# data[].attributes.body
Your best resource for information about a specific country is World Book in CDL! Don't forget images are in Britannica Images!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You could spend a lifetime of holidays in France and still not come close to exhausting its riches. Landscapes range from the fretted coasts of Brittany and the limestone hills of Provence to the canyons of the Pyrenees and the half-moon bays of Corsica, and from the lushly wooded valleys of the Dordogne and the gentle meadows of the Loire valley to the glaciated peaks of the Alps. Each region looks and feels different, has its own style of architecture, its own characteristic food and often its own dialect. Though the French word pays is the term for a whole country, people frequently refer to their own region as mon pays - my country - and this strong sense of regional identity has persisted despite centuries of centralizing governments, from Louis XIV to de Gaulle.

Industrialization came relatively late to France, and for all the millions of French people that live in its many vibrant cities, the idea persists that theirs is a rural country. The importance of the land reverberates throughout French culture, manifesting itself in areas as diverse as regional pride in local cuisine and the state's fierce defence of Europe's agricultural subsidies. Perhaps the most striking feature of the French countryside is the sense of space. There are huge tracts of woodland and undeveloped land without a house in sight, and, away from the main urban centres, hundreds of towns and villages have changed only slowly and organically over the years, their old houses and streets intact, seeming to belong to the natural landscape as much as the rivers, hills and fields.

Despite this image of pastoral tranquillity, France's history is notable for its extraordinary vigour. For more than a thousand years the country has been in the vanguard of European development, and the accumulation of wealth and experience is evident everywhere in the astonishing variety of places to visit, from the Dordogne's prehistoric cave paintings and the Roman monuments of the south, to the Gothic cathedrals of the north, the châteaux of the Loire, and the cutting-edge architecture of the grands projets in Paris. This legacy of history and culture - le patrimoine - is so widely dispersed across the land that even the briefest of stays will leave you with a powerful sense of France's past.

The importance of these traditions is felt deeply by the French state, which fights to preserve and develop its culture perhaps harder than any other country in the world, and by private companies, which also strive to maintain French traditions in arenas as diverse as haute couture, pottery and, of course, food. The fruits of these efforts are evident in the subsidized arts, notably the film industry, and in the lavishly endowed and innovative museums and galleries. From colonial history to fishing techniques, aeroplane design to textiles, and migrant shepherds to manicure, an array of impressive collections can be found across the nation. Inevitably, however, first place must go to the fabulous displays of fine art in Paris, a city which has nurtured more than its fair share of the finest creative artists of the last century and a half, both French - Monet and Matisse for example - and foreign, such as Picasso and Van Gogh.

There are all kinds of pegs on which to hang a holiday in France: a city, a region, a river, a mountain range, gastronomy, cathedrals, châteaux. All that open space means there's endless scope for outdoor activities, from walking, canoeing and cycling to skiing and sailing, but if you need more urban stimuli - clubs, shops, fashion, movies, music - then the great cities provide them in abundance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
France Travel | Places to visit in France

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You could spend a lifetime of holidays in France and still not come close to exhausting its riches. Landscapes range from the fretted coasts of Brittany and the limestone hills of Provence to the canyons of the Pyrenees and the half-moon bays of Corsica, and from the lushly wooded valleys of the Dordogne and the gentle meadows of the Loire valley to the glaciated peaks of the Alps.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Crime

For assistance in any emergency situation, dial 112.

Take sensible precautions against street and car crime. Don't keep your passport, credit cards and other valuables in the same place; use the inside compartments in bags where possible. Carry your bag across your body rather than on your shoulder.

Pickpockets can work in gangs: one to distract you while the other one goes into your bag. Keep your belongings close to you in restaurants and bars. Don't be distracted around tourist attractions and cash points.

Be aware of common scams used to obtain money from tourists, there are petition, 3 card trick and gold ring tricks which are all to be avoided, more information can be found here.

Thieves and pickpockets operate on the Paris underground, RER lines and at mainline stations, for example Gare du Nord.

There have been several victims of serious assault on the RER line B, which serves Paris Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports and Paris Gare du Nord Eurostar terminus. There have also been serious assaults on RER line D, which serves the Stade de France.

Alcohol and drugs can lead to you being less alert, less in control and less aware of your environment. If you're going to drink, know your limit and take sensible precautions such as not becoming separated from friends.

Motorway journeys are usually trouble-free, but if you're asked by another motorist to stop and you decide to do so, park your car in a public area with lights - like a service station. If you're involved in a car accident or witness an accident on the motorway, use the orange emergency phones to ask for help.

Hiking, winter sports and outdoor activities

Check weather forecasts and conditions and make sure you're properly equipped. Don't undertake any activity alone, and consider hiring a guide for expert advice. Always leave copies of your itinerary with someone. For travel to mountainous areas, make sure your insurance covers you for extra medical costs, repatriation to your country of residence and in the départements of Savoie and Haute-Savoie possible transfer to Switzerland for treatment.

Observe all warnings regarding avalanches and where appropriate consider carrying avalanche search equipment. You can check the latest avalanche risk areas on the Meteo Alarm website. Conditions on roads in mountainous areas can quickly become difficult in winter. You should carry water, food, warm clothing and medicines in your vehicle.

For sports activities like skiing, potholing and mountaineering, and for sports classed as particularly dangerous (eg off-piste skiing, snow-boarding, mountain biking, climbing, ice-climbing, paragliding), make sure you're covered by your insurance. This should include mountain rescue services and helicopter costs.

Read more about how to stay safe on the slopes.

Local sea conditions can endanger even strong swimmers on the Atlantic Coast. Many beaches provide lifeguards and warning systems (coloured flags) and you should always follow the advice closely. Get information on the specific Baïne danger on the coast of the Gironde and Landes departments from the Gironde Prefecture website.

Follow local advice if jellyfish are present in the sea.

Road Travel

Driving regulations in France are different from those in the UK. Always remember that the normal rule is to give way to the right each time you reach an intersection.

Using mobile phones with headsets or ear pieces when driving is forbidden.

Speeding can result in heavy, on the spot fines, and your vehicle and licence could be confiscated. The maximum speed on autoroutes is 130kph (80mph) in good weather and 110kph (68mph) in poor weather.

Many drivers undertake long journeys in France. Plan your journey carefully, taking into account unknown roads, weather conditions and fatigue. Make sure you take regular breaks.

Information on road safety and potential traffic black spots (in French only) is available on the Bison Futé website. Alternatively, real-time information on road traffic conditions is available on 107.7 FM in French and in English (Motorways radio - Autoroute Info).

To drive in France you must be 18 years old and have a valid UK driving licence, insurance and vehicle documents. If you don't own the vehicle you're driving, you should get written permission from the registered owner.

It's compulsory to carry a warning triangle and reflective jacket. The reflective jacket must be stored inside the vehicle itself and accessible without getting out of the car. It is illegal to cross, even partially, on to the hard shoulder of a motorway without good reason.

Keep vehicle doors locked in slow moving traffic and secure your vehicle when it is left unattended.

In-car radar detectors and satellite navigation systems warning of the presence of speed cameras or radars are illegal whether in use or not.

In 2016 there were 3,477 road deaths in France ( source: Department for Transport). This equates to 5.2 road deaths per 100,000 of population and compares to the UK average of 2.8 road deaths per 100,000 of population in 2016.

See the European Commission, AA and RAC guides on driving in France.

Road hauliers

There have been reports of burglaries taking place while lorry drivers have been asleep in their vehicles. Avoid parking in isolated or dark areas of unsupervised camping grounds or car parks. Consider installing an alarm in your vehicle.

There have been many attempts by illegal migrants to enter lorries while stationary or in slow moving traffic. Take sensible precautions against attempts to break in to your vehicle.

Heavy goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes are banned from driving on roads in France on certain days during the year, including all Sundays and public holidays. Dates are set by the French Ministry of Transport. Full details of restrictions can be found on the Bison Futé website.

British haulage companies and their employees should contact the Road Hauliers Association for further information about driving in France.

Camping Cars

There have been reports of burglaries taking place while travellers have been asleep in their caravans, mobile homes and other vehicles. Avoid parking in isolated or dark areas of unsupervised camping grounds or car parks and consider installing an alarm in your caravan or mobile home.

There have been many attempts by illegal migrants to enter vehicles while stationary or in slow moving traffic. Take sensible precautions against break in to your vehicle, particularly in Northern France.

Public transport

Travel to and within France can be disrupted by strike action. Check with your travel provider before you travel.

If you use an individual paper ticket on the bus or on trains, make sure you validate it in the machine on the bus or in the station. If you don't validate your ticket, you may be fined.

First World War Centenary Commemorations

If you're travelling to commemorate the First World War centenary, see this information and advice page to help plan your trip and make sure it's safe and trouble free. Some sites will become extremely busy at certain times of the year, and some may have access restrictions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For assistance in any emergency situation, dial 112. Take sensible precautions against street and car crime. Don't keep your passport, credit cards and other valuables in the same place; use the inside compartments in bags where possible. Carry your bag across your body rather than on your shoulder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Paris is a big, beautiful, historically and culturally rich, amazing, and a sometimes intimidating city. For those who have never visited the City of Lights, scoring a good deal on airfare to Paris, finding a hotel to stay in and deciding which attractions you just can't miss are probably the things on the forefront of your mind. However, after many trips to Paris and living in the city for a period of time while studying at the Sorbonne, I discovered there are a few things that every person should know before they pack their bags and head to Paris.
>>Also read 30 Paris Tips from a local for more great suggestions on what to expect in Paris and how to get the most out of your trip. If you are headed to the City of Lights for the first time you should also make sure you check out the Paris First-Time Visitor Guide

1. Not all Parisians are rude. Nor do they hate Americans.

Now, I am certainly not guaranteeing that you will only run into totally charming and polite people during your trip to France, but I do think people assume they will get poorer treatment in Paris than most actually do. Contrary to popular belief, not all French hate Americans. In fact, especially among the younger generation (many of whom love American pop culture), seeing an American is a great excuse to practice their English and discuss American movies and music.

