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People: Established in 1789, the Tammany Society's founders were primarily Irish and immigrant artisans. Over time, Tammany Hall attracted a diverse membership, including working-class individuals and ethnic communities.

Definition: Initially formed as the Tammany Society, it began as a social club promoting cultural and benevolent activities. Evolved into a powerful political machine, exerting influence within the Democratic Party in New York City.

Significance:
Tammany Hall played a significant role in shaping New York City politics, particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Known for providing patronage jobs and influencing elections, it became synonymous with both the positive and negative aspects of machine politics.:

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People: Charles Darwin

Definition: The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Darwinists believed in natural selection and survival of the fittest.

Significance: It was used to justify racism, prejudices, and unjustices. It made people believe that they were better than others because of their race and status.

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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1856)

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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1856)

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Kate Maloney
People: Henry Bessemer

Definition: The Bessemer Process was invented to help increase the pace of steel making. It did so by blasting hot air to purify molten iron and then converted it into steel. It was able to produce more steel which lowered the prices.

Significance: This invention was the first inexpensive industrial process that allowed for a faster and more widespread production of steel. This made it easier for the states to become more industrialized with more buildings, bridges, ships, railways, and weapons.

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People:
- William Seward
- Edouard de Stoeckl

Definition:
It is the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire that cost $7.2 million dollars in 1867. It was bought because the land was rumored to have a lot of fur, fish, and gold.

Significance:
- gave the U.S Alaska which was the gateway to gold fields
- was profitable to the U.S.

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Transcontinental Railroad Completion (May 10, 1869)

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Transcontinental Railroad Completion (May 10, 1869)

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People:
- Irish, German, and Italian immigrants
- Ulysses S. Grant

Definition:
The building of the Transcontinental Railroad was made so that transportation could be improved. It crossed the continental land mass and goes to different oceans and different continental borders.

Significance:
- one of the U.S. and mankind’s biggest achievements
- cut the travel time across the United States from a few months to less than a week
- made traveling easier and cheaper

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Kate Maloney
People: lawmakers in Wyomings territorial legislature, John Allen Campbell

Defenition: In 1869 women in Wyoming were given the right to vote and to hold public office. They were the first state to allow women to do this.

Significance: Since Wyoming was the first state to let women to do this, it paved the way for more women to be able to vote. Many other lawmakers followed their lead which allowed for women to have more rights throughout the country. This action led the way for women to have the rights that they do today.

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Indian Appropriation Act 1871 (March 3, 1871)

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Indian Appropriation Act 1871 (March 3, 1871)

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People:
- Members of U.S Congress
- Indians

Definition:
This is the name of several acts that were passed by the United States Congress that declared that indigenous people were no longer considered members of sovereign nations.

Significance:
-  limited things that Native people could do, forced them onto reserves
- established that the US government can no longer establish treaties with Indians

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People: Jay Cooke and Company, Democrats, bankers, Whig party, and Jackson
Definition: The Panic of 1873 triggered the first Great depression in the united states due to an economic downturn.
Significance: The Panic of 1873 became a long term economic depression that ended in 1929 after the stock market crash.

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People:
- Morrison Remick Waite
- people part of Munn & Scott

Definition:
A Supreme Court case that showed the at the power of state government can regulate private industries, but only the ones that affect “the common good”

Significance:
- showed that states had the right to regulate businesses that served important public serves (railroads)

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People:
Involved high-ranking officials within President Ulysses S. Grant's administration, including Orville Babcock and General John McDonald. Whiskey producers colluded with corrupt government officials to evade taxes, leading to widespread involvement in the scandal.

Definition
The Whiskey Ring was a conspiracy where distillers and government officials colluded to underreport and evade excise taxes on whiskey. The scandal implicated key figures in Grant's inner circle, raising questions about the administration's integrity.

Significance:
Exposed widespread corruption within the federal government, tarnishing the reputation of the Grant administration. The Whiskey Ring Scandal contributed to growing public demand for civil service reforms and efforts to combat corruption in the federal government during the Gilded Age.:

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People: Plains Indians and U.S. forces,  Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho

Definition: The Battle of Little BigHorn was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States.

Significance: This battle marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. defeat during the Indian War. It outraged white Americans and increased their hatred for Native Americans

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People:
Railroad Workers: Initiated by railroad workers protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions.

Definition:
The Great Railroad Strike was a nationwide labor protest sparked by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's wage reduction.

Significance:
It marked one of the first major labor uprisings in the United States, highlighting the challenges faced by workers and contributing to the growth of the labor movement.

