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Lives and produces in a host, which is a living organism

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Blood & Semen

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Food & water, contaminated surfaces, insect bite, droplets in air

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Parasites, protozoa, fungi & prokaryote

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Virus, prion

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Chemicals made by lymphocytes, need to be complementary shaped to pathogens to attach and kill

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Protein on the outside of a cell

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Body's immune system (white blood cells) kills the pathogens

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Skin covers almost all parts of the body, which is impermeable. If skin is broken, platelets release fibrin to clot it up.

Nose hair filters the air

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Mucus - traps the pathogens

Secretion - Tears/sweat, stomach acid (HCl)

Smell/taste receptor - triggers for immune response

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Phagocyte - engulfs pathogens

Lymphocytes - signal other cells of the presence of pathogens

These can be enhanced by vaccines

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good hygiene

adequate sanitation

effective waste disposal

clean water supply with Cl2 to kill microbes

Food - keep away from bacteria, animal, don't keep at room temperatures and prevent raw food

Sewage treatment

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1. Vibrio cholerae bacteria attach to the intestinal epithelium

2. They produce a toxin

3. The toxin stimulates the epithelial cells to secrete chloride ions into the intestinal lumen

4. Chloride ions accumulate, increasing the lumen concentration / decreasing the water potential

5. Once the water potential is lower than that of the blood, water moves out of the blood into the lumen via osmosis