They say that there are Parisians and then there are the rest of the French (much like how in the U.S. there are New Yorkers and then there are the rest of Americans). People in Paris do tend to be more big city like-a little no nonsense and, yes, sometimes rude. That does not mean, however, that you should expect poor treatment during your stay in the City of Lights. In fact, you may be surprised just how friendly everyone seems to be. Be courteous, don't bash the French way of doing things, try to learn a few phrases and you may just come home talking about how much nicer the French were than everyone thinks.

David Lebovitz, an American author, blogger and pastry chef living in Paris sums it up perfectly:

Visiting and dining in Paris all boils down to one rule: How You Get Treated is Directly Proportional to the Way that you Behave and Present Yourself. It's taken me a few years to get used to the fact that I can't run to the corner bakery for bread wearing sweatpants and flipflops, nor can I wolf down pastries on the métro without getting disapproving stares. So don't be afraid to dress a bit better than you would at home and to practice a few words of your high-school French. Believe me, even the feeblest attempt at a little French will take you much further than you can imagine in Paris.

2. At least try to speak French

No, you don't have to take a bunch of French classes before you go, but learning a few key phrases, even if it is only " parlez-vous anglais?" (do you speak English?) is probably a good idea. The French tend to admire those who at least give an effort to speak a few words of French, before assuming everyone speaks English. Sure, you may have a bad accent and butcher it, but most Parisians will probably appreciate the effort and then switch into English.

Although the French have a notoriously bad reputation as English speakers, more and more French are speaking better and better English. In fact, some Americans who actually DO speak some French get frustrated at not being able to practice when they find many people automatically revert to English to converse once they detect an accent.

>>Want to know what your taxi driver is shouting at the traffic? Read all about cursing in French

3. Say hello/goodbye when you enter stores and restaurants

Wonder why the woman behind the counter of the boutique you just strolled into is giving you an icy glare? Did you say " bonjour " when you walked in the door? If you didn't, that's most likely why she's giving you the evil eye. It's not because you're a tourist. In Paris, it's imperative to say "Bonjour Madame/Monsieur" when entering a shop or restaurant, and "Merci Madame/Monsieur" when leaving. There is an equally incorrect perception that Americans are impolite since they don't acknowledge the salesclerks in their shops, which is like being invited into someone's home and stepping inside without saying hello.

Smile, say "Bonjour" and you'll often get an equally warm response back (and perhaps even offers to help you find something)

4. The Metro is easy to master

Sure that big map with a million different colored lines and French on it looks initimadating, but the Metro is remarkably easy to master. Plus, because it is so well connected there are very few places in the city that are not located close to a metro stop. After a trip or two you'll be amazed at how quickly you've figured exactly how to get anywhere in the city. Most travelers find buying a carnet (pack of 10 tickets) is the cheapest way to ride, though if you plan on staying for longer than a week, you may want to look into the longer-term passes (carte orange).

There are a few tips that will help you be a master before you even descend below groud, so check out these tips about the Metro before you go and you'll be ready to conquer the city (and the underground):

5. Don't rush through a meal

When I asked for a bill once while I was still eating at a restaurant in Paris (I was running late for a class at the Sorbonne), my waiter lectured me on the importance of taking your time when eating and then refused to bring the bill until after I finished my meal and had sat for at least 10 minutes (yup, I was late for class).

Unlike in the states, where the bill sometimes comes as you place the first bites in your mouth, it is expected that you'll sit around for awhile after you are done eating. When your plates are cleared and there is still no bill, it's not because the waiter is ignoring you or doesn't like you, it's because it's the French way not to rush when eating. So, take your time and be patient.

6. Elevate your sense of casual

Yes, I understand the need to be comfortable when traveling and spending a day walking around Paris, but that does not mean you should be wearing athletic shorts, socks and white tennis shoes around Paris. Paris is a fashion capital and the French are a notoriously fashionable and well-dressed group. While you certainly don't have to wear heels around the city or dress head to in designer duds, you may also feel awfully out of place in your cut-offs, t-shirt and flip-flops in Paris.

I asked a friend for her number one tip she'd give to a new visitor to Paris (she went on her first trip to Paris recently) and she said, "My main thing if I went back would be to pack differently." With constantly changing trends (which always seem to be ahead of ours), it's hard to tell you exactly what to pack, but there are some good general rules of thumb that can help you feel not quite so out of place.

>>Read my tips on What to Wear in France in the Summer and What to Wear in France in the Winter

7. Paris is divided into 20 arrondissements (neighborhoods)

Paris is a big city that is divided in a few different ways. It is both divided by the the Seine River into Left and Right bank (read Left Bank versus Right Bank to understand more of what that means), but also by neighborhoods, or arrondissements, of which there are 20. Numbering wise, these neighborhoods start in the center and continue in a circular pattern around the city. You will often here people mention a store/restaurant etc. as being "in the 12th," which is referring to the number of the arrondissement. However, to make things even more confusing, there are also some neighborhoods with names, like the Marais, Latin Quarter and Montmartre.

Buy a good Paris map that marks both and you'll probably have an easier time getting around and understanding where everything is in relation to other sites.

>>Read more about Paris Neighborhoods

8. Not all things in Paris are expensive

While you will find many things in Paris to be quite expensive, Paris does not necessarily have to be a city that sucks all the money out of pockets and bank accounts. After living in the city on a poor student's budget, I learned some valuable tricks for how to save money while still having a great time in Paris. For example, there are plenty of ways to Eat Cheap in Paris. Plus, walking around the city, taking in the sites and people watching for hours costs nothing.

One of my very favorite parts about Paris is that you also don't have to be stuck eating crepes from street vendors your entire trip to stay on budget. In fact, eating out at nice restaurants is really quite affordable.

Once again, David Lebovitz sums it up perfectly:

There's lot of top-notch restaurants in Paris where you can get a terrific...no, make that superb...three-course meal for 30€ including tax and tip. I ate at one last night, and had a salad of cured quail on a bed of lentilles de Puy. That was followed by slices of moist rabbit loin on a rectangle of baked macaroni and cheese, which was finished up by a warm crêpe filled with homemade bitter orange marmalade and a scoop of housemade ice cream. Our wine was a 22€ bottle from the Savoie.
I don't know about you, but I can't think of any restaurant in San Francisco or New York that offers a three-course meal with wine for less than $50pp, including wine, tax and tip. If you avoid the high-end places, there's great bargains in Paris.

Most restaurants and cafés offer specially-priced formulas for lunch. A simple corner café lunch can be had for around 12€ and even the high-end places have fixed-priced menus that are much more affordable than at dinnertime.

9. You'll need voltage converters and adapter plugs for your electronics

Since the modern day traveler rarely goes anywhere these days without a gaggle of things that need to be plugged into the wall, you want to make sure you've got the proper adapter plugs before you take off for the land of wine and cheese. France runs on 220 volts, so some of your electronics (like blow dryers) will need a converter switch as well, so you don't fry it when you plug it in. While most computers will work just fine with a simple adapter plug, I've fried more than one hair straighter trying to plug it in in France.

>>Read Dealing with Electricity in Paris to get more tips on getting the correct plugs and adapters

10. Public restrooms are not always free...or easy to find

If you have a full day of walking and sightseeing, it is inevitable that you are going to have to use the restroom when out and about at some point in Paris. However, finding a public restroom can be a bit on the tricky side in Paris.

A great place to look for public restrooms (don't think you can waltz into a restaurant and ask to use the restroom unless you are a paying costumer) are the many parks scattered throughout the city. The Tuileries and Luxembourg gardens both have nice restrooms. Don't be surprised to find an attendant, however, and be expected to shell out 40 to 50 centimes when you used them.

You'll also see those intimidating, automated toilet structures on the streets of Paris. They cost a little bit of money to use, but they do the trick in a pinch. You also can find FREE restrooms in many large department stores.

>>Read more on Using Public Toilets in Paris

11. August is vacation month in Paris

Unlike most work obsessed Americans who get 2 weeks of vacation a year, many French take a whole month off in the summer months. Especially during August in Paris, when many people flee the city in the summer to enjoy vacations on the beach in the countryside, many tourists are surprised to find so many museums/shops/restaurants closed for weeks at a time in the summer.

While you may feel annoyed when the restaurant you've been told to has a sign hanging in the door that says "closed til August," this is normal, and you have to admire (and perhaps envy) the French appreciation for time away from work.
However, since there are still many tourists in France, you should have no problem finding a place to eat or things to do in these summer months. Since the weather is usually beautiful in the summer (albeit a little hot and muggy), park cafes and restaurants with large terraces are popular dining spots in the summer months. There are plenty of great options for summer dining in Paris, where you can sip your café or citron pressée in the sunshine and participate in the national French pastime of people watching.

>>Read more Summer Travel Tips for France

12. Taxis are expensive, especially at night

Probably because the Metro is so quick and easy to use, Taxis in Paris tend to be on the expensive side. A ride that is only a few kilometers long can end up costing you a small fortune. This is especially true late at night, when taxi fares go up even more. This means if you are stuck after the Metro shuts down (at 1 am), you may find yourself having to part with a fat stack of cash just to get home. Stick to the metro or be prepared to pay heft taxi fees if you decide to travel above ground.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
12 Things You Should Know Before You Visit Paris - WhyGo Paris

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Paris is a big, beautiful, historically and culturally rich, amazing, and a sometimes intimidating city. For those who have never visited the City of Lights, scoring a good deal on airfare to Paris, finding a hotel to stay in and deciding which attractions you just can't miss are probably the things on the forefront of ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Visit France - essentials for planning your trip

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Preparing a holiday visit to France; tips and information on getting ready for your journey A guide from About-France.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
France.fr - Unexpected France by those who make it what it is

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Unexpected and full of exuberant life, France is even more than you could ever imagine. Revisiting tradition, cultivating creativity, savour

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore your own financial information in greater detail by using these powerful tools for forecasting and assessing your financial choices.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Be the first to discover secret destinations, travel hacks, and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
★★★★ Romantik Hotel Europe, Zurich, Switzerland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hotel Europe is located right in the middle of Zurich's lively Seefeld quarter, a few steps from the Opera House and Lake Zurich.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Hostels in Europe - Stay in European Hostels for less with Hostelworld

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find the best hostels in Europe. Over 900 cities to choose from, including London, Amsterdam, Lisbon and Prague. Find cheap European hostels in Western Europe or indulge yourself to luxury youth hostels in Europe. Book a hostel in Europe now with Hostelworld.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Compare Top Reviews about Orbitz

Looking for verified Orbitz customer reviews? See Orbitz reviews in 2019 from real customers who've booked all sorts of travel vacations. At Orbitz, we value your opinions to make travel rewarding and hassle-free, so please feel free to leave a review yourself!