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People:
- Captain Richard Henry Pratt
- Indian children

Definition:
The Carlisle Indian School was made to remove Native Americans from their cultures and lifestyles and convert them to live in the white man’s society.

Significance:
- changed many Indian children to live as white men would
- the students were forced to speak English, wear Anglo-American clothing, and act corresponding to U.S. values and culture

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“Old” vs “New” Immagrants from Europe (1882-1914)

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“Old” vs “New” Immagrants from Europe (1882-1914)

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Kate Maloney
People: European Immagants

Defenition: older immagrants were the people who migrated to the Americas earlier for economic reasons. They were mainly Catholic and came from Nothern and Western Europe. New immagratnts came looking for religious freedom and were Jewish or Protestant. They came from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Significance: the new immagrants coming increased the population in the states. This created more demand for jobs and a need for more housing space.

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John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust (January 2, 1882)

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John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust (January 2, 1882)

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People: John D. Rockefeller

Definition: It was an American company and corporate trust that controlled almost all the oil production, processing, and marketing in the U.S. They focused on oil refining and saving reduction waste.

Significance: standard oil gained ownership of all the oil pipelines in the country. It was the first great industrial monopoly in the world.

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Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (May 6, 1882)

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Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (May 6, 1882)

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People:
- Chester A. Arthur
- Congress members
- Chinese laborers

Definition:
This was the first law passed that started to restrict immigration into the United States. Created an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States.

Significance:
- it was the first law in the U.S that restricted immigration into the United States
- it institutionalized racial discrimination towards Chinese immigrants

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People: August Spies

Definition: The riot ensued when a bomb was set off into a crowd that was striking in protest of police brutality and workers rights. The bomb killed seven policemen and injured 60 others. Several unionists leaders were tried for the riot; four were hanged, one committed suicide, and the rest were pardoned.

Significance: The riot led to the formation of the American Federation of Labor and caused labor right reform , but also increased anti-labor and anti-immigrant sentiments throughout the country.

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American Federation of Labor Founded (Dec 8 1886)

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American Federation of Labor Founded (Dec 8 1886)

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Kate Maloney
People: Samuel Gompers

Defenition: The American Federation of Labor was founded in order to help the working class due to their harsh labor conditions. It fought for better workplace conditions for skilled workers. They had strikes to help improve working hours and wages

Significance: This helped workers improve their conditions in the workplace. People were able to work less so that they could spend more time with their families. Workers health also improved which helped their life expectancy. More workers felt safe and knew that they could speak up for what they felt was right

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People: William McKinley

Definition: It increased taxes on most American goods almost 50% and made luxury items cheaper. It was supposed to help protect America but ended up putting way too high of a price on goods.

Significance: It hurt farmers because equipment was too expensive. It also hurt the Hawaiian economy because it raised import taxes on sugar, which was the main good they traded.

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People:  49th U.S. Congress, Grover Cleveland

Definition: The Interstate Commerce Act put restrictions and guidelines on how railroads could conduct business, requiring the railroad rates to be more fair. The act was passed by the 49th U.S. congress.

Relevance: The act sought to regulate the monopolistic practices of the railroad at the time and helped establish government regulation of certain businesses.

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People: Henry Dawes

Definition: This act allotted land to Natives on reservations and any land left over was available for public sale.

Relevance: This act emphasized the treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than member of a tribe, forcing them further into social standards of Americans rather than their traditions. Millions of acres of land were taken from natives as a result.

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People: Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Starr

Definition: the Jane Addams Hull House was a settlement house established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr located in Chicago that served as a resource to working class people in the surrounding impoverished neighborhood, mainly European Immigrants.

Relevance: The Jane Addams Hull House provided immigrants with meeting basic needs as well as learning english and American customs and standards.

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People: Colonists in the West and Midwest and Natives

Definition: The point in time when American Bison population was quickly declining. The decline was caused by drought, over hunting, and the introduction of horses to the Great Planes as they competed for the same food as the bison and made hunting incredibly efficient.

Significance: The decline of bison led to the depletion of food and other resources such as fur that helped the survival of many Native American tribes.

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act  (1883)

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act  (1883)

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People: civil servants and federal government
Definition: This act was a lot past to tackle corruption in the federal government. It created a system where government employees were chosen by their qualifications and abilities, political connections. This act created a commission service to oversee the hiring and promotion of civil servants.
Significance: This act marked the shift from spoil system to more merit-based system. This reform aim to ensure that government employees were promoted by their qualifications in abilities and insured that the government selection of employees would be more professional in the workforce.

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Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” - June 1889

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Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” - June 1889

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People: Andrew Carnegie

Definition: An article written by Andrew Carnegie that describes the responsibility of the upper class rich to be philanthropic.

