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Plessy v Ferguson --> Brown v Board of Education

No segregation in schools

Separate but equal DOES NOT WORK

Emmett Till

Accused of “flirting” and other inappropriate acts to a white woman, no witnesses

Brutally murdered, Till’s mother chose an open casket funeral to show the cruelty of racism

Attackers found ‘not guilty’, woman later recants her story

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In 1951, the Topeka, Kansas public school system refused to allow Oliver Browns daughter, Linda, to attend public school near her home because she was black. Brown and other black families in Topeka filed a class-action lawsuit against the Topeka board of education. The US district court ruled against brown. The case was combined with 4 others just like it in South Carolina, then on May 17th, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its unanimous 9–0 Brown v. Board of Education ruling in favor of lead plaintiff brown and the association families. The decision was a major victory for the NAACP and the Civil Rights Movement. Brown and the families' cases he was combined with (Briggs, Davis, Belton, Bolling) were important because they showed segregation was nationwide, not an isolated issue. And this consolidation allowed the NAACP to argue that "Separate but equal" was inherently unequal, which violates the 14th Amendment. Chief Justice Warren was also important because he secured a unanimous 9-0 Supreme Court ruling, breaking precedent to declare segregated schools inherently unequal. The strategies used were equal rights/change, which went against segregation in schools and showed how inequality violated the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, since "separate but equal" facilities are inherently unequal. And A key strategy was that Brown and the other families went to court to sue the Board of Education, which made a big change because the class-action lawsuit challenged the districts segergation policy.

Sources: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education#:~:text=It%20signaled%20the%20end%20of,the%20decade%20of%20the%201950s.

https://www.census.gov/about/history/stories/monthly/2024/may-2024.html#:~:text=The%20Brown%20v.,home%20because%20she%20was%20Black

https://www.floridatimeline.org/timeline/1954-florida-resists-the-brown-v-the-board-of-education-decision/

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"You must never be fearful about what you are doing when it is right."

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What happened? On December 1st 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested in Alabama for disorderly conduct. Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. Civil rights leader E.D Nixon bailed Rosa Parks out of jail. Rosa didn’t win her case, but on December 5th, Rosa was fined $14.00https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/the-bus-boycott/rosa-parks-arrested/ who are important people? Rosa Parks was a member of the NAACP and was very respected. The group included other people and planned an extension.  The MIA needed a spokesman with leadership to make the fight known, Rosa Parks said 26-year-old pastor MLK was chosen. MIA, King, Parks, and the African American community made the boycott a success. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/it-was-on-this-day-that-rosa-parks-made-history-by-riding-a-bus What strategy for change does this event use? Rosa Parks act of resistance demonstrates the power of organized collective action, strategic planning, and community commitment. Rosa Parks highlights Black women in the civil rights movement and the importance of leadership. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/rosa-parks-lessons-learned-for-the-future-of-civil-rights/

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What is it/What happened?: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest where Black Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest isolated seating. It began after Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat. The protest started after Rosa was arrested for not giving up her seat to a White person. Instead of using the buses, people walked or shared rides for over a year to show that they wouldn’t accept being treated unfairly. In the end, the protest worked, and the law changed and buses were no longer treating people of color unfairly. The Boycott took place from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956 (381 days). Rosa was arrested four days before the protest started. In 1955, Black Americans were required to sit in the back half of city buses and to “yield” their seats to white people if the front of the bus (which was reserved for white people) was full.

Who are important people in the event?: Rosa Parks who was an African American woman, and J. Fred Blake (the bus driver who asked Parks and three other people of color to get out of their seats). Martin Luther King Jr. was also a very important young Pastor who became the main leader of the Boycott and helped organize protests. E.D. Nixon was also a Black leader who got Rosa out of jail. He helped organize the Boycott and supported Rosa after her arrest. Jo Ann Robinson led the Women’s Political Council and helped spread the word about the Boycott.

What strategy for change does this event use?: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a representation for “social movement organization”. It used a strategy of peaceful protest and teamwork. Instead of fighting back with violence, people stopped riding the buses to hurt the bus system financially. They worked together as a community–walking, carpooling, and supporting each other, to stand up against unfair segregation laws.

