remind you of how much you’ve overcome these issues as a country

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A traditional monument is a commemorate of an important event such as war. It has a fixed symbol and nobody can create new meanings from it. Meanwhile an anti-monument is something open ended. The creator designs it to underline a topic. The viewers can comment on it with their own thoughts. In Micha Ullman’s example she designed an anti monument to remember the Nazi book burnings. She made this work for remembrance and to show the effects of the event. People can make comments of the idea critique it. Therefore it is an anti monument

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The Empty Library (1995), a public memorial by Micha Ulman, is a counter monument for many reasons. Firstly, the memorial’s form is nearly invisible unlike the traditional monuments such as statues of significant identities. Secondly, it demands interaction, rather than people simply passing by. Thirdly, it expresses an opposing belief, memory, or an event, rather than an affirmative piece.

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It has Dark colors. It represents something deep and meaningful. It is a memoir. The anti-monument itself is about a past event. It evokes emotional reflection. The photo that we saw was an anti-monument it is in underground. It honors the ones who are not with us anymore.

Ada Nil Sözer

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Micha Ullman’s The Empty Library recalls the  recalls the Nazi book burnings. It is an anti-monument. It has a minimalist form, it is not visible at first glance. It does not aim to glorify heroism or an ideology, also there are no statues or heroic figures. It requires the viewer to interact with it and reflect on it. It is more about loss and absence, and requires contemplation. On the other hand, monuments aim to commemorate heroism, they have a clear message, and they are more about national unity.

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Manuments are memorial contructions. Manuments can serve as a register for the emotions and memories that rulers want to solidify in the public. But anti manuments can be a rebellion. Anti manuments not only represent past time memories but also current time emotions and life. Manuments generally demand respect but anti-manuments demand interest and consideration.

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Monuments are a symbol to represent a person or an event, it is to celebrate and glorify the past events and people. Anti-monuments are an artistic point of view to an open ended topic which creates a dialogue and questioning among people. The empty library is an anti monument because rather than showing the past event it creates an artistic view on what happened and pushes the viewer to think critically and it doesn’t emphasize the glory.

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The empty library is a monument. A monument is structured to commemorate or symbolize the memory of a significant person,event. Functioning as both a physical artifact and a cultural signifier, monuments serve as focal points of identity formation. Antimonuments are acts of memory and resistance . They often emerge in response to denial etc.

nehir özcan

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Monuments are reflecting a historical identities of certain nation or groups which is structured on victories, dramas and experiences. They take a important place in the open public space and people give attention them because on the monuments, each person show their cultural and national background with different ways and this effect passionate viewer's for to respect toward's the monument and it's meaning. On the other hand, anti-monuments are not only interested with some historical issues or unifying nation efforts. They build around more universal and protesting messages and usually their abstraction charm people to interact with them and convince to do trying to understand artist purpose. That's actually why Empty Library is a anti-monument because it's deep value cornered with not some glorifying history pages but comes from deep desire and emotions of individuals.

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A monument is something built in memory of a person, event etc. The motivations behind its installation is to remember an event due to its political, cultural, historical, or artistic importance. They are glorious and public. Anti-monuments, on the other hand, challenge traditional aspects of monuments by opposing a particular event rather than affirming it. They invite close, multi sensory vistor engagement unlike monuments. This particular “The Empty Library” anti-monument is modest, encourages the visitors to get closer to it in order to examine it. It is dedicated to the remembrance of the Nazi book burnings that took place in Berlin, Germany on May 10, 1933. Therefore, it can be interpreted that it opposes an event rather than glorifying it.

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Monuments have a significant meaning in society.This means that they have an effect on society and monuments tell stories about some incidents happened in past.The monument called "The Empty Library" which made by Micha Ullmann says a lot of about past.This monument explains a story about Nazis who burned books in Bebelplatz,Berlin.This monument is made to mention this incident.

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According to our readings monuments are usually built to honour significant people or events. They show the power of society and their purpose is to be remembered. Anti-monuments are the opposite of the traditional monuments instead of honouring someone or an event they highlight injustice. I think The Empty Library is an anti-monument because it has a critical purpose.

Selen Bozkurt

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Monuments are for the glorifying, representing and remembering historical events. Monuments give messages and meanings directly. In contrast, anti-monuments are for the deeper thinking process. I think this art is example of anti-monument because it does not give the meaning directly, it has a deeper back-ground. It requires more complex thinking process and historical background information.

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This is an anti-monument that rejects traditional ideas of glory or heroism. Instead of celebrating a person, it commemorates the Nazi book burning. So it’s more about confronting a dark part of history. It is also built underground rather than above it, so the monument avoids admiration or fame. It places the responsibility of remembrance on the viewer. It doesn’t tell us what to think but provokes reflection and critical thinking about censorship. Though very subtle in comparison to traditional monuments, it delivers a strong and impactful statement against forgetting.

Kenza Belgacem

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"The Empty Library" is an anti-monument made by Micha Ullman in 1995. It can also be called a counter monument. It rejects the features of traditional monuments. It demands interaction by its passerby. A monuments purpose is to celebrate and honor and its goal is to preserve memory and promote unity or cultural pride by sometimes idealizing the past. An anti-monument does the opposite and question the very idea of monuments. They focus on reflection and critique. Their goal is to provoke thought, question authority and encourage active remembrance rather than passive remembrance.

