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Чему мы научимся?

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Чему мы научимся?

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К концу этого урока вы сможете:
- Понять значение терминов 'ГУЛАГ', 'Карлаг', 'лагерь'.
- Проанализировать исторические факты о Карлаге в Казахстане.
- Провести обсуждение на тему репрессий и их последствий.

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Ключевые вопросы для обсуждения

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Ключевые вопросы для обсуждения

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1. Что вы знаете о периоде репрессий в Казахстане?
2. Какие ассоциации у вас вызывают слова 'ГУЛАГ', 'лагерь', 'Карлаг'?
Подсказка: Используйте Padlet или Jamboard для внесения идей.

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Видео-лекция: Введение в тему

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Видео-лекция: Введение в тему

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Просмотрите короткое видео о ГУЛАГе и системе Карлаг в Казахстане, чтобы получить первые представления.

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Майя Бекбаева

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ГУЛАГ в Казахстане. КарЛАГ | Тайны и ужасы самого большого советского концлагеря

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Групповая работа

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Групповая работа

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Разделитесь на группы и исследуйте историческую информацию о Карлаге. Каждая группа будет представлять результаты с помощью Padlet.

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Harvard University's National Resource Center for Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies ( NRC) has developed a teacher curriculum unit that further explores the themes of the traveling exhibition. It is a three-day course intended for use amongst U.S. middle and high-school students. The unit, entitled, "GULAG: Soviet Prison Camps and Their Legacy," includes chapters devoted to the creation and scope of the Gulag system, daily life in the camps, as well as the Gulag's historical legacy. The curriculum includes first person accounts and artwork as well as class exercises and homework. If you are interested in receiving a curriculum unit, please contact the NRC at nrc@fas.harvard.edu, or feel free to download a PDF of the curriculum unit.

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Gulag: Many Days, Many Lives | Resources

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Harvard University’s National Resource Center for Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies (NRC) has developed a teacher curriculum unit that further explores the themes of the traveling exhibition. It is a three-day course intended for use amongst U.S. middle and high-school students. The unit, entitled, “GULAG: Soviet Prison Camps and Their Legacy,” includes chapters devoted to the creation and scope of the Gulag system, daily life in the camps, as well as the Gulag’s historical legacy. The curriculum includes first person accounts and artwork as well as class exercises and homework. If you are interested in receiving a curriculum unit, please contact the NRC at nrc@fas.harvard.edu, or feel free to download a PDF of the curriculum unit.

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Работа с картой

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Работа с картой

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Используя исторические карты, найдите расположение Карлага в Казахстане и обсудите, почему именно эти места были выбраны.

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Задание на классификацию

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Задание на классификацию

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Распределите предложенные события и факты по следующим категориям: причины создания ГУЛАГа, условия в лагерях, последствия репрессий.

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Тестирование знаний

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Тестирование знаний

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Пройдите небольшой тест, чтобы проверить ваше понимание материалов про Карлаг и его влияние на Казахстан.

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8 класс quiz for 8th grade students. Find other quizzes for History and more on Quizizz for free!

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Обсуждение в группах

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Обсуждение в группах

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Поделитесь в группе своими мыслями о том, как изученный материал изменил ваше понимание истории.

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Суммируем и обсуждаем

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Суммируем и обсуждаем

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Какие уроки вы извлекли из сегодняшнего материала? Каково значение Карлага в истории Казахстана?

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Эссе или выходной билет

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Эссе или выходной билет

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Напишите короткий текст в форме рефлексии: 'Что я узнал сегодня об истории Карлага?'

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Активность с Padlet

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Активность с Padlet

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Создайте пост в Padlet о ключевых открытиях, которые вы сделали на этом уроке.

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Расширенное исследование

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Расширенное исследование

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Подготовьте презентацию или эссе о судьбах отдельных людей, пострадавших от репрессий в Казахстане.

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ASTANA - On May 31, Kazakhstan is remembering the victims of political repressions and famine during the Soviet period in 1920s-1950s. The crimes of totalitarianism have left deep marks on the self-consciousness of the Kazakh people, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev wrote on his Twitter account on the day which is commemorated in the nation as the Day of Remembrance of Victims of Political Repression.

Tokayev noted the importance of continuing to study those dark pages of history, and restore justice to all the innocent victims. "It is the duty of each of us to learn the terrible lessons of the past and do everything possible to ensure this will never happen again," the President .

Tokayev added people should live up to the hopes of their ancestors, who withstood the most difficult trials, preserving the nation's unity and faith in humanistic ideals.

In his interview with Kazinform, Nurbolat Abuov, director of the branch of the Shokan Ualikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology in Petropavlovsk, said a repressive policy during the totalitarian regime left a huge number of people unjustly arrested, executed, or exiled.

It led to the establishment of the GULAG forced labor camp system and many camps across Kazakhstan, while the countryside became a place to settle citizens of deported nations.

Abuov recalled that Kazakh people experienced forced resettling, famine, fleeing and migration during the years of repressions. The tragedy that occurred in Kazakhstan during the period of collectivization, a policy pursued in 1929 to 1933 to transform traditional agriculture in the Soviet Union, as well as the famine in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Volga Region and other regions of the former USSR, remained the greatest secret of the Communist Party and the Soviet totalitarian state for many years, he said.

An academic conference convened for the first time by academician Manash Kozybayev in November 1988 addressed the causes of death of the Kazakh population on a mass scale during the period of collectivization. This was the beginning of significant work to restore the history of the 1920s-1930s in Kazakhstan.