Sources: https://www.history.com/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott

https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/resource/montgomery-bus-boycott-strategies

https://www.crmvet.org/images/imgeyes.htm

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference takes place in Georgia

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Courtesy U.S. National Archives (542014)

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was created on January 10-11, 1957, when sixty black ministers and civil rights leaders met in Atlanta, Georgia in an effort to replicate the successful strategy and tactics of the recently concluded Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen as the first president of this new group dedicated to abolishing legalized segregation and ending the disfranchisement of black southerners in a non-violent manner. Later SCLC would address the issues of war and poverty.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference struggled during its beginning, with only one full time staff member, but soon expanded with the student sit-in movement of 1960 and the Freedom Rides of 1961. During this time, the SCLC also received a foundation grant to take over the Highlander Folk School 's Citizenship Education Project and foundation money to finance voter registration work in the South.

In December 1961, the SCLC initiated its first direct action campaign in Albany, Georgia with a series of marches to protest segregation and discrimination. However, due to the lack of planning and tension with the rival Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the campaign was a failure. In 1963 SCLC claimed its first victory, the successful four month campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. The Birmingham campaign, which produced Martin Luther King's famous " Letter from a Birmingham Jail," introduced Birmingham Police Commissioner "Bull" Connor and demonstrators being intimidated by dogs and high pressure fire hoses, and which in September included the killing of four girls in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in September 1963, ultimately led President John F. Kennedy to call for a national civil rights act. SCLC then continued to organize demonstrations in 1964 in St. Augustine, Florida, and in 1965 in Selma, Alabama. The campaign in Selma led to President Lyndon Johnson's support for the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The financial difficulties the organization experienced during its earlier years was replaced by an annual income that exceeded $1.5 million and a full-time staff of about 200 people due to its success in Birmingham and Selma. In August 1965, after the riot in Watts (Los Angeles), SCLC shifted its focus to urban poverty in Chicago, Illinois, but for the next two years, it experienced failure and a steady decline in morale and discipline.

In late 1967, the Poor People's Campaign (PPC) was launched to bridge the economic chasm between blacks and whites and address the continuing problem of poverty in the United States. A march on Washington was planned in 1968, but was overshadowed by the assassination of SCLC founder Dr. Martin Luther King on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. The Poor People's campaign collapsed despite an attempt to continue the effort by King's successor, Rev. Ralph David Abernathy.

Nonetheless after King's death, SCLC continued engaging and winning in voter registration and aiding protests in the South. Although not as influential as it was during the 1960s, it is still active and tackling a broad range of human rights issues. Martin Luther King III headed the organization between 1997 and 2004. In October 2009, Bernice King, daughter of Dr. Martin Luther King was selected to head SCLC. She is the first woman to hold the post.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957- )

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Courtesy U.S. National Archives (542014) The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was created on January 10-11, 1957, when sixty black ministers and civil rights leaders met in Atlanta, Georgia in an effort to replicate the successful strategy and tactics of the recently concluded Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

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It was a group of nine African american students who became the first to integrate little rock central high school in Arkansas,1957. The 9 students are the most important people in this event because they were the first to integrate, their names were Minnijean Brown-Trickey, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest green, Thelma Mother shed, Melba patillo, Gloria ray, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Carlotta walls. Ernest Green was the first Black student to graduate from Central High School in 1958. In 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded the nation's highest civilian honor to the Little Rock Nine. The incident was a major victory for the civil rights movement, demonstrating that federal authority would uphold school integration. This change was succesful because they healed segregation by their own personal courage, this was supported by the supreme courts ruling that school segregation was unconstitutional. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/little-rock-nine

https://www.history.com/articles/central-high-school-integration

https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/askwith-education-forum/18/02/askwith-essentials-little-rock-nine-and-social-justice-american

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What is it: It was the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. A proposal was sent by President Eisenhower for civil rights legislation. The civil rights act of 1957 resulted from this. The purpose was to protect voting rights of African Americans and aimed to protect against interference with the right to vote. It “empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against the interference with the right to vote” (eisenhowerlibrary.gov)

Important people:

President Eisenhower: He was president 1953-1961 (34th president) and was the one who sent the proposal to congress and he pushed for the signing of the act.