Significance: The rich were encouraged to be philanthropists and live a modest life to promote the welfare of others.

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Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890)

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Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890)

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People: Jacob Riis

Definition: it is about the “other half” which are the people who live in extreme poverty and how the rich people so not see this part of life. It is about the difference between people.

Significance: It made the first New York law to better poor housing by making tenement housing. It also help start the “muck racking” idea of journalism.

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Battle of Wounded Knee (December 9, 1890)

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Battle of Wounded Knee (December 9, 1890)

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People: Lakota Indians, US Army

Definition: It was deadliest mass shooting in American history. Around 300 Lakota Indians were killed by the US army. It was the peak of the US efforts to suppress the Plains Indians.

Significance: It stopped ant future adaptation by Natives to American culture. The battle site became a place a remembrance for Natives. It also ended the Ghost Dance movement.

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People: Henry Clay Frick and workers

Definition: Strike in Pittsburgh over cutting wages by 20%

Significance: The strike ended the an association of iron and steel workers

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People: reformers of the Midwest and South

Definition: a political group that had support from farmers in fighting against political unfairness.

Significance: This party influences politics today. Many proposals have been adopted by other political parties today.

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People: farmers, workers, and businessmen
Definition: Economic depression that was started by the collapse of major banks and business leading to unemployment and financial problems.
Significance: This panic led to consequences such as decline in industrial production and wages decreasing. This panic also shaped the economy and government in the US.

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Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

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Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

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People: Fredrick Jackson Turner,
Definition: Theory that argues the existence of the American frontier and how it played an important role in creating an identity for the nation. The frontier experience cultivated individualism, democracy and American values. He argued that the frontier leads to changes in politics, economics, and social structure.
Significance: This thesis contributes to help understand American history as it highlights how important the frontier was to shape American institutions.

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People:
Definition:
Significance:

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People: Benjamin Harrison, John Sherman

Definition: It is an antitrust law that prohibits decisions made to restrict or stop commerce and competition in the marketplace. It also protected consumers from anticompetitive mergers.

Significance: It was the first federal law that went against monopolistic business practices. It created a baseline for the control of competition in the market.

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Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and Forest Mangament Act of 1897 (1891 & 1897)

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Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and Forest Mangament Act of 1897 (1891 & 1897)

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Kate Maloney
People: John W. Noble, Benjamin Harrison, Congress

Definition: The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 allowed the President to designate public lands in the west as forest preserves. They wanted to preserve the land by completely restricting public access to them. The Forest Managment Act of 1897 was set into place to preserve water and timber for the citizens. They wanted to keep forest lands available for agriculture.

Significance: The  significance of these acts was that they were able to salvage natural recourses in order to keep a plentiful stock for the people. It improved the environment and was ale to reduce polution. It inspired more people to find ways to eliminate the polution that came from increasing industrialization.

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People: Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison
Definition: The presidential election between Democrat Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison that took place in 1892 and resulted in Cleveland winning.
Significance: Grover Cleveland became the first and only president to serve 2 non-consecutive terms. Cleveland’s win was mostly due to his stance on how to handle economic harsh times at the time of the election.

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech - September 18, 1895

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech - September 18, 1895

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People: Booker T. Washington
Definition: The speech delivered by Booker T. Washington regarding race and social/political equality.
Significance: Booker T. Washington suggested that African Americans should not push for political and social equality but to work hard and earn respect.

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People: John H. Ferguson, Homer Plessy
Definition: The Supreme Court case between Homer Plessy and Hon. John H . Ferguson, started by Plessy claiming that segregation laws violated the 14th Amendment.
Significance: This Supreme Court case determined that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution.

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech - July 9, 1896

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech - July 9, 1896

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People: William Jennings
Definition: The speech delivered to the Democratic Nation Convention in Chicago in Chicago on July 9, 1896.
Significance: In this speech, William Jennings supported the idea of bimetallism (or “free sliver”). This idea described the system of the unrestricted currency of 2 metals.

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People: William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan
Definition: The 28th United States presidential election between Republican William McKinley and Democrat William Jennings Bryan. The election resulting in McKinley winning.
Significance: McKinley won the election mostly due to his pushes for a better economic state of the United States.

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Kate Maloney
People: Plains Indians, Lakota Indians, U.S troops

Defenition: Due to the gold rush out west, many American Indians were having their land taken from them because there were more settlers arriving there. The Indians tried to resist this which led to conflict. There were over 30 wars, the last one being  the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Significance: These wars were significant because they showed that there was still a lot of conflict within the states.Iit showed that most Americans were more focused on material goods rather than the American Indians and their quality of life.