*Savings based on all package bookings with Flight + Hotel made from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 as compared to the price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings not available on all packages.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Orbitz Flights, Cheap Vacations, Rental Cars & Hotel Deals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Compare Top Reviews about Orbitz Looking for verified Orbitz customer reviews? See Orbitz reviews in 2019 from real customers who've booked all sorts of travel vacations. At Orbitz, we value your opinions to make travel rewarding and hassle-free, so please feel free to leave a review yourself!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Search Flights, Hotels & Rental Cars | KAYAK

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
KAYAK is a travel search engine that searches hundreds of other travel sites at once. Our helpful tools & features find you the information you need to make the right decisions on flights, hotels, rental cars and vacation packages.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Before you can experience authentic Spanish tapas, piazzas in Rome or rooftop terraces in Prague, an important to-do list stands between you and your European vacation. The logistics involved in planning a trip to Europe may seem tedious or overwhelming, but the more prepared you are, the greater your chances of a successful trip that lives up to your expectations. That's why it's important to do a bang-up job creating an itinerary, arranging transportation and tackling the brass tacks before you're off to the Continent.

The following simple steps will help you engineer a well-planned escape to Europe - so you can spend less time worrying about your travel arrangements and more time staring at pictures of castles and men in kilts.

If you don't have a passport, it will take at least four to six weeks from the time of application for you to receive one. Expedited services can trim the process down to two or three weeks, but it will cost you an additional fee, so it's best to take care of this well before your trip. Already have a passport? Check its expiration date. The last thing you need is to find out your passport has expired while you're in line at airport check-in.

All car rental companies require drivers to have valid licenses in their home country, so you'll also want to check the expiration date of your license. Some car rental companies also require an international driving permit for European rentals in addition to a valid driver's license. For U.S. citizens, these can be obtained through the American Auto Association (AAA); in Canada, try the Canadian Automobile Association (CAA).

U.S. travelers to Russia must have valid visas in addition to passports; obtaining one is a complicated process that can take weeks even after you have been approved - so start early.

When planning a trip to Europe, establish a budget as early as possible - even before you know your destination, travel dates or itinerary. Some destinations are generally cheaper than others, but there are ways to save everywhere: travel in the off season, pick budget accommodations, plan a shorter trip. For example, London is an expensive city with an unfavorable exchange rate for Americans, but many travel providers and airlines offer affordable vacation packages to the city, and it's not hard to find cheap air deals to London, especially during the winter.

Set your budget early on, and you'll avoid any disappointment that could come from forging a fabulous itinerary, like two weeks in Geneva during summer, and then discovering you can't afford it.

Now that you know how much you can spend, where do you want to go? If you're like many travelers (including us!) and you have a humongous list of places in Europe you want to visit, this could be tricky. Some tips:

Pick a particular site that's on your must-see travel list, and plan your vacation around that. Last year I planned a trip to Ireland centered on an excursion to remote Skellig Michael Island, a World Heritage Site I'd dreamed of visiting. The excursion turned into an unforgettable two-week Emerald Isle road trip.

Pick someplace timely. Visit countries' tourism websites and search for seasonal events like festivals or local holidays (which you may want to either avoid or join, depending on how you feel about crowds). Don't forget to check the weather before you decide on your destination.

So you want to go to France, eh? Don't go ahead and buy a roundtrip flight to Paris and a hotel room - at least, not yet. You'll want to sketch out a day-by-day itinerary of your perfect trip to France before you book a thing. Research sites and cities you really want to explore, and then figure out which ones you have the time and budget to get to.

Check out alternative ways to travel in Europe. If you want to see multiple countries or cities but are on a tight budget, you may want to consider a cruise (exchange rates are naught for U.S. citizens onboard American ships). Walking tours, bike tours, camping and adventure tours are other interesting options worth considering.

Because airfare will probably be the most expensive part of your trip, you'll want to book it before anything else (car rental, hotel, etc.). This will allow you to be more flexible with your dates, which is a great way to save money on your flight. You can also spend less by flying on international discount airlines like Aer Lingus or Norwegian.

Enliven your trip with a layover in a different country. Icelandair has a long-running program that allows passengers flying elsewhere in Europe to take a free stopover in Reykjavik for up to seven nights. Other airlines, such as Air France, offer occasional free layover promotions.

It's time to go back to that rough itinerary you jotted down and fill in some places to sleep. As is the case with pretty much everything you book for your trip, the earlier you make arrangements, the better - especially during summer high season.

Sure, you can just book a room at the local Hilton and be done with it. But do a bit of research and you could discover some funky lodging that's almost as exciting as the attractions you plan to visit. Keep your eyes open for historic castles, tiny bed and breakfasts, houseboats, eco-friendly hotels or organic farms. Budget travelers take note: Vacation rentals, homestays, farmstays and house-swapping are accommodation options that can be shockingly affordable ... or even free.

There are several kinds of travel insurance: trip cancellation insurance, flight cancellation insurance, medical insurance, etc. The best time to buy insurance is right after you put down the major deposits on your trip, whether that entails airfare, a package or prepaid hotels. Once you know how much money you've paid up front, you can insure your trip if you so choose. Many airlines and travel providers sell insurance that you can purchase along with your flight or tour package. Always, always read the fine print in your policy and compare it with other travel insurance policies before you make a purchase.

Check your medical insurance coverage to see if you're covered overseas. If not, you may want to purchase supplemental medical insurance to cover situations like the cost of transportation back home for emergency care.

For more information:
Travel Insurance

When in Rome, ride the Metropolitana. Find out how the locals get around the destination to which you're traveling, and act accordingly. You won't need a car rental in places like bike-friendly Amsterdam or London with its convenient underground Tube, unless you plan to go outside the city.

A car rental is your best bet if you're traveling to locales that can't be easily reached by rail or plane (such as the Irish countryside). Be mentally prepared to drive in a foreign country, which can be a frightening experience when faced with incomprehensible traffic signs, narrow streets or sheep roadblocks.

To get from city to city or country to country, examine your rail options in comparison to routes and prices offered by European discount airlines like easyJet or Ryanair. Travelers embarking on extensive travel within Europe may save money by purchasing a rail pass that permits unlimited train travel within a specified region.

A few weeks before your departure date is the right time to start taking care of a number of key logistics: money, phone, house-sitter, pet-sitter.

Call your credit card companies to let them know you'll be traveling abroad. While you're at it, find out if you're going to be charged a fee for using your card overseas. Research the locations of ATMs in your destination, especially if you'll be relying on cash.

Does your cell phone plan or equipment allow you to make calls overseas, and if so, how much will it cost you? Many cell phone companies offer temporary international plans that you can purchase for the month you're traveling. While you may be tempted to leave the phone at home and really "get away from it all," it's smart to have an emergency phone with you if you'll be traveling by car, or hiking or biking long distances.

Instead of packing the day before your trip, start thinking about what you'll need to bring at least a week before you leave. If your destination of choice is suddenly experiencing abnormal weather, you may need that extra time to go shopping for something like a packable rain coat. Plus, experienced travelers know that the chance of forgetting something essential increases the longer one puts off packing. (It's only a matter of time until a scientific study confirms this.) About a week before departure day, check the weather, put together a packing list, and take a look at your suitcase to make sure its wheels work and everything's going to fit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Planning a Trip to Europe: Your 10-Step Guide - SmarterTravel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Before you can experience authentic Spanish tapas, piazzas in Rome or rooftop terraces in Prague, an important to-do list stands between you and your European vacation. The logistics involved in planning a trip to Europe may seem tedious or overwhelming, but the more prepared you are, the greater your chances of a successful trip that lives up to your expectations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tourism in Germany - travel, breaks, holidays

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tourism in Germany - travel, breaks, holidays

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore Germany! Get inspired with Rick Steves' recommended places to go and things to do, with tips, photos, videos, and travel information on Germany.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About Germany

Misunderstood by many, Germany is one of the most varied and charming countries on the continent. Anyone expecting a homogenous nation conforming to old Teutonic stereotypes is in for a shock.

As a destination, it offers a clutch of truly lovely cities, culture served up in hefty portions and rural scenery so pretty you'll wonder why it isn't on every tourist hit list.

The country occupies a prime position at the heart of Europe - both literally and figuratively. It is home to the biggest economy on the continent, has more inhabitants than anywhere else in the EU and shares land borders with no less than nine other nations.

It's no surprise, then, that today's Germany is more diverse and cosmopolitan than old stereotypes suggest; mixing time-honoured nationalism and tradition with multicultural modernism and self-confidence.

It's the nation's urban highlights that immediately draw the attention. Berlin is the definition of dynamism, having forged a good-time reputation for groundbreaking creativity while still keeping sight of its past.

Elsewhere, the likes of Cologne, Munich and Hamburg provide the capital with able support. Not only are they rich in history, whether in the forms of classical music, fine art or medieval architecture, but they also put pay to the notion that Germans don't do gastronomy. These days, you can dine and drink extremely well in Deutschland.

