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Pennsylvania supplied:

80% of the iron used in ironclads and railroads

Weapons

Ammunition

Uniforms

Ships and naval supplies

Food

Coal

Farmland

Railroads across Pennsylvania were crucial for transporting troops and materials.

Approximately 360,000 Pennsylvanian Soldiers fought for the Union, the second most out of all the states

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In 1863, the Army of Northern Virginia led by General Robert E. Lee fought against the Army of the Potomac led by George G. Meade in the Battle of Gettysburg. The battle took place in Gettysburg, Adams County from July 1, 1863 to July 3, 1863 and had the most casualties out of any other battle in the Civil War. The Confederate army wanted to claim a second victory on Northern land after their success at the Battle of Chancellorsville. In addition, they sought supplies, weapons, uniforms, and food from Pennsylvania that they couldn’t acquire from Virginia. The Union wanted to win the next battle to increase morale after the undesired defeat at Chancellorsville.

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The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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On the first day of the battle (July 1, 1863) , General Buford caught sight of Confederate General Henry Heth and his brigade traveling towards Chambersburg. Buford informed General Reynolds about the advancing soldiers. At 8:00 a.m, Buford's cavalry fired on the confederates, who were driven back several times. At 10:30 a.m, Reynolds brought new soldiers but lost his life during this. Next, William D. Pender’s soldiers joined Heth’s to battle against the Union. With the help of Pender’s soldiers, the Union army was pushed back to Seminary Ridge. Later, Lieutenant General  Richard S. Ewell charged, causing General Oliver O. Howard's corps to scatter. The first day was a Confederate victory.

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The Third Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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The Third Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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Finally, on the 3rd day of the battle (July 3rd, 1863), both armies decided to fight. Lee directed Generals Ewell, Longstreet, and Pickett to attack. At 3:00 pm, 13,000 Confederate soldiers advanced towards the Union line, facing fierce firing and artillery. This event, known as Pickett's Charge, resulted in disastrous casualties for the Confederates and diminished their initial desire to successfully attack the North.

Ultimately after 3 long days of fighting, the Union succeeded and won the Battle of Gettysburg. This battle was a turning point in the war; before this battle, the Confederates were confident that they would win the Civil War. After the battle however, they lost hope of becoming an independent nation. However, Meade did not follow the confederate army as they retreated. As a result, this was a lost opportunity to end the Civil War earlier.

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This speech was delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 to remember the bravery of the soldiers who lost their lives in the Battle of Gettysburg.

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. “Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. “But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us,that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

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Pennsylvania's Involvement in the Civil War

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Pennsylvania's Involvement in the Civil War

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Pennsylvania played a major role in the Civil War. The widely known Battle of Gettysburg occurred here, which was a major turning point of the war and resulted in many casualties. The numerous Pennsylvania regiments provided soldiers for the Union army and fought in countless battles throughout the Civil War. The 83rd Pennsylvania for instance, supplied 2,270 volunteers and 11 officers. The most notable Pennsylvania regiments were: 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 11th Pennsylvania Reserves, 13th Pennsylvania Reserves, 83rd Pennsylvania, 140th Pennsylvania, and the 145th Pennsylvania. In addition, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin enlisted many soldiers and provided money to combat the shortage of money. In total, 15% of Pennsylvanians fought in the Civil War.

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Andrew Gregg Curtin and his Efforts Towards the War

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Andrew Gregg Curtin and his Efforts Towards the War

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Born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania

1817-1894

Governor, appointed in October of 1860

Believed that secession was illegal.