Attorney General Herbert Brownell: He was the attorney general at this time and proposed civil rights legislation before the Subcommittee. He also led a cabinet paper (the civil right program). It was a letter and statement (19 pages long) from the attorney general in 1956. The act authorized the attorney general to protect voting rights by filing law suits.

Strategy: Legal legislation was used. The Law was put in place to ensure that the act was upheld/followed. It aimed/pushed to increase the number of black voters, especially in the south.

How does it relate the the civil rights movement?: It was the first civil rights act passed since 1875. It increased the number of black voters, especially in the south.

Links: https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act-1957

https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act-1957

https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Civil-Rights-Act-of-1957/

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4 black college students sit at, and refuse to leave, the ‘Whites Only’ lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, sparking sit-ins across the country

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African American Odyssey Introduction |Overview |Object List | Educational Materials

Participants in non-violent protests can introduce and inspire major changes;

Student perseverance and involvement was instrumental in making radical changes;

Coalition building between blacks and whites was an effective tool in ending segregation.

In 1960 four freshmen from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro walked into the F. W. Woolworth store and quietly sat down at the lunch counter. They were refused service, but they stayed until closing time. The next morning they came with twenty-five more students. On the third day, sixty-three students joined the sit-in. On the following day, the students were joined by three white female students from the Womens College of the University of North Carolina, and by the fifth day Woolworth had more than three hundred demonstrators at the store. The next day the company said they were willing to negotiate, but only token changes were made. The students resumed their sit-ins, the city adopted more stringent segregation policies, and forty-five students were arrested and charged with trespassing. The students were so enraged by this that they launched a massive boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters. Sales dropped by a third, forcing the store owners to relent. Six months from the very first sit-in, the four freshmen returned and were served at Woolworths lunch counter.

Within a year similar peaceful demonstrations took place in over a hundred cities North and South. At Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, students formed their own organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced Snick). The students bravery in the face of verbal and physical abuse led to integration in many stores even before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded at the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in April, 1960, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Ella Baker, then executive director of SCLC, (an organization that was primarily comprised of ministers who wanted to move beyond what some black organizations were already doing in the area of civil rights) believed that students and other young people needed their own civil rights organization. From its inception, SNCC was different from most other like-minded organizations in that its members believed in a less hierarchical, male-dominated structure, favoring instead group consensus in the decision making process. The group was originally comprised of both black and white college students who adopted Mahatma Gandhi's theories of non-violent direct action. Staging effective sit-ins throughout the South were one of the greatest successes that these students achieved.

John Lewis (now a Georgia Congressman) was elected SNCC's chairman in 1963, and his tenure signaled the start of the organization's most active period. Lewis firmly believed that members of SNCC should be actively involved in the cities within which they worked. SNCC members today are most remembered for their participation in The Mississippi Summer Project of 1964. This program involved four major civil rights groups, SNCC, SCLC, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Congress Of Racial Equality (CORE), under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). It was made up of hundreds of students, most of whom were white, and who had been recruited from various colleges around the country to spend a summer in Mississippi working with local blacks. The students helped register blacks to vote (their work encouraged and assisted in registering over 17,000 blacks to vote), taught in freedom schools (to counteract the inadequacy of the Mississippi education system for blacks), and taught blacks tactics for becoming freedom fighters. The Project's goal was to break the racist grip of fear and isolation on Mississippi by bringing the outside world there, including federal protection. The murders of three civil rights activists James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman on June 21, 1964, was a stunning and horrific reminder of the pervasiveness of discrimination and fear-tactics employed to perpetuate that system.

The 1966 election of Stokey Carmichael over Lewis for SNCC chairman marked a turn toward radicalization for the group; he rejected much of SNCC's white support and was frustrated with the slow progress of non-violent protests. Carmichael, famous for the "Black Power" anthem, felt that integration and non-violence were impossible given the times, and his extreme views alienated long-time SNCC activists; his tenure lasted for one year. Carmichael left the group and went on to join the Black Panther Party. The 1967 election of H. Rap Brown as SNCC chairman marked an even greater shift toward militarism in the group.

1. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was organized by young men and women committed to ending racial discrimination and segregation. A massive boycott of stores with discriminating policies lead to a decisive victory--the integration of lunch counters. How was the boycott a powerful tool?