Then there's the beautiful German countryside. From the sky-scraping peaks of the Bavarian Alps and pale cliffs of the Jasmund National Park to the castles of the Rhine and moors of the Mecklenburg Lake District, it's nirvana for hikers, cyclists, boaters, motorists and skiers alike.

Travelling around this country is a piece of Black Forest gâteau. Costs are manageable, overcrowding is rare and, despite its size, it could not be easier to get from A to B thanks to an incredibly efficient public transport network. Which proves some of those old German stereotypes do hold true.

Travel Advice

Last updated: 29 June 2018
The travel advice summary below is provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK. 'We' refers to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For their full travel advice, visit www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice.

Foreign travel advice

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Germany. The German government has announced that increased security has been put in place as a precaution at public buildings, major events, transport hubs and large public gatherings. You should be vigilant and follow the advice of local authorities.

There's no requirement to carry your passport with you, but the police are currently carrying out more frequent ID checks. If you're asked to show your passport and you don't have it with you, the police may escort you to wherever your passport is being kept so that you can show it to them.

Border controls have been reintroduced at some crossing points between Germany and Austria, Denmark and Sweden. Carry your passport with you and be aware of potential delays.

Around 2 million British nationals visit Germany every year. Most visits are trouble-free.

If you need to contact the emergency services call 112.

British nationals have been arrested for possessing counterfeit currency. Avoid changing money anywhere other than banks or legitimate currency exchange offices.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission.

Crime

Crime levels are broadly similar to the UK. Take sensible precautions to avoid mugging, bag snatching and pick pocketing. Be particularly vigilant at airports, railway stations and crowded public gatherings. Do not leave valuables unattended. If your passport has been stolen, you must go to the nearest police station and get a police report.

Road travel

If you wish to drive in Germany you must carry a valid driving licence, insurance and vehicle documents with you in the vehicle at all times. If the vehicle does not belong to the driver, written permission from the registered owner may also be requested. The minimum age for driving a car in Germany is 18. It is illegal to take part in motor vehicle races or rallies on German roads.

In 2016 there were 3,206 road deaths in Germany ( source: Department for Transport). This equates to 3.9 road deaths per 100,000 of population and compares to the UK average of 2.8 road deaths per 100,000 of population in 2016.

There is an environmental zone (umweltzone) in some inner city centres. Only vehicles meeting specific exhaust emission standards are allowed to enter the zone. See the websites of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the Federal Environmental Agency for further information.

See the European Commission, AA and RAC guides on driving in Germany.

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Germany. Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in public places visited by foreigners. The German government has announced that increased security has been put in place as a precaution at public buildings, major events, transport hubs and large public gatherings.

Recent attacks in Germany include:

on 19 December 2016, a lorry was driven into a crowd at a Christmas market in central Berlin causing 12 deaths and a number of injuries.

on 24 July 2016, a suicide bomb outside a wine bar in Ansbach injured 15 people.

The main threat is from extremists linked to Daesh (formerly referred to as ISIL). Daesh have claimed responsibility for attacks in Germany.

The German authorities have successfully disrupted planned attacks and made a number of arrests

There's a heightened threat of terrorist attack globally against UK interests and British nationals, from groups or individuals motivated by the conflict in Iraq and Syria. You should be vigilant at this time.

Find out more about the global threat from terrorism, how to minimise your risk and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack.

The information on this page covers the most common types of travel and reflects the UK government's understanding of the rules currently in place. Unless otherwise stated, this information is for travellers using a full 'British Citizen' passport.

The authorities in the country or territory you're travelling to are responsible for setting and enforcing the rules for entry. If you're unclear about any aspect of the entry requirements, or you need further reassurance, you'll need to contact the embassy, high commission or consulate of the country or territory you're travelling to.

You should also consider checking with your transport provider or travel company to make sure your passport and other travel documents meet their requirements.

Passport validity

Your passport should be valid for the proposed duration of your stay; you don't need any additional period of validity on your passport beyond this.

UK Emergency Travel Documents

UK Emergency Travel Documents are accepted for entry, airside transit and exit from Germany.

Visas

British Citizens don't need a visa to enter Germany. If you hold a different type of British nationality, check entry requirements with the German Embassy.

Stays of longer than three months

If you intend to work or study in Germany you must register with the German authorities (Einwohnermeldeamt) within 3 months of arrival. There is no longer a requirement for EU citizens to apply for a residence permit.

Working in Germany

If you intend to work in Germany, you should get detailed information on employment regulations from the German Embassy.

You don't have to carry your passport with you while in Germany, but the police are currently carrying out more frequent ID checks. If you're asked to show your passport and you don't have it with you, the police may escort you to wherever your passport is being kept so that you can show it to them.

It is illegal to cross German pedestrian crossings when the red pedestrian light is on. Offenders risk a fine and payment of all costs in the event of an accident.

Visit your health professional at least 4 to 6 weeks before your trip to check whether you need any vaccinations or other preventive measures.

Check the latest country-specific information and advice from the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) on the TravelHealthPro website or from NHS (Scotland) on the fitfortravel website. Useful information and advice about healthcare abroad is also available on the NHS Choices website.

If you're visiting Germany you should get a free European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) before leaving the UK. The EHIC isn't a substitute for medical and travel insurance, but it entitles you to state provided medical treatment that may become necessary during your trip. Any treatment provided is on the same terms as German nationals. If you don't have your EHIC with you or you've lost it, you can call the Department of Health Overseas Healthcare Team (+44 191 218 1999) to get a Provisional Replacement Certificate. The EHIC won't cover medical repatriation, ongoing medical treatment or non-urgent treatment, so you should make sure you have adequate travel insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment and repatriation.

If you need emergency medical assistance during your trip, dial 112 and ask for an ambulance. If you are referred to a medical facility for treatment you should contact your insurance/medical assistance company immediately.

The currency of Germany is the Euro.

Since 15 June 2007, new legislation on the controls of cash entering or leaving the EU apply in all Member States. Any person entering or leaving the EU will have to declare the cash that they are carrying if this amounts to 10,000 Euros or more; this includes cheques, travellers' cheques, money orders, etc. This will not apply to anyone travelling via the EU to a non-EU country, as long as the original journey started outside of the EU, nor to those travelling within the EU.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission. If you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad, contact the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in London on 020 7008 1500 (24 hours).

Foreign travel checklist

Read our foreign travel checklist to help you plan for your trip abroad and stay safe while you're there.

Travel safety

The FCO travel advice helps you make your own decisions about foreign travel. Your safety is our main concern, but we can't provide tailored advice for individual trips. If you're concerned about whether or not it's safe for you to travel, you should read the travel advice for the country or territory you're travelling to, together with information from other sources you've identified, before making your own decision on whether to travel. Only you can decide whether it's safe for you to travel.

When we judge the level of risk to British nationals in a particular place has become unacceptably high, we'll state on the travel advice page for that country or territory that we advise against all or all but essential travel. Read more about how the FCO assesses and categorises risk in foreign travel advice.

Our crisis overseas page suggests additional things you can do before and during foreign travel to help you stay safe.

Refunds and cancellations

If you wish to cancel or change a holiday that you've booked, you should contact your travel company. The question of refunds and cancellations is a matter for you and your travel company. Travel companies make their own decisions about whether or not to offer customers a refund. Many of them use our travel advice to help them reach these decisions, but we do not instruct travel companies on when they can or can't offer a refund to their customers.

For more information about your rights if you wish to cancel a holiday, visit the Citizen's Advice Bureau website. For help resolving problems with a flight booking, visit the website of the Civil Aviation Authority. For questions about travel insurance, contact your insurance provider and if you're not happy with their response, you can complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

Registering your travel details with us

We're no longer asking people to register with us before travel. Our foreign travel checklist and crisis overseas page suggest things you can do before and during foreign travel to plan your trip and stay safe.

Previous versions of FCO travel advice

If you're looking for a previous version of the FCO travel advice, visit the National Archives website. If you can't find the page you're looking for there, send us a request.

Further help

If you're a British national and you have a question about travelling abroad that isn't covered in our foreign travel advice or elsewhere on GOV.UK, you can submit an enquiry. We're not able to provide tailored advice for specific trips.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Misunderstood by many, Germany is one of the most varied and charming countries on the continent. Anyone expecting a homogenous nation conforming to old Teutonic stereotypes is in for a shock. As a destination, it offers a clutch of truly lovely cities, culture served up in hefty portions and rural scenery so pretty you'll wonder why it isn't on every tourist hit list.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Germany, a country full of diversity with a rich cultural history, produced renowned artists, from Goethe to Beethoven. Residents of this European nation celebrate Oktoberfest, carnival season and crowd festivals celebrating classical to rock music. Nature lovers can explore the distinct landscapes of the Alps in the southern region and the North Sea and Baltic coasts in the north. Urban tourists flock to the capital city of Berlin, the largest city in Germany, to study its turbulent history and bask in its beautiful parks.

Preparing for a Trip to Germany

United States citizens planning to visit Germany must have a passport that is valid for at least six months beyond the arrival date. Visitors who are staying in the country for more than 90 days must obtain a visa before they visit. Germany is a member of the Schengen area, a group of 26 European nations that abolished border controls. This agreement provides unrestricted access among the countries, allowing travelers to enter any of the 26 countries without going through another customs check.

Visitors from the U.S. are not required to get vaccinations for entry into Germany. However, visitors who will be spending a lot of time outdoors, especially in the Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria areas between spring and autumn, should take precautions against ticks. Along with appropriate clothing that covers as much of the skin as possible, a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine is highly recommended.

Germany's Climate

The weather in Germany is mild with moderate variations based on location and season. Most of Germany sees temperatures ranging from the mid-30s in the winter to the mid-70s in the summer; annual rainfall averages 20 to 30 inches. Northwestern and coastal regions have warm summers and cloudy winters, while central locations have a greater seasonal variation in weather, with warmer summers and colder winters. Higher elevations, such as those found in the Alps, have a cooler and wetter climate.

