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Figure 1 images of ketamine's two optical isomers acquired from University of Adelaide reports available at: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2440%2F106345%2F2%2F02whole.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3YCTzQ1xs-SO4P2ktGGjxp&ust=1607507976265000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCPCkmYSQvu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 2 13C NMR spectrometry of ketamine acquired from: https://spectrabase.com/compound/CLXcRcCE5lO

Figure 3 FTIR spectrometry of ketamine acquired from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ketamine-standard-FTIR-spectra_fig1_262871396

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The two greatest peaks shown in the FTIR spectrometry of ketamine below in figure 3 are at 752.03 and 1701.19. The peak at 1701.19 shows the presence of a carbonyl group, the presences of a carbonyl group often means a higher melting and boiling point. The peak of 752.03 most likely shows that ketamine is halogenated as it contains chlorine a halogen and can't be organometallic as it does not contain a metal. Due to being halogenated the compound should have a resistance to biodegradation.

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Ketamine as an incredibly important role in the medical industry due to it's role in controlling anesthetic in patients, particularly those undergoing surgery. Ketamine allows doctors to undertake short procedures, the drug has much less harsh effect on respiratory systems compared to other anesthetics. Ketamine also has also been used as a substance of abuse. More recently though research has been conducted into how ketamine can be used to help treat those suffering from depression or seizures, if ketamine proves to be effective it would mean helping those with the third leading cause of disability in the world  (Corriger & Pickering, 2019).

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Abdollahpour, Abolfazl & Saffarieh, Elham & Zoroufchi, BabakHosseinzadeh. (2020). A review on the recent application of ketamine in management of anesthesia, pain, and health care. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 9. 1317. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_875_19.

Lascelles, K., Marzano, L., Brand, F., Trueman, H., McShane, R., M.D., & Hawton, K. (2019). Effects of ketamine treatment on suicidal ideation: A qualitative study of patients’ accounts following treatment for depression in a UK ketamine clinic. BMJ Open, 9(8) doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029108

Corriger, A., & Pickering, G. (2019). Ketamine and depression: A narrative review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 13, 3051-3067. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.2147/DDDT.S221437

Mitra, S., & Chopra, P. (2011). Chirality and anaesthetic drugs: A review and an update. Indian Journal of Anesthesia, 55(6), 556-562. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/10.4103/0019-5049.90608

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Ketamine is maintained at a high pH resulting in the acidity of the substance, if the pH is lowered the molecule will not be able to remain stable and will start to break down or  precipitation of the molecule may occur.

When ketamine as solution is heated the bonds holding the molecule together will break and toxic chloride and nitrogen oxides toxic fumes will be produced.

Ketamine in its natural state and pH of 3.5 in solution the molecule is quite stable, the pka for ketamine is 7.5

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Ketamine and it's use for Depression and Suicide

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Ketamine and it's use for Depression and Suicide

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Depression and suicidal thoughts are wide spread through out society and are often treated through therapy and medication, the use of ketamine has started to be investigated for the use as treat for depression due to it's rapid activation through the body compared to other medication (Lascelles et al., 2019).

In studies where ketamine has been used to help made depression, that within several weeks patients show a reduction in depressive symptoms (Corriger & Pickering, 2019). This quick reaction to ketamine is what makes it so appealing for treatment of depression particularly those suffering from suicidal thoughts allowing for quick and effective reduction in suicidal thoughts and tendencies, allowing for future counseling and treatment. (Corriger & Pickering, 2019).

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The peak below shown at 210 ppm shows that a ketone is present within the ketamine compound, due to the presence of the ketone will make oxidation more difficult. The other peak that is analyzed the peaks between 35-80 ppm which show that there is a alkyl halide within the compound, which are electrophiles and can under go elimination reactions. Peaks can be seen below in figure 2.

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Ketamine has three fictional groups present within it's composition which are a benzene, ketone, carbonyl and amine. Ketamine has a chiral structure meaning that the molecule is a mirror image of it's self, if two molecules where to be placed over each other the structure of the molecule. Ketamine contains one asymmetrical carbon atom.

Ketamine has two optical isomers R(-) known as Arketamine and S(+) Esketamine, esketamine is more often used for anesthetic use as it is often more effective (Abdollahpour, Saffarieh & Zoroufchi, 2020). Below is a visual representation of ketamine's optical isomers figure 1.

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Ketamine is a chiral compound, which in anesthetics is quite common as more then half of anesthetics used are chiral compounds (Mitra & Chopra, 2011). Below is a link to both a 2D visualization and 3D model of the ketamine molecules.

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