2. Have you ever boycotted a particular store or company because of the companys policy? For example, think about recent events surrounding a Denny's restaurant or an Eddie Bauer store. Or, have you ever boycotted buying a particular type of tuna, sneakers, or gasoline because of a company's practices? What were the issues surrounding your reasons to boycott?

3. The fight to end racial subjugation began the moment Africans were forcibly brought to the colonies. Blacks secretly learned to read and write, an endeavor that could have cost them their lives had it been discovered. Frederick Douglass believed education was key in the fight to end slavery. How did Douglass use his newspaper, The North Star, as a form of resistance?

African American Odyssey Introduction |Overview |Object List | Educational Materials
Exhibitions Home Page | Library of Congress Home Page
Library of Congress

Library of Congress Help Desk (12/09/98)

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african american odyssey educational materials greensboro lunch counter sit-in civil rights student nonviolence

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In 1960 four freshmen from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro walked into the F. W. Woolworth store and quietly sat down at the lunch counter.

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What Happened?: Ruby Bridges was the first African American to attend an all white school in the South. Ruby was escorted to school daily by her mother and U.S. Marshall's. Ruby was also the only student in her class and was taught by Barbara Henry. Ruby would face racism every day by other students as well as other students parents etc. Ruby going to an all white school also impacted her family in a negative way her parents lost their jobs and Ruby's grandparents were also being impacted negatively even though they lived in Mississippi.

Important People: Important people who helped Ruby were her parents Abon and Lucille Bridges, her teacher Barbara Henry, the U.S. Marshall who escorted her and kept her safe and child psychiatrist Robert Coles.

Strategies: Ruby used a non violent and resilient integration strategy, she was approved to go into an all white school after passing a difficult entrance exam which helped her desegregate schools and push for her civil rights. Ruby being escorted by U.S. Marshall's also showed their support for Ruby attending an all white school, they would protect her and keep her safe from angry mobs and death threats.

SOURCES:

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges#:~:text=1954%2D,end%20to%20racism%20in%20America.

https://blogs.missouristate.edu/bearslife/2023/02/28/who-inspires-me-ruby-bridges-spring-2023-week-6/#:~:text=Ruby%20Bridges%20was%20one%20of,lifelong%20activist%20for%20racial%20equality.

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The fight for civil rights lies in the hands of children. 4,000 black elementary, middle, and high school students protested in the streets. It took place between March 2 and the 11th, but the 4,000 students from elementary to high school were slowly arrested. Also, being in the most racist and violent city in the US, people were not being treated right. Audrey Hendricks, Wash Booker, James Stewart, and Arnetta Streeter were importing because they protested segregation and filled the city's jail. Students were marching through the streets. This caught the attention of other people, including adults attending, showing that even children will stand up for their rights in the US. https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/weve-got-a-job-the-1963-birmingham-childrens-march/

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National Guard to the University of Alabama (1963)

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National Guard to the University of Alabama (1963)

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Two Black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, arrived at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963, to register for classes. This was part of a federal court order to end segregation at the university.

Governor George Wallace stood in the doorway of Foster Auditorium and blocked their entry. He gave a public speech and refused to let them pass, saying he wanted to keep segregation. Many people and reporters were watching this moment closely.

President John F. Kennedy responded by federalizing the Alabama National Guard and sending them to the campus to enforce the court order. U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach directly confronted Wallace and told him to step aside.

After a short standoff, Wallace finally moved aside. The National Guard secured the entrance, and the students were escorted inside the building. Later that day, Malone and Hood successfully registered for classes, making the university officially desegregated.

This event used government power and law enforcement to end segregation and enforce civil rights in education.

https://www.ua.edu/about/history/desegregation/

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The 1963 March on Washington had several precedents. In the summer of 1941 A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a march on Washington, D.C., to draw attention to the exclusion of African Americans from positions in the national defense industry. This job market had proven to be closed to blacks, despite the fact that it was growing to supply materials to the Allies in World War II. The threat of 100,000 marchers in Washington, D.C., pushed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, which mandated the formation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate racial discrimination charges against defense firms. In response, Randolph cancelled plans for the march. Key figures included Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who delivered his I Have a Dream speech, and organizers A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin The 1963 March on Washington utilized nonviolent mass direct action combined with political lobbying to demand legislative change.