In the early 1990s, Kazakh historians worked to rehabilitate and restore the historical memory of representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia and political figures.

One of the first steps in the formation of a common historical memory of the Kazakh people at the dawn of the country's independence was the legislation on the rehabilitation of victims of mass political repressions adopted on April 14, 1993.

The law states that rehabilitation means the recognition of a person as a victim of political repression, the restoration of his/her violated rights, and compensation for moral or material damage caused.

On Nov. 24, 2020, President Tokayev issued a decree on the State Commission for the Full Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions.

"The President instructed to resume work on restoring historical justice in relation to the victims of political repressions of the 1920s-1950s," said Abuov.

Collecting the memories of the repressed and their descendants, the members of the regional commission became convinced almost every family witnessed episodes that somehow correlated with the repressive policy.

The Soviet state for many years drove the whole society into a tough ideological grip, not allowing to debunk the crimes of the totalitarian regime, not allowing to assess the scale of the tragedy, noted Abuov.

"Today, people in Kazakhstan have the opportunity to correlate their families' tragedy with the tragedy of the whole nation, to feel like a part of the history of a large country that had found itself under the pressure of a tough ideology," said the historian.
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Kazakhstan Marks Day of Remembrance of Victims of Political Repression and Famine - The Astana Times

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Kazakhstan Marks Day of Remembrance of Victims of Political Repression and Famine

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Тренировочный тест

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Тренировочный тест

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Пройдите онлайн-тест по теме 'Карлаг Казахстан', чтобы закрепить урок.

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Quiz about Kazakhstan - How much do you know about Kazakhstan?

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Try this quiz about Kazakhstan and answer these 11 questions to find out how much you really know about this intriguing and fascinating country. Good luck!

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Дополнительное чтение

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Дополнительное чтение

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Изучите дополнительные материалы о репрессиях: статьи, книги, мемуары.

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How the Gulag changed

1917

Russia's Bolshevik putsch creates a new kind of prisoner: the "class enemy," a tag than can be applied to practically anybody.

1918

Trotsky and Lenin explore the idea of setting up concentration camps for class enemies where convicts will carry out manual labour. Camps that have housed POWs freed under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk are used for this purpose. The Cheka secret police, the precursor of the NKVD and KGB, is tasked with administering the camps.

1919

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee passes a decree on the creation of forced labour camps; it comes into force on 15 April 1919.

1920

The first model camp of the future Gulag system is created in the White Sea region, making use of former Orthodox monastery buildings on the Solovetsky Islands. The first prisoners are genuine political opponents of the Bolsheviks (members of anti-Bolshevik, mostly left-wing, parties, intellectuals, and members of the White Army).

1923

The Solovetsky Islands become the centre of the camp system in northern Russia, which receives the name "Northern Camps of Special Significance" (SLON). At that time it was the only camp complex administered by the GPU secret police.

1929

Stalin announces a programme of rapid industrialisation and five-year plans. The Politburo decides to establish a unified network of camps to replace the hitherto dual prison system for class enemies and criminals. The secret police administer the camps.

1931/2

Archipelagos of camps grow up at the sites of enormous economic projects such as a canal from the White Sea to the Baltic Sea, gold mining in Kolyma, communications constructions, the Baikal-Amur Mainline in the second half of the 1930s, etc.

1934

Creation of the Main Camp Administration (Glavnoye upravleniye lagerey, GULAG - an acronym that has appeared sporadically since 1930) under the USSR's People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which takes over the management of practically all Soviet prison facilities. The acronym of this administrative body gradually catches on as a general term for Soviet prisons and camps (the Soviet penal system).

1936/8

The period of Stalin's Great Terror. The highest echelons of the Communist Party, the army, the civil service and also the Gulag management are particularly hit by the purges. Many people are executed while the remainder are sent to the camps, which are unable to handle the mass influx of prisoners. The death rate among prisoners increases by up to threefold.

1939/40

The start of WWII sees both an influx of prisoners deported from territory freshly occupied by the Soviet Union (Eastern Poland, the Baltics, Bessarabia) and the release of certain categories of prisoner to meet the needs of the Red Army.

1945

There is a fresh wave of arrests among the ranks of the Red Army, former German POWs and ethnic minorities, including Soviet Jews.

1948/9

Stalin launches the construction of new megalomaniacal projects, including the Volga-Don Canal, new power stations, dams, and communications. Among them are the Dead Road and a tunnel and railway to Sakhalin Island; both are halted immediately after Stalin's death.

1953

Stalin dies. Lavrentiy Beria briefly takes control and announces an amnesty that concerns those convicted of minor criminal activities and completely overlooks political prisoners.

1954

Under Nikita Khrushchev widespread releases take place and almost four million political crime cases are reviewed. A period referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw begins.

1957

The Gulag system is abolished on the basis of a reform. Many labour camps are shut down. The Soviet economy is no longer based on the slave labour of prisoners.

1960

Political prisoners have not disappeared but their number falls markedly and now dissidents are only imprisoned for genuine opposition to the regime. They are most frequently sent to labour camps in Mordovia or around Perm in the Urals. They too serve their sentences in terrible conditions (hunger, disease, rape) but the camps do not have such high death rates. Many dissidents are placed in psychiatric hospital where they undergo cruel "medical" procedures.

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The creation of a system of concentration and correctional labour camps began in the Soviet Union in 1919 but "blossomed" during Stalin's reign of terror. The word Gulag is actually an acronym (used from 1930) for (Glavnoye Upravleniye LAGerey), or Main Camp Administration, which was a special