Donated 3 million dollars to the commonwealth

Created a training center to support the Union

Organized 270 regiments in total

Called upon 427,286 Pennsylvanians to fight in the war (15% of Pennsylvania’s population)

Gave permission to the request of building a national cemetery

He played a key part in supporting President Lincoln and the Union army

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The Second Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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The Second Day of the Battle of Gettysburg

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On the 2nd day (July 2, 1863), The Union soldiers were situated on Cemetery Ridge. The left flank on Little and Big Round Top was vulnerable, so Lee decided to attack the left. Longstreet attacked at 4:00 pm and was met with General Daniel Sickles' corps. Sickles’ action of moving to higher ground created vulnerability in the Union line and resulted in the engagements at Little Round Top, Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and Wheat Field. Meade saved Little Round Top just in time and the Confederates didn’t break off the left side of the Union line. Eventually, the Confederates launched an ineffective attack on Culp's’ Hill and the right side of the Union army, leaving both armies injured.

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Effects of the Civil War on Pennsylvania

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Effects of the Civil War on Pennsylvania

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After the war, there was an increase in farms and manufacturing, especially in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The State Museum of Pennsylvania, State Archives in Harrisburg, and the National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg all have records of the Civil War, including artifacts and weapons. The State Archives also worked to gather records of the people involved in the Battle of Gettysburg. In addition, a few parts of the Gettysburg battlefield were also preserved. Due to the immense amount of casualties during the Battle of Gettysburg, citizens of Pennsylvania including architects, masons, landscapers, and laborers decided to build a national cemetery to honor the soldiers who lost their lives in battle. In total, there were 23,049 Union casualties and 28,063 Confederate casualties. Statues were also built to commemorate the people involved in the battle such as John Reynolds, major regiments, units, and more.

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In addition to the Battle of Gettysburg, the lesser known engagement at Hanover was also fought in Pennsylvania. This was a minor skirmish that did not have as much impact on Civil War as the Battle of Gettysburg did. The Battle of Hanover took place on June 30, 1863 at Hanover, Adams County, just 14 miles east of Gettysburg.

Around 10:00 a.m. that day, Union General Judson Kilpatrick's horsemen were involved with a confrontation against General Jeb Stuart's cavalry. The 18th Pennsylvania cavalry fought against the 13th virginia cavalry. Virginia was winning and eventually, the Pennsylvanians were pushed back to the town while Stuart's cavalry and the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry pursued. After General Elon Farnsworth became aware of the incident, he brought the 5th New York Cavalry to the battle and gained control. During this, Colonel William Henry Fitzhugh Payne of the 2nd North Carolina was captured by Farnsworth's soldiers.

Following this, additional Confederate and Union troops arrived at Hanover, set up their cannons, and continuously fired at one another. General George Custer also arrived with more soldiers from his Michigan brigade. His 6th Michigan cavalry was able to maneuver to the side of the Confederate line, causing the Confederates to withdraw from the battle. Stuart was forced to extend the formation of his unit, which resulted in his failure to reach General Robert E. Lee until July 2, 1863. This left Lee uninformed about the positions of the Union troops on the first 2 days of the Battle of Gettysburg. In the end, neither side won the Battle of Hanover.

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John F. Reynolds and his Efforts Towards the War

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John F. Reynolds and his Efforts Towards the War

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Born in Lancaster Pennsylvania

1820-1863

Used offensive strategies in war

Led the I Corps (Army of the Potomac) as a General

Supported the Union

June 30, 1863:

He surveyed Gettysburg and discovered Confederates

Killed by a bullet while positioning regiments

He was part of the reason for a Union Victory at Gettysburg

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Battle of Hanover

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In conclusion, Pennsylvania had great significance throughout the Civil War. The notable Battle of Gettysburg was fought in this state, which was widely recognized as a turning point in the War. Additionally, Pennsylvania provided supplies such as iron, uniforms, and food, as well as enlisting 360,000 soldiers into battle. There were numerous regiments from Pennsylvania such as the 11th Pennsylvania Reserves and 140th Pennsylvania. Furthermore, remarkable people such as John Reynolds and Andrew Gregg Curtin from Pennsylvania provided support for the war effort. The Civil War would not have been the same without Pennsylvania and its contributions.

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Pennsylvanian Soldiers During the Civil War