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It is an anti-monument because it doesnt glorify or emphasize a person, victory or an specific event. It actually pushes people to think and ask about what happens when you destroy the knowledge (specificially the books), by showing a large library with empty shelfves. Emptiness of the shelves actually push viewers to think and ask questions.

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I think “The Empty Library” is an anti-monument because it looks completely different from traditional monuments. Normally, monuments rise above the ground, are visible, and celebrate success or heroism. However, Micha Ullman’s design is buried underground and can only be seen when you look down through the glass. Instead of rising upward, it quietly reminds us of absence. The empty bookshelves, with no books inside, probably symbolize the loss and emptiness caused by the burning of books during the Nazi period. That’s why I believe this work doesn’t glorify the past but rather makes people think and reflect. For this reason, it’s not a classical monument, it stands in people’s memories as an anti-monument.

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It is an anti monument because it goes against the idea of a normal traditional monument. Traditional monument normally praises something but this piece does not praise anything. it seems underground. It is not tall and mighty. You dont look up to see the glory of it, instead you look down and think about it. It makes people think about what was lost with the empty shelves and you are not just passing by it, it is making you question.

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Monument is a big, clear structure that honors a person or event.

An anti-monument is simple  and makes people think about something sad or serious. The Empty Library is anti-monument that remembers the burning of books by the Nazis. Instead of showing big symbols, it shows empty shelves under the ground, to remind us of what was lost. It makes people think about the past. It uses emptiness to show the pain of losing books.

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This memorial is considered an anti-monument because, instead of being big and visible statue or structure that glorifies history, it does the opposite. It is underground and shows empty shelves, which probably makes people think about loss and silence instead of pride. So, instead of celebrating, it makes people stop and think quietly. This memorial shows discomfort so it is challenging the traditional idea of a monument.

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I believe it's an anti-monument because it was built to criticize the Nazi book burnings. The empty shelves convey a pessimistic outlook, and the fact that it's an underground structure also points to an anti-monument.
Ali Barkın Kılıç

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It is an anti-monument, since it is trying to evoke emotional reflection through its minimalist and kind a hidden form. It is emphasizing the event was not glorious. It is trying to make sure that people do not forget this mistake made in the past. On the other hand, traditional monuments glorify or honor some people in history or event may be some victories and they are not in minimalist or hidden form generally. They are the symbols of power and/or national pride.

Görkem Gürocak

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its an anti monument because it represents loss and instead of showing figures it shows empty bookshelves that represent the burnt down books. it doesnt follow the rules of traditional monuments and radiates an empty feeling.

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The Empty Library was made by Micha Ullman in 1995 in Berlin. It remembers the Nazi book burnings of 1933. The artwork is under the ground and shows empty bookshelves. It is an anti-monument because it doesn’t celebrate heroes or victory. Instead, it shows loss, silence, and memory through emptiness.

Selin Soyer

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It’s an anti monument. Traditional monuments usually celebrate heroes, victories and so on. However, The Empty Library shows loss and memory. It represents the books that were burned by the Nazis in 1933. The library is underground, and people can see empty bookshelves through glass.

Because it does not celebrate something but remembers a tragedy, it is an anti-monument.

İrem Damla Yazkan

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Monument is a statue or structure that expresses the meaning of honoring someone or something.There are two kind of monuments which are traditional monument and anti monument.The traditional monuments are giving a direct and clear message to the audience through a physical representation in public place.However, anti monuments are not direct in meaning.Their meanings can change through perspectives of visitors.It encourages visitors to be interactive and work out the meanings for themselves.To my mind,the empty library is an anti monument because it encourages visitors to be intereactive to understand the message.

Selcan Herdem

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The empty library from Micha Ullman is an anti-monument. Because it provides people to provoke their own feelings and thoughts when they look at it. While traditional monuments are created for honor important people, anti-monuments are aiming people to interact with the piece. The empty library turns meaningful with the interaction of the public and everybody must understand by their own.

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Anti-monumental works usually address the more obscure and distressing parts of history and wrongful ideologies. Whereas traditional monuments tend to glorify these specific events, people and periods of history. The Empty Library is an anti-monument. It is an anti-monument because it makes the audience question the reason of its creation and the purpose of the art piece. It is located on the floor in the street which makes it an open monument which people can go near it and look closer to the details within the glass on the top. Under the glass there is located an actual library space underground. The idea that is being implied with this anti-monument is to remember the book burnings done by the nazi in 1933. This creation is done by an artist who is from Israil which is related to the idea behind her artwork as she emphasized the wrongdoing of the genocide that the nazi did to Jews.

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Difference between monuments and anti-monuments 

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Difference between monuments and anti-monuments 

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Monuments represents historical events or peoples which/who remembers with glory.

Monument itself is build with glory and greatness.

However anti-monuments represents events from the darker side of history. Their building purpose is also remembering that event like monuments except not with glory.

Enver Yağız Durak

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Monuments are for remembering and understanding of the past . They are made to make us not forget our past they are big and bold and they catch your eye . Whereas anti monuments do the opposite. They’re hidden you have to look closely to realize they are monuments . They are mostly made because of tragic events rather than victories and remind you of how much you’ve overcome these issues as a country