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom

https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-march-washington

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom

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This was the assassination of John F. Kennedy while he was riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, on Friday, November 22, 1963.

The important people involved in this event were JFK (President), Lee Harvey Oswald (Assassin), Jacqueline Kennedy (JFK's wife), John Connally (Texas Governor), and Lyndon B. Johnson (Vice President/President after the assassination).

The assassination of JFK was a shock-driven event that caused a quick and hard change in the government, regarding the protection of the president. JFK was important to the civil rights movement in multiple ways. One of them was the Report to the American People on Civil Rights. This speech on civil rights, which was broadcast on radio and television by JFK on June 11, 1963, was him expressing civil rights as a moral issue; he also said that the pursuit of racial equality was an important cause. This speech also played a significant role in the administration's support for the civil rights movement. JFK's assassination also served as a way for Lyndon B. Johnson to honor the late president by urging the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy

https://tinyurl.com/6pukne4s

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What happened was that it illegally ended segregation and also prohibited employment discrimination. Also they had banned the vote registration based on color, race ect. They are important  because Martin Luther  King jr  generated massive public pressure through nonviolent protests, while  president Johnson used his skills to get the bill through Congress signing it into law to end legal segregation and racial discrimination. the strategy that they used was used for nonviolent direct action that turned that pressure into a federal law witch means that they can have the protest one day and the next they wont but the law is the one that stays and it wont change .this was a massive direct of the massive protests like March and Washington. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/civil-rights-act

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"We want freedom by any means necessary. We want justice by any means necessary. We want equality by any means necessary." - Malcolm X

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What happened?On February 21st, 1965, Malcolm X, who was a religious and civil rights leader, was assassinated during his speech at the Audubon Ballroom in New York, while addressing his organization of Afro-American Unity. Malcolm X died at only 39 years old, and left behind his wife Betty Shabazz, and his six young daughters. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/february-21/malcolm-x-assassinated https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/feb/21#:~:text=On%20February%2021%2C%201965%2C%20Malcolm,twins%20born%20after%20his%20death.

important people in the event? Important people in this event were the three men that murdered Malcolm X, for context, Malcolm X was a loyal and effective minister of the Nation Islam, in Harlem New York. During his speech on February 21st, three members from the Nation Islam, shot and murdered him. The members were Mujahid Abdul Halim, Muhammad A. Aziz and Khalil Islam. After the event they were soon charged with first degree murder. Other people in this event were Malcolm’s pregnant wife and four daughters, who were luckily able to duck down and take cover in time to not be injured. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/february-21/malcolm-x-assassinated

What strategy for change does this event use? Malcolm X’s death laid down the groundwork for movements that continue to challenge systemic racism, economic exploitation, and cultural erasure. The memory of his death continued to inspire the Black Power Movement. Overall, the tragic death of Malcolm X, left the inspiration, power, and passion to continue the Movement. https://nhcje.org/blog/malcolm-x-from-radical-empowerment-to-global-solidarity#:~:text=Unlike%20the%20nonviolent%20approach%20championed,worth%2C%20and%20resist%20oppression%20unapologetically.

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On March 7, 1965  Alabama state troopers brutally attacked peaceful voting rights demonstrators on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma Alabama, a peaceful march from Selma, Alabama intending to go to the capital of Montgomery, when they were stopped at the bridge by state troopers. The protesters were trying to get African Americans the right to vote but the state government wanted to maintain the status of voting restriction. The police and state troopers said they could use whatever measures they wanted to prevent the protesters from reaching Montgomery. The troopers violently attacked the protesters.

John Lewis and Hosea Williams led the march. During the attack, John Lewis was severely beaten with a skull fracture. Hosea Williams was a co-leader in the march alongside John Lewis who was a part of the Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Hosea Williams was a part of the southern christian leadership conference. These people are important because they led the event and planned the event.

They use a march to protest for voting rights. They marched with non-violent and peaceful intentions. When they were stopped by troopers on the Bridge instead of immediately turning back they stopped and prepared to have a negotiation further highlighting their peaceful and non-violent intentions.