What to Pack for a German Vacation

Consider both season and location when packing. Fall and winter bring heavy rain to many regions, so pack a raincoat and umbrella if you're visiting Germany during these seasons. Pack clothes you can layer, including a sweater, for any time of the year; temperatures may shift throughout the day.

Traveling to Germany

Germany's major airports are in Frankfurt, Munich and Düsseldorf, with flights arriving from all over the world. Most direct flights from North America arrive in Frankfurt in west-central Germany. Travelers can also fly into Berlin, Hamburg and a number of smaller airports around the country. Once in Germany, visitors can easily travel through the country on the Deutsche Bahn's (Germany's railway system) extensive network of stations. Rent a car and travel the country on the autobahn or choose a more leisurely drive through the countryside on one of over 150 scenic routes. Thanks to reciprocal recognition of driver's licenses between the two countries, American drivers need only a valid U.S. driver's license to rent a car in Germany.

Accommodations in Germany

Popular American and international hotel chains have properties throughout Germany. Germans take great pride in having clean accommodations for their guests, so hostels and vacation apartment rentals are also ideal options. Hostels in Germany offer more creature comforts than they once did, with private rooms now available in many of them. Visitors staying in Germany for an extended period or those who want the comforts of home have their choice of short-term rental properties to choose from. Nature lovers can sleep under the stars in one of over 2,000 campsites throughout Germany.

About the Author

Katerina Fuller is a native of Washington, DC, a world traveler and creative chronicler of relatable travel guidance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Things to Know When Traveling to Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Germany, a country full of diversity with a rich cultural history, produced renowned artists, from Goethe to Beethoven. Residents of this European nation celebrate Oktoberfest, carnival season and crowd festivals celebrating classical to rock music. Nature lovers can explore the distinct landscapes of the Alps in the southern region and the North Sea and Baltic coasts in the north.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please check the URL for proper spelling and capitalization. If you're having trouble locating a destination on Yahoo!, try visiting the Yahoo! home page or look through a list of Yahoo!'s online services . Also, you may find what you're looking for if you try searching below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About Italy

Travelling around Italy remains one of those rare experiences in life - like a perfect spring day or the power of first love - that can never be overrated. In few places do history, art, fashion, food and la dolce vita ("the good life") intermingle so effortlessly. In Italy you'll find sunny isles, glacial lakes and fiery volcanoes, rolling vineyards and urban landscapes harbouring more UNESCO World Heritage sites than any other country on Earth. Few places offer such variety and few visitors leave without a fervent desire to return.

The artistic and architectural treasures of Rome, Venice, Florence and Naples draw visitors to them like moths to a flame. Not content with Romans conquering most of the known world, the Venetians dispatched Marco Polo to uncharted lands off the map, while Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Brunelleschi and Michelangelo kick-started the Renaissance in Western art and architecture.

Look around at all the splendid palaces, paintings, churches and monuments and wonder at the centuries of hard graft and the unswerving devotion to traditional techniques. Like the local art, wine is also designed to elevate your spirits. From the neatly-banded stone terraces of the Cinque Terre, which snake from sea level to terrifying precipices, to the blousy hillsides of Chianti, the riverine plain of the Po valley and the volcanic slopes of Etna, Italian wines are lovingly made to complement the carefully-sourced regional cuisine on your plate.

Much like its food, this country is an endless feast of experiences. No matter how much you gorge yourself, you'll always feel as though you're still on the first course. Do you go skiing in the Dolomites, or cycling in wine country? Do you dive the sun-split waters of Sardinia, climb Aeolian volcanoes or stalk market stalls in Naples? The choice is dazzling and bewildering. So take the advice of the locals. Slow down, sit back, tuck in that napkin and get ready to begin.

Travel Advice

Last updated: 30 April 2018
The travel advice summary below is provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK. 'We' refers to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For their full travel advice, visit www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice.

Foreign travel advice

Liverpool FC take on AS Roma in the second leg of their UEFA Champions League semi-final in Rome on Wednesday 2 May 2018. Check our information and advice page if you're travelling to Rome for the match.

If you're visiting a ski resort you should take advice on weather and avalanche conditions before you travel and familiarise yourself with local skiing laws and regulations. For more information about the avalanche risk, visit the European Avalanche Warning Service website.

Fires remain a risk throughout the summer. Forest fires are highly dangerous and unpredictable; check with local authorities if you're considering travelling to affected areas. Take care when visiting or driving through woodland areas and report fires to the emergency services. You can also visit the website of the Civil Protection Department.

If you need to contact the emergency services, call 112 (police), 118 (ambulance) or 115 (fire).

For severe weather warnings, visit the European Meteorological Services website

Several strong earthquakes were felt in central Italy in 2016, 2017 and 2018. For more about what to do before, during, and after an earthquake visit the Italian Civil Protection website.

Demonstrations may occur with little or no warning in cities. You should avoid any protests, political gatherings, or marches.

Approximately 3 million British nationals visit Italy every year. Most visits are trouble-free.

Terrorists are likely to try to carry out attacks in Italy. You should remain vigilant and follow the advice of local authorities.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission.

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating overseas on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Crime

Crime levels are generally low but there are higher levels of petty crime (particularly bag snatching and pick-pocketing) in the big city centres, such as Rome. Be aware that thieves can use a variety of methods to distract you.

Take care on public transport and in crowded areas in city centres, particularly in and around Termini station in Rome and at other main stations.

Be particularly vigilant on trains to and from the main airports in Italy (especially Fiumicino airport) and when unloading your baggage from trains and coaches.

Use a hotel safe for valuables where possible.

Alcohol and drugs can make you less alert, less in control and less aware of your environment. If you are going to drink, know your limit. Drinks served in bars overseas are often stronger than those in the UK. Don't leave food or drinks unattended at any time. Victims of spiked drinks have been robbed and sometimes assaulted.

Those in hire cars can sometimes be targeted by thieves, and robberies from cars have been reported particularly in and around Rome, Milan and Pisa and on the road from Catania airport as well as at motorway service stations. Always lock your vehicle, never leave valuables on show and avoid leaving luggage in cars for any length of time.

Make sure Euro notes received from any source other than banks or legitimate Bureaux de Change are genuine.

Local travel

Only use officially licensed taxis. These will have a taxi sign on the roof. Make sure the meter in the taxi has been reset before you set off.

Tickets on public transport must be endorsed in a ticket machine before you start a journey. The machines are usually positioned at the entrance to platforms in railway stations, in the entrance hall to metro stations and on board some buses and trams. Officials patrol public transport and will issue an on the spot fine of Euros 100 to 500 (reduced to Euros 50 if paid immediately) if you don't hold an endorsed ticket. Tickets can be purchased from shops displaying the 'T' sign, and are usually bars or tobacconists.

Pedestrians should take care at Zebra crossings. Vehicles don't always stop, even though they are required to under the Italian Traffic Code.

Industrial action

Transport strikes are often called at short notice. For more information visit the Ministry of Transport website (in Italian).

Road travel

You can drive in Italy with a UK driving licence, insurance and vehicle documents. If you are driving a vehicle that does not belong to you then written permission from the registered owner may be required. On-the-spot fines can be issued for minor traffic offences.

In 2016 there were 3,270 road deaths in Italy ( source: Department for Transport). This equates to 5.4 road deaths per 100,000 of population and compares to the UK average of 2.8 road deaths per 100,000 in 2016.

Private and hire cars are not allowed to enter the historic centre of many Italian cities without an official pass. If your hotel is in the centre of one of these cities, you can buy a pass from most car hire companies. The boundaries of historic centres are usually marked with the letters ZTL in black on a yellow background. Don't pass this sign as your registration number is likely to be caught on camera and you will be fined.

There is a congestion charge for Milan city centre. For further information see the Milan Municipality website.

To reduce pollution, the city authorities in Rome sometimes introduce traffic restrictions on specific days whereby vehicles with odd or even number plates are not allowed on the roads in the 'fascia verde' area (covering most of Rome). For further information, including exceptions, see the Rome Municipality website.

See the European Commission, AA, RAC and Italian Police guides on driving in Italy.

Road hauliers

Trucks over 7.5 tonnes (75 quintali) are not allowed on Italian roads (including motorways) on Sundays from 7:00 am until midnight, local time. These restrictions don't apply to trucks that have already been granted an exception (eg those carrying perishable goods and petrol supplies).

Winter sports

If you are planning a skiing holiday, you should contact the Italian State Tourist Board for advice on safety and weather conditions before you travel. Address: 1 Princes Street, London W1R 9AY. Telephone: 020 7355 1557 or 1439.

Off-piste skiing is highly dangerous. You should follow all safety instructions meticulously given the dangers of avalanches in some areas. Italy has introduced a law forcing skiers and snowboarders to carry tracking equipment if they go off-piste. The law also obliges under-14s to wear a helmet. There are plans for snowboarders to be banned from certain slopes.

Read more about how to stay safe on the slopes.

Terrorists are likely to try to carry out attacks in Italy. Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places frequented by foreigners.

There are isolated cases of domestic terrorism. Attacks carried out by the extreme left-wing and secessionist groups have generally been aimed at official Italian targets, mainly in the form of small bombs and incendiary devices. The Italian authorities have made a number of arrests of individuals with links to Daesh and other extremist groups.

There is a heightened threat of terrorist attack globally against UK interests and British nationals, from groups or individuals motivated by the conflict in Iraq and Syria. You should be vigilant at this time.

Find out more about the global threat from terrorism, how to minimise your risk and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack.

By law you must be able to show some form of identification at all times. In most cases a photocopy of the data page of your passport should suffice, but you may be asked to accompany the police to collect the original document, or to produce it within 12 hours. The police will normally ask for your full passport if you are stopped while driving.

In the Rome area, restaurants must display a menu outside the restaurant, only charge for bread if the customer specifically requests it, inform the customer of the prices being charged before he/she orders, give a proper receipt and not make any cover charge (coperto).

In some Italian towns and cities you may be fined for dropping litter and in some towns or cities it's an offense to sit on monument steps or to eat and drink in the immediate vicinity of main churches, historic monuments and public buildings. It's also an offence to enter or bathe in public fountains.

Illegal traders operate on the streets of all major Italian cities, particularly tourist cities like Florence, Venice and Rome. Don't buy from illegal street traders. You could be stopped by the local police and fined.

Many major cities in Italy now impose a small tax on tourists. The tax is levied by hotels and is usually not included in any pre-paid arrangements or package deal. The rate of tax varies from city to city, and can depend on the star rating of the hotel. Hotels often ask for payment of this tax in cash. Make sure you get a receipt. For more information check with the local tourist information office.

The information on this page covers the most common types of travel and reflects the UK government's understanding of the rules currently in place. Unless otherwise stated, this information is for travellers using a full 'British Citizen' passport.

The authorities in the country or territory you're travelling to are responsible for setting and enforcing the rules for entry. If you're unclear about any aspect of the entry requirements, or you need further reassurance, you'll need to contact the embassy, high commission or consulate of the country or territory you're travelling to.

You should also consider checking with your transport provider or travel company to make sure your passport and other travel documents meet their requirements.

Visa

British nationals don't need a visa to enter Italy. For more information about entry requirements, contact the Italian Embassy.

Passport validity

Your passport should be valid for the proposed duration of your stay; you do not need any additional period of validity on your passport beyond this.

UK Emergency Travel Documents

UK Emergency Travel Documents are accepted for entry, airside transit and exit from Italy.

Visit your health professional at least 4 to 6 weeks before your trip to check whether you need any vaccinations or other preventive measures. Country specific information and advice is published by the National Travel Health Network and Centre on the TravelHealthPro website and by NHS (Scotland) on the fitfortravel website. Useful information and advice about healthcare abroad is also available on the NHS Choices website.

If you're visiting Italy you should get a free European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) before leaving the UK. The EHIC isn't a substitute for medical and travel insurance, but it entitles you to state provided medical treatment that may become necessary during your trip. Any treatment provided is on the same terms as Italian nationals. If you don't have your EHIC with you or you've lost it, you can call the Department of Health Overseas Healthcare Team (+44 191 218 1999) to get a Provisional Replacement Certificate. The EHIC won't cover medical repatriation, ongoing medical treatment or non-urgent treatment, so you should make sure you have adequate travel insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment and repatriation.

If you need emergency medical assistance during your trip, dial 118 and ask for an ambulance. If you are referred to a medical facility for treatment you should contact your insurance/medical assistance company immediately.

Earthquakes

Many parts of Italy lie on a major seismic fault line. Minor tremors and earthquakes are a regular occurrence. To learn more about what to do before, during, and after an earthquake visit the Protezione Civile website.

The currency of Italy is the Euro.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission. If you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad, contact the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in London on 020 7008 1500 (24 hours).

Foreign travel checklist

Read our foreign travel checklist to help you plan for your trip abroad and stay safe while you're there.

Travel safety

The FCO travel advice helps you make your own decisions about foreign travel. Your safety is our main concern, but we can't provide tailored advice for individual trips. If you're concerned about whether or not it's safe for you to travel, you should read the travel advice for the country or territory you're travelling to, together with information from other sources you've identified, before making your own decision on whether to travel. Only you can decide whether it's safe for you to travel.

When we judge the level of risk to British nationals in a particular place has become unacceptably high, we'll state on the travel advice page for that country or territory that we advise against all or all but essential travel. Read more about how the FCO assesses and categorises risk in foreign travel advice.

Our crisis overseas page suggests additional things you can do before and during foreign travel to help you stay safe.

Refunds and cancellations

If you wish to cancel or change a holiday that you've booked, you should contact your travel company. The question of refunds and cancellations is a matter for you and your travel company. Travel companies make their own decisions about whether or not to offer customers a refund. Many of them use our travel advice to help them reach these decisions, but we do not instruct travel companies on when they can or can't offer a refund to their customers.

For more information about your rights if you wish to cancel a holiday, visit the Citizen's Advice Bureau website. For help resolving problems with a flight booking, visit the website of the Civil Aviation Authority. For questions about travel insurance, contact your insurance provider and if you're not happy with their response, you can complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

Registering your travel details with us

We're no longer asking people to register with us before travel. Our foreign travel checklist and crisis overseas page suggest things you can do before and during foreign travel to plan your trip and stay safe.

Previous versions of FCO travel advice

If you're looking for a previous version of the FCO travel advice, visit the National Archives website. If you can't find the page you're looking for there, send us a request.

Further help

If you're a British national and you have a question about travelling abroad that isn't covered in our foreign travel advice or elsewhere on GOV.UK, you can submit an enquiry. We're not able to provide tailored advice for specific trips.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Travelling around Italy remains one of those rare experiences in life - like a perfect spring day or the power of first love - that can never be overrated. In few places do history, art, fashion, food and la dolce vita ("the good life") intermingle so effortlessly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Italy is the kind of destination that travelers return to over and over. They come for awe-inspiring art and architecture that influenced Western civilization, and stunning historical ruins-as well as for some of the world's best food and wine. Also beckoning irresistibly are Italy's sun-kissed olive groves and vineyards, the sparkling waters of Lake Como and the Mediterranean, and atmospheric monasteries, castles, and farmhouses. And if you seek vibrant cities with renowned museums, restaurants, and shopping opportunities, Rome, Florence, and Milan await.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Italy Travel Guide - Expert Picks for your Italy Vacation | Fodor's

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Italy is the kind of destination that travelers return to over and over. They come for awe-inspiring art and architecture that influenced Western civilization, and stunning historical ruins-as well as for some of the world's best food and wine.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United Kingdom 2018: Best of United Kingdom Tourism - TripAdvisor

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
United Kingdom Tourism: TripAdvisor has 36,882,743 reviews of United Kingdom Hotels, Attractions, and Restaurants making it your best United Kingdom resource.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About United Kingdom

Few places cram in as much scenery, history and culture as the United Kingdom. It's a busy, eccentric and unique destination; a land of daft humour, tea-and-cake clichés and a thousand and one different personalities; a land where thrusting cities like London, Glasgow and Manchester share map space with the peaks of Snowdonia and the colossal slopes of the Highlands.

Four component nations make up the UK, and the end result is as many-layered as that fact would suggest. Its arts scene continues to be one of the most creative and successful in the world, its passions still run high on everything from politics to sport and its overall character is as modern as it is multicultural. Even the food's good these days.

London remains the natural focal point. Its skyline, mixing medieval turrets with soaring steel, is a good marker for the place as a whole. From its markets to its museums, its pubs to its palaces, it's a bona fide world city packed with diversity. But you don't have to look far to find other great urban centres - England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are all home to richly engaging cities full of heritage, music and nightlife. Some, like Bath and Edinburgh, offer postcard-perfect medieval skylines. Others, like Belfast and Liverpool, are handsome in places but just as notable for their indelible personalities.

As a country, of course, the UK's urban centres are just one part of its allure. Britain is often extremely beautiful. Seaside towns, national parks and honey-stoned villages still fill the guidebooks, and the scenic pull of areas like the Cornish coast, Giant's Causeway and the Lake District is as strong as it's ever been. Once you factor in the endless cultural associations that Britain throws up - from Henry VIII to Hogwarts, The Beatles to Braveheart, male voice choirs to Monty Python - it stands as a country very much its own.

Travel Advice

Most visits to the UK are trouble-free but you should be aware of the global risk of indiscriminate international terrorist attacks, which could be against civilian targets, including places frequented by foreigners.
This advice is correct at time of publishing. As the situation can change rapidly, visitors are advised to contact the following organisations for the latest travel advice:

US Department of State
Website: http://travel.state.gov/travel

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in your home country.

Baggage Rules

Inbound flights to the UK from Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia are subject to additional hand luggage restrictions, imposed from 7am on Saturday 25 March 2017. All phones, tablets or laptops are banned from carry-on luggage and must be placed in hold luggage if they are larger than:

● 16cm in length.
● 9.3cm in width .
● 1.5cm in depth (thickness).

The UK Foreign Office advises travellers contact their airline before travelling to find out if they will allow specific electronic devices or electrical items on the flight.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Few places cram in as much scenery, history and culture as the United Kingdom. It's a busy, eccentric and unique destination; a land of daft humour, tea-and-cake clichés and a thousand and one different personalities; a land where thrusting cities like London, Glasgow and Manchester share map space with the peaks of Snowdonia and the colossal slopes of the Highlands.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Planning a holiday to the UK? Discover everything you need to know about visiting England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland with the official guide.

# data[].attributes.headline
5 Things to know before visiting England

# data[].attributes.subject
5 Things to know before visiting England

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
London was one of the first international destinations I visited as a young Loper. My first visit actually marked the beginning of a five week backpacking trip around England and Scotland after I graduated from college. I've been back a couple of times since, but there are some things I really wish I knew before that first trip.

1. Everything takes longer than expected - London is a very modern, fast paced city. Unlike some other European capitals that seem more tourist centric, London is a vital international hub for business, finance and entertainment. That means the casual traveler must somehow weave themselves into the fabric of humanity when trying to get around town. Out of courtesy, I usually try to avoid the Tube during rush hours. Not only does this make life easier for the commuters headed to work, but it's less stressful for me as I try to navigate an unfamiliar metro system. Throughout the day though, you should allocate plenty of time to get around town. Taxis get stuck in traffic and the subway may be overcrowded or experiencing repair at various times. London is not enjoyable if you're rushing around, so take it slow and be realistic about your schedule.

2. The English are serious about breakfast - Historically, British cuisine has received a fairly bad reputation, somewhat deserved and somewhat not. Personally, I love simple, home style food, so I've always enjoyed English food, but for the uninitiated it can be a bit heavy, particularly at breakfast. Walking by a restaurant and seeing a sign for a full English breakfast can seem alluring, but the visitor should know what they're getting into before sitting down. There are variations, but generally it includes two eggs, streaky bacon, toast, baked beans and a grilled tomato. In the north I have seen black and white pudding added to this feast. It's a great breakfast, but I almost always want to go back to bed after the morning repast. Even though a large breakfast may not appeal to all travelers, it is an experience everyone should try at least once.

3. Spend a full day at the British Museum - For as much as I love history and archeological museums, I sometimes give them short shrift. Especially in London, there is just so much to do that it is hard as a tourist to devote an entire a full day to any activity, but the British Museum is certainly deserving of this honor. Without hyperbole, the British Museum is one of the most impressive collections of STUFF in the world. My beloved Smithsonians are of course more comprehensive, but the British Museum can certainly hold its own. The museum draws heavily on items 'liberated' from all corners of the world during the height of the British Empire and features some amazing pieces. My favorite displays are the Rosetta Stone, the Lindow Man and the Elgin Marbles which once graced the Parthenon in Athens.

4. Leaving London is permitted - London is great and can easily fill anyone's travel schedule for a week or two, but there are many great experiences that are an easy day trip from London. Two of my favorite day trips are to Cambridge and Bath. Home to one of the oldest and most well respected universities in the world, Cambridge is very much a college town, but not in the tacky sense. The best activities are to simply walk around the grounds of the various colleges (mind the lawns) and to try your hand at punting down the River Cam. Bath is a unique place, one part Roman excavation and one part Victorian fuss, it frankly fits the image of what everyone conceives England to be like. Two of my favorite activities are to tour the mostly intact Roman baths and to take a stroll down Pulteney Bridge, one of the few bridges in the world to feature stores on the bridge itself.

5. It's not cheap - There's been a lot written lately about how expensive London, and indeed the entire U.K., tends to be, but this is hardly a new phenomenon. I remember my first trip there in 1998 and how shocked I was at the high cost of everything. The prices all looked appropriate had I been in the United States, but I had to keep reminding myself that the pound was 1 ½ - 2 times the US dollar. That means everything, from buying a soda to booking a hotel room is an expensive undertaking. That's not to say there aren't deals to be had, there certainly are, but visitors should be forewarned that visiting London is not necessarily a top budget travel experience.
What are your tips for the first-time visitor to London?
Add to Flipboard Magazine.

Subscribe and get my free ebook!

Subscribe to the LandLopers newsletter and get a free copy of my new book, "My Favorite 50 Travel Photos."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Five Things I Wish I Knew Before Visiting London

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
London was one of the first international destinations I visited as a young Loper. My first visit actually marked the beginning of a five week backpacking trip around England and Scotland after I graduated from college. I've been back a couple of times since, but there are some things I really wish I knew before that first trip.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Is it a faux pas to order orange juice in an English pub? Is calmly waiting in line a sign of moral fortitude? Know before you go! To learn more about customs and etiquette in England, read on.

Customs

In general, British and American rules of etiquette are much the same. Differences are subtle. British people find American and Canadian bluntness somewhat startling from time to time, but are charmed by their friendliness.

British people tend to take politeness extremely seriously. They say "thank you" at every stage of a financial transaction, but are less likely to offer a "God bless you" should a stranger sneeze.

The famous British stiff upper lip is more relaxed these days, but on social occasions the best option is to observe what the others do, and then go with the flow. If you're visiting a family home, a gift of flowers is welcome, as is a bottle of wine, or maybe some candy for the children-but not all three.

Greetings

British people will shake hands on greeting old friends or acquaintances; female friends may greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. In Britain, you can never say please, thank you, or sorry too often; to thank your host, a phone call or thank-you card does nicely.

Sightseeing

As in the United States, in public places it is considered polite to give up your seat to an elderly person, to a pregnant woman, or a burdened parent struggling with young children and bags.

Sometimes if only a woman is standing, men will offer her their seats. Jaywalking is not illegal in England and everybody does it.

British people take waiting in line (called "queuing") incredibly seriously. They highly value patience, and will turn on "queue jumpers" who try to cut in line with some ferocity. Complaining while waiting in line is considered wimpy. Enduring the wait with good humor is considered a sign of strong moral character.

The single thing you can do that will most mark you as a tourist-and an impolite one-is failing to observe the written and spoken rule that, on virtually all escalators but especially those in tube stations, you stand on the right side of the escalator and leave room for people to walk past you on the left. Commuters are far too impatient to wait for the escalator to make its way to the top or the bottom, and they need to be able to rush by you. If you're in their way, they'll never forgive you.

Out on the Town

Etiquette in restaurants is much the same as in any major U.S. city. In restaurants you hail a waiter by saying "Excuse me..." as one passes by, or by trying to catch their eye by politely signaling with subtle hand signals. It is common to have drinks before dinner, and wine with dinner.

Tipping is done in Britain just as in the U.S., but at a lower level than you would back home. Tipping more can look like you're showing off. Do not tip movie or theater ushers, elevator operators, or bar staff in pubs-although you can always offer to buy them a drink. There's no need to tip at clubs (it's acceptable at posher establishments, though) unless you're being served at your table.

You're generally expected to dress "casually smart" for the theater (suits or nice jackets for men, skirts or nice slacks for women), and those going to nightclubs will dress just the same here as they would in New York or Chicago-the flashier the better. Pubs are very casual places, however, and jeans and tennis shoes are perfectly acceptable there.

Pubs

Note that most pubs do not have any waitstaff and that you are expected to go to the bar, order a beverage and your meal, and inform them of your table number. Also, in cities many pubs do not serve food after 3 pm , so they're usually a better lunch option than dinner.

A common misconception among visitors to England is that pubs are bars. Pubs are also gathering places, conversation zones, even restaurants. In many pubs alcohol is almost an afterthought. Pubs are, generally speaking, where people go to meet their friends and catch up on one another's lives. In small towns pubs act almost as town halls.

It is not uncommon for some people to order soft drinks, tea, or coffee, rather than beer. Even if you don't drink alcohol, go to a pub and have an orange juice or a soda, relax, and meet the locals.

Traditionally pub hours are 11-11, with last orders called about 20 minutes before closing time, but pubs can choose to stay open until midnight or 1 am , or later.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Customs and Etiquette in England: 15 Things Every Visitor Should Know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Is it a faux pas to order orange juice in an English pub? Is calmly waiting in line a sign of moral fortitude? Know before you go! To learn more about customs and etiquette in England, read on. In general, British and American rules of etiquette are much the same.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A little knowledge goes a long way, especially when it comes to traveling around Russia. A few simple measures can make the difference between an exercise in frustration and a tranquil trip. By keeping the following advice in mind, you can avoid some common pitfalls and ensure that your journey is as smooth as possible.

Get Your Visas Well in Advance

American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and European Union citizens all need visas to visit Russia. A recent US-Russia agreement has seen the visa application procedure for US citizens somewhat eased. The main benefit to come out of the new arrangements is that Americans can now receive 3-year tourist visas rather than the previous maximum of 1 month, although individual visits are limited to 6 months. Despite the fact that the need for official invitations has been dropped, a travel voucher or hotel confirmation letter is still required. Other possible requirements include bank or income statements, a travel insurance policy and other such documents. The exact application procedure can vary depending upon the Russian consulate at which the application is made.

Given the relative complexity of applying, using the services of a visa or travel agency is highly recommended. When you finally have the visa in hand, make sure you check such details as its beginning and ending dates (note that Russians write the day prior to the month, e.g. 31.12.2013 for December 31, 2013), the spelling of your name and your sex. Russian border guards don't look kindly upon people showing up with an unintended sex change.

Look After Your Migration Card

Upon entering Russia, you'll be issued with a migration card - either already filled in if crossing at one of Moscow's major airports or otherwise blank, requiring it to be filled in (English is fine). The rather inconsequential-looking slip of paper is more important than you think. You will be need it to register at hotels and to leave the country - it's valuable, so don't lose it. Registration is Required Every foreign tourist is required to be registered in Russia within 7 working days of arriving. Normally, this is done automatically at any hotel where you stay, but if you're staying with friends or family, a trip to the local post office will be necessary in order to take care of this.

Take the Airport Express in Moscow

Do yourself a favor and use the convenient airport express train services that run from all of Moscow's airports. There are 2 flavors available - regular and business-class - and they speed you directly to one of the intercity train stations, which are located on the ring line of the metro (subway), allowing for easy transfers.

Avoid using the airport taxis if possible - they're expensive, and Moscow's traffic jams are legendary. There is still no express service in St. Petersburg, so it's either the bus or a taxi.

Take the metro to get around. Both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the subway system is the most convenient - and inexpensive - means of transportation. What's more, in Moscow the metro is a must-see tourist attraction in its own right, with stations that more resemble palaces than public transportation halls. One word of advice is to try to avoid using either metro system during peak hours (8 am-10 am and 5 pm-7 pm) when the crush can be somewhat overwhelming.

Use the Pedestrian Underpasses and be Careful on the Zebra Crossings

Just a few years ago, zebra crossing (aka crosswalks) were more of a suggested crossing point than a spot were cars were obliged to stop. Things have changed for the better, but nonetheless watch out for cars that fail to give way - there are still plenty of them around.

Fortunately there is help at hand in the form of pedestrian underpasses, which can be found at just about every major street corner and along most busy roads. Just keep an eye out for the blue sign depicting a stick figure walking down a flight of stairs.

Don't Drink the Tap Water in St. Petersburg

Avoid drinking the tap water in St. Petersburg - while the water leaving purification plants is fine, the aging water-pipe system can let the purified water become contaminated with dirty city ground water. People have become sick with the water-borne disease Giardia after drinking St. Petersburg's tap water in the past. In most places, water comes out of the taps in every color of the rainbow and with a decidedly "swampy" smell. Best to skip it in all but the most upmarket hotels where serious additional filters are installed.

Learn the Alphabet

If you're coming for more than a couple of days, do yourself a favor and get acquainted with the Russian alphabet. It's really not that hard. Besides being practical, it's fun to sound out the names of dishes on menus - you'll be surprised at how many you recognize.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A little knowledge goes a long way, especially when it comes to traveling around Russia. A few simple measures can make the difference between an exercise in frustration and a tranquil trip. By keeping the following advice in mind, you can avoid some common pitfalls and ensure that your journey is as smooth as possible.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sometimes, knowing what NOT to do is even more important if you want to fit in or at least produce a good impression. Read on to find out about ten Russian social taboos.

Don't come to visit empty-handed

If you're invited over for dinner, or just for a visit, don't come to a Russian house with nothing. What you bring doesn't really matter - a box of chocolates, flowers, or a small toy for a child. Russian hosts prepare for company by cooking their best dishes and buying delicacies that they normally wouldn't for themselves. If, after all this effort, a guest shows up without even a flower, Russians believe he doesn't care.

Don't leave your shoes on in someone's home

Russian apartments are covered in rugs. Often, they're expensive Persian rugs with intricate designs, which aren't cleaned as easily as traditional American carpeting. Besides, Russians walk a lot through dusty streets, instead of just stepping from the car directly into the home. For these reasons, and also because this tradition has gone on for centuries, Russians take off their street shoes when they enter private residencies. The host usually offers a pair of tapochki (tah-puhch-kee; slippers); if you go to a party, women usually bring a pair of nice shoes to wear inside. And again, if you fail to take your shoes off, nobody will say anything. But sneak a peek: Are you the only person wearing your snow-covered boots at the dinner table?

Don't joke about the parents

Russians aren't politically correct. Go ahead and tell an anyekdot (uh-neek-doht; joke) based on ethnicity, appearance, or gender stereotypes; just steer clear of jokes about somebody's mother or father. You won't be understood.

Don't toast with "Na Zdorov'ye!"

People who don't speak Russian usually think that they know one Russian phrase: a toast, Na Zdorov'ye! Little do they know that Na Zdorov'ye! (nuh zdah-rohv'-ee; for health) is what Russians say when somebody thanks them for a meal. In Polish, indeed, Na Zdorov'ye! or something close to it, is a traditional toast. Russians, on the other hand, like to make up something long and complex, such as, Za druzhbu myezhdu narodami! (zah droozh-boo myezh-doo nuh-roh-duh-mee; To friendship between nations!) If you want a more generic Russian toast, go with Za Vas! (zuh vahs; To you!)

Don't take the last shirt

A Russian saying, otdat' poslyednyuyu rubashku (aht-daht' pahs-lyed-nyu-yu roo-bahsh-koo; to give away one's last shirt), makes the point that you have to be giving, no matter what the expense for yourself. In Russia, offering guests whatever they want is considered polite. Those wants don't just include food or accommodations; old-school Russians offer you whatever possessions you comment on, like a picture on the wall, a vase, or a sweater.

Now, being offered something doesn't necessarily mean you should take it. Russians aren't offering something because they want to get rid of it; they're offering because they want to do something nice for you. So, unless you feel that plundering their home is a good idea, don't just take things offered to you and leave. Refuse first, and do so a couple of times, because your hosts will insist. And only accept the gift if you really want this special something, but then return the favor and give your hosts something nice, as well.

Don't underdress

Russians dress up on more occasions than Americans do. Even to go for a casual walk, a Russian woman may wear high heels and a nice dress. A hardcore feminist may say women do this because they're victimized and oppressed. But Russian women themselves explain it this way, "We only live once; I want to look and feel my best."

On some occasions, all foreigners, regardless of gender, run the risk of being the most underdressed person in the room. These occasions include dinner parties and trips to the theater. Going to a restaurant is also considered a festive occasion, and you don't want to show up in your jeans and T-shirt, no matter how informal you think the restaurant may be. In any case, checking on the dress code before going out somewhere is a good idea.

Don't go dutch

Here's where Russians differ strikingly from Western Europeans. They don't go Dutch. So, if you ask a lady out, don't expect her to pay for herself, not at a restaurant or anywhere else. You can, of course, suggest that she pay, but that usually rules out the possibility of seeing her again. She may not even have money on her. Unless they expect to run into a maniac and have to escape through the back exit, Russian women wouldn't think of bringing money when going out with a man.

Don't let a woman carry something heavy

This rule may make politically correct people cringe, but Russians believe that a man is physically stronger than a woman. Therefore, they believe a man who watches a woman carry something heavy without helping her is impolite.

Don't overlook the elderly on public transportation

When Russians come to America and ride public transportation, they're very confused to see young people sitting when an elderly person is standing nearby. They don't understand that in America, an elderly person may be offended when offered a seat. In Russia, if you don't offer the elderly and pregnant women a seat on a bus, the entire bus looks at you as if you're a criminal. Women, even (or especially) young ones, are also offered seats on public transportation. But that's optional. Getting up and offering a seat to an elderly person, on the other hand, is a must.

Don't burp in public

Bodily functions are considered extremely impolite in public, even if the sound is especially long and expressive, and the author is proud of it.

Moreover, if the incident happens (we're all human), don't apologize. By apologizing, you acknowledge your authorship, and attract more attention to the fact. Meanwhile, Russians, terrified by what just happened, pretend they didn't notice, or silently blame it on the dog. Obviously, these people are in denial. But if you don't want to be remembered predominantly for this incident, steer clear of natural bodily functions in public.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ten Things Never to Say or Do in Russia - dummies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sometimes, knowing what NOT to do is even more important if you want to fit in or at least produce a good impression. Read on to find out about ten Russian social taboos. Don't come to visit empty-handed If you're invited over for dinner, or just for a visit, don't come to a Russian house ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When you're heading off around the world getting organised can be pretty daunting. We've come up with this travel checklist of handy hints to make your trip the best ever.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Step one: slow down. Take your time.

It's tempting, when you plan that big first trip to Europe, to try to do everything, to fit every single highlight into a whirlwind tour around perhaps the planet's most diverse continent. You want to eat pasta in Rome, and stand on top of the Eiffel Tower, and smoke a joint in Amsterdam, and party in Dubrovnik, and, and...

You can't do it all. Unless you've got years up your sleeve, you're going to have to do some culling. That's one of the keys to enjoying your first stint.

I got an email a few weeks ago from a guy who's about to set off on his first overseas adventure. His question - "Got any tips for a first-time visitor to Europe?" - sounded like a perfect topic. So here we go.

First, the culling. Europe is an incredibly diverse continent full of bucket-list, postcard locations, and you can't do them all. If you even attempt to do them all you'll spend more time on buses, trains and planes that you will actually seeing things.

So here's a tip: choose a top five, your must-dos for that first OS adventure. Maybe it's drinking in the Hofbrauhaus in Munich, or eating tapas in Barcelona, or visiting the Tate Modern in London. Whatever it is, mark those down and plan your trip around them. The between bits will start to fall into place.

Then you have to figure out how you're getting around. Gnarled old travel dudes like me will tell you to forget about tours and go independent, but that's not necessarily the case. Think about what's right for you. People might sneer at the drunken tour passengers, but the drunken tour passengers are having a ball.

Maybe start off with a short tour, a 10-dayer, to find your feet in Europe and meet some people. If you fancy the idea of an organised tour like a Contiki or a Topdeck, go for it. If you'd rather a bit more freedom, think about something like Busabout - your transfers and accommodation are organised, but you have far more spare time to explore.

Prefer to go independent? It's easy enough in Europe. Book hostels ahead using sites like HostelBookers and HostelWorld. Book train tickets online. Book budget flights well in advance. And remember that using intercity buses is often much cheaper than trains or planes.

Don't avoid the clichés. The Colosseum, the Eiffel Tower and Charles Bridge are all extremely popular with tourists for a reason: they're amazing. Don't feel you have to get off the beaten track just for the sake of it. If the big-ticket items appeal to you, then go and see them.

By the same token, don't do everything the guidebook tells you. It might say the Louvre is an absolute must-do on a trip to Paris, but maybe you'd have a better day searching for Blek le Rat pieces on alley walls.

Travel in the shoulder seasons. July, August and September are mental in Europe, when you'll be sharing every single experience with millions and millions of your closest friends. Accommodation will be booked out, or expensive. Trains will be full.

Think about going in autumn or spring. Or better yet, if you don't mind the cold, go in winter. You'll feel like you have the place to yourself.

Another thing to consider when you're timing your trip, however, is festivals. Europe does a mean festival, from Oktoberfest to San Fermin to La Tomatina to Biennale to Glastonbury to Exit to Tomorrowland. Get along to any one of those and your holiday just became a lot more memorable.

Be wary of scams. If an offer sounds too good to be true, it probably is. That hot Eastern European girl isn't necessarily talking to you because you're so charming. Those guys aren't befriending you because you seem like such a cool Aussie. Go with your instincts.

Try to get to at least one of Budapest, Krakow or Lisbon. They're all amazing, and underrated. (Although when planning this, take the "do what you want" paragraphs into account.)

Learn at least a tiny bit of the local language. Even if it's just asking, "Do you speak English?" This very small amount of effort will get you a long way.

Pack light. You don't need three pairs of jeans in a European summer. You don't need a big tub of laundry detergent. You don't need special "travel" clothes with extra zips bought from some rip-off store.

You do, however, need a towel. And at least one set of decent clothes to wear when you decide to go for that fancy dinner and don't want to look like a backpacker for a night.

Lash out on a few amazing experiences that are out of your price range. Budget travel will make your trip last longer but if you plan for one expensive dinner, or a night in a big hotel, or gondola ride in Venice, or high tea in London, or anything similar, you'll never forget it.

And on that note, my last tip is probably the most important: take lots of money. Lots of money. As much as you can possibly save. And then some more. Don't be the people drinking in the hostel lounge at night because they can't afford to go out. You didn't come all this way to not see the sights.

Take a few more months to save before you go. Be stingy at home so you can lash out when you're away.

And most of all: have fun.
What are your tips for people planning their first trip to Europe? Post your comments below. Are you yet to go to Europe? Post your questions too and let's see if our community of travellers can't answer them.
Email: b.groundwater@fairfaxