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Sofía Morga Benítez A01741674

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More than 30 years after the debut of the World Wide Web, internet use, broadband adoption and smartphone ownership have grown rapidly for all Americans - including those who are less well-off financially. However, the digital lives of Americans with lower and higher incomes remain markedly different, according to a Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults conducted Jan. 25-Feb. 8, 2021. In fact, the shares of Americans in each income tier who have home broadband or a smartphone have not significantly changed from 2019 to 2021.

Roughly a quarter of adults with household incomes below $30,000 a year (24%) say they don't own a smartphone. About four-in-ten adults with lower incomes do not have home broadband services (43%) or a desktop or laptop computer (41%). And a majority of Americans with lower incomes are not tablet owners. By comparison, each of these technologies is nearly ubiquitous among adults in households earning $100,000 or more a year.

Americans with higher household incomes are also more likely to have multiple devices that enable them to go online. Roughly six-in-ten adults living in households earning $100,000 or more a year (63%) report having home broadband services, a smartphone, a desktop or laptop computer and a tablet, compared with 23% of those living in lower-income households.

Pew Research Center has studied Americans' internet and technology adoption for decades. In continuing this research, the Center surveyed 1,502 U.S. adults from Jan. 25 to Feb. 8, 2021, by cellphone and landline phone. The survey was conducted by interviewers under the direction of Abt Associates and is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, education and other categories. Here are the questions, responses and methodology used for this analysis.

Conversely, 13% of adults with household incomes below $30,000 a year do not have access to any of these technologies at home, while only 1% of adults from households making $100,000 or more a year report a similar lack of access.

With fewer options for online access at their disposal, Americans with lower incomes are relying more on smartphones. As of early 2021, 27% of adults living in households earning less than $30,000 a year are smartphone-only internet users - meaning they own a smartphone but do not have broadband internet at home. This represents a substantial increase from 12% in 2013. In contrast, only 6% of those living in households earning $100,000 or more fall into this category in 2021. These shares are statistically unchanged since 2019, when the Center last polled on this topic.

This reliance on smartphones also means that the less affluent are more likely to use them for tasks traditionally reserved for larger screens. For example, smartphone owners with lower incomes were especially likely to use their mobile device when seeking out and applying for jobs, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center report.

The disparity in online access is also apparent in what has been called the "homework gap" - the gap between school-age children who have access to high-speed internet at home and those who don't. In 2015, 35% of lower-income households with school-age children did not have a broadband internet connection at home, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data.

The digital divide has been a central topic in tech circles for decades, with researchers, advocates and policymakers examining this issue. However, this topic has gained special attention during the coronavirus outbreak as much of daily life (such as work and school) moved online, leaving families with lower incomes more likely to face obstacles in navigating this increasing digital environment. For example, in April 2020, 59% of parents with lower incomes who had children in schools that were remote due to the pandemic said their children would likely face at least one of three digital obstacles to their schooling, such as a lack of reliable internet at home, no computer at home, or needing to use a smartphone to complete schoolwork.
Note: Here are the questions, responses and methodology used for this analysis. This is an update of a post originally published March 22, 2017, and later updated on May 7, 2019 by Monica Anderson and Madhumitha Kumar.
Read the other posts in our digital divide series:

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Digital divide persists even as Americans with lower incomes make gains in tech adoption

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The shares of Americans in each income tier who have home broadband or a smartphone have not significantly changed from 2019 to 2021.

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Sofía Morga Benítez A01741674

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2020 Student Technology Report: Supporting the Whole Student

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The 2020 Student Technology Report: Supporting the Whole Student report presents important findings from EDUCAUSE's 2020 research on students’ experie

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Jessica Salazar- A01572331

Parent

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Ohio parents voice safety concerns over proposed classroom cellphone ban

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A proposed bipartisan bill aiming to ban cellphones in classrooms is advancing at the Ohio Statehouse, but it is drawing concerns from parents worried about sch

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Jessica Salazar- A01572331

Parent

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Phone bans in schools can be divisive. Some parents (raises hand) don't want to see kids' devices taken away during school hours for safety reasons. Meanwhile, many educators are in favor of an outright ban as they seek to gain more control and encourage engagement in the classroom.

No matter your stance on the issue, we know that many young people's mental health is suffering due to an unhealthy phone obsession. Specifically, social media can be to blame for increased depression and anxiety among teens.

Now, a new study looks at the impact of phone bans in schools-and the findings suggest these policies may not be as effective as believed.

What the Phone Ban Study Reveals

Published in The Lancet, the study, which was conducted in the United Kingdom, looked at 1,227 students, ages 12-15, across 30 schools. Some of those schools allow phone use, and some don't.

Surprisingly, the results showed that improved mental well-being and school performance is not linked to banning phones in schools.

Going on students' self reports, researchers observed no difference among students' health and well-being in schools that permit phones versus those that don't. Study participants did not exercise or sleep more, or exhibit better classroom behavior when phones were not allowed during school hours.

And students' overall time spent on devices was also seemingly not impacted. Importantly, increased time spent on phones was associated with poorer mental health, per the study.

Study author Victoria Goodyear, PhD, told the thatthe study is not advocating for phones to be allowed in schools, but rather, "what we're suggesting is that those bans in isolation are not enough to tackle the negative impacts."

What The Study Means For Kids and Phone Use

The study highlights the complexities surrounding smartphone use among adolescents, says Stacy Thiry, a licensed mental health counselor at Grow Therapy.

Although created with the best of intentions, school phone bans, "might inadvertently cause students to increase their phone use outside of school hours, negating any potential benefits," says Thiry. This would explain why researchers did not see a dip in hours logged on phones of students who attend schools where devices are banned.

As Jack Winston, CEO of BePresent, a digital wellness company, tells Parents, "We are still at the very beginning of understanding how to properly instill healthy digital habits in kids, or even understanding what exactly healthy digital habits are in the first place." He adds, "We know phone bans are only part of the equation because kids will get their devices back at the end of the day."

In his view, if phone bans aren't combined with digital wellness efforts outside of school, the measures in the classroom will have minimal impact.

Thiry agrees, saying, the study "underscores the importance of a balanced approach to technology use, both in educational settings and at home." She stresses that school administrators and families collaborating to instill responsible phone habits in kids is key.

Kristen Miller, Director of Education for Celebree School, shares that phone bans in schools are ineffective if not combined with efforts to educate today's kids about healthy offline relationships.

"Whether or not phones are restricted at school, teaching kids' empathy, encouraging face-to-face interactions, and helping them develop strong social skills from a young age will help them form meaningful connections that can reduce the overuse of screens and social media," she says.

Instilling Healthy Phone Habits in Kids

The experts offer several tips for helping kids develop digital wellness outside of school.

Be open with kids about online use. Families should engage in regular conversations about screen-time experiences. "Help teens understand the impact of social media, digital comparison, and persuasive design that keeps them scrolling," Winston recommends. Parents should remind kids to speak up when they encounter questionable content online, such as cyberbullying.

Know what apps they use. "Understanding the platforms kids use and the content they consume can help you guide them toward positive digital interactions," says Thiry.

Set boundaries. From enforcing rules about what social platforms you permit kids to engage with, to times of day phone use is OK, Thiry says establishing clear guidelines around phones promotes family bonding and overall digital wellness.

Model healthy tech habits. Since kids learn by example, Winston notes that telling kids to put down their phones is futile if parents don't do the same.

Promote offline activities. Whether it's a sport or a hobby, experts agree that kids will be more likely to stay off screens if they are engaged in activities that don't involve devices. Families should also spend time together doing things they enjoy without screens.

Use parental controls. "Many devices offer settings that allow you to monitor and limit screen time, ensuring that your child's digital consumption aligns with your family's values," Thiry says.

Keep tabs on kids' emotional wellness around tech. If you notice your child acting irritable or upset after engaging with their phone, it's time to reevaluate what apps they are using, and how much they are online, according to Thiry.

Finally, Miller stresses that parents should be focusing on kids' relationships offline to maximize their overall health and well-being. From teaching empathy for others early on, to growing kids' confidence in social settings, she says we can't forget to foster friendships in real life, despite the undeniable necessity of technology in our modern world.

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School Phone Bans May Not Be as Effective as You Think, Says New Study

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A new school phone ban study offers parents important insight into the work left to be done around kids' device use.

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Ashley Cruz - A00842475

Pedagogue

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The use of smartphones in schools: Benefits, challenges and educational perspectives

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Ahmed, R. R., Salman, F., Malik, S. A., Streimikiene, D., Soomro, R. H. & Pahi, M. H., (2020). Uso de smartphone e desempenho acadêmico de estudantes universitários: uma análise de mediação e moderação. Sustentabilidade. 12 (1), 439. Ajzen, I (1991), From Intentios to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior.

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Ashley Cruz - A00842475

Pedagogue

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Cellphones in Schools: Unveiling the Pros and Cons

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Discover the double-edged sword of cellphones in schools, exploring the benefits and drawbacks in the modern educational landscape.

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https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1165729.pdf

Luisa María Weissbach Saldaña A01236352

Role: Student against the usage of phones in a classroom