1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)#:~:text=Bloody%20Sunday%2C%20or%20the%20Bogside%20Massacre%2C%20occurred,h

2.https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/onthisday-bloody-sunday

2. https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/7

photo. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/this-day-in-politics-march-7-1965-437394

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The voting rights act of 1965 was an act to stop African Americans  from taking literacy test and poll taxes. Also Lyndon Johnson sent a Voting Rights Bill to Congress. The people who are important during this time are Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr and President Lyndon Johnson. The strategy that they used was The direct federal intervention, it enabled African Americans to register and vote and banned tactics designed to keep them away from the polls.

This is the link to the source: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Passes_Voting_Rights_Act.htm

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President Lyndon B. Johnson Signing the Civil rights Act Of 1968 into law on April 11, 1968.

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The Civil Rights Act/Fair Housing Act was a U.S. federal legislation that protects Individuals and Families from Discrimination in the sale, renting, financing, or Advertising of Housing. The Act was brought before Congress in 1966. was passed on April 10, 1968, and signed on April 11, 1968, by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

The most important person involved in the event was Dr. Martin Luther King, who largely supported the bill to address unfair housing practices across the country. After King was assassinated, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for the bill to pass through Congress as a memorial for the death of Martin Luther King Jr.

The Strategy used in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was the use of Short-term Protests to create Federal pressure, which left more pressure on the federal Government to act in the long term. giving way for the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to be brought before Congress, and later passed and signed into law in April 1968.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fair-Housing-Act

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=00e10f0057297768&rlz=1CASACE_enUS1070US1070&q=what+strategy+of+change+was+used+in+the+civil+rights+act+of+1968&source=lnms&fbs=ADc_l-ZexlP7EBCNvIngZQ0PrpGnde5EenWPl3ujHKe4IVU9DAhV9RRnUDHCPxI4BHcPTtYnmef7W0yFu1wRSr0VzgPejb1z-nRte4zsobCSnYOURaXJW1oPQDTTjevBPiSDXqgm3l6KDqmrpEf2hs_TCceZO5uqH5KVHBq8KCMSCsorPDlZgitrHc0g9CW_1E8WBsAfb2F4Qxok-OamiIK_qnjR2Biv8OaSJenpwd2pdVKLPEKGXRI&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivn4XJwfKTAxVzlSsGHTpLEroQ0pQJegQIChAB&biw=1242&bih=545&dpr=1.1&safe=active&ssui=on

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=00e10f0057297768&rlz=1CASACE_enUS1070US1070&udm=2&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vMboekt2cKC3pTSxvmRKdBH1tOmdyHeywNECeu_1ugROczUnA3oiJ8N4-osiUwuiq6vhEqKgGaeDub1Y_RIAZP_EiwSZH4wFx1HdKCwJWongVPUsUBzoOX_YcCDEaR_X34sVtDFKFRf6LzxCMoNdzAkXWjQAhRxDxtzDxUo_FnSUnwIww&q=image+of+signing+of+1968+civil+rights+act&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8rOyPwfKTAxVrpCsGHfs3KWYQtKgLegQIEhAB&biw=

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What happened: On June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan at the Ambassador Hotel. He got shot by a .22 calibre revolver, and died the next day at Good Samaritan Hospital.

Important People: Sirhan Sirhan was the assassinator, he was the one that shot RFK, claiming to have no memory that he shot him because he had been drinking. Sirhan Sirhan was a Palestinian from Beirut whose Christian family had emigrated to California and settled in Pasadena in 1956. At his trial he maintained that he had acted in revenge for Kennedy’s pro-Israeli sympathies.

Strategy used: The strategy that was used was served as a shock factor simply because immobilized witnesses and security had to act fast. The strategy was interpreted as an act of fear and terror involved guiding a crowded hotel pantry, the assassinator possessing a small caliber weapon at point-blank range, and creating a position of "bloody mayhem" that overshadowed national media for weeks.

How it connects to the civil rights movement: President Kennedy explained civil rights as not just a constitutional issue, but also a “moral issue.” RFK was a significant ally in the civil rights movement along with MLK JR. He also proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1963, which would provide protection of every American’s right to vote under the United States Constitution, end segregation in public facilities, and require public schools to be integrated.

Here are the links I found that gave me this information:

https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Chronicle-Covers-The-assassination-of-Robert-F-7960857.php

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/us/politics/robert-kennedy-assassination-bobby-rfk.html

https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/assassination-robert-kennedy

https://www.si.edu/spotlight/robert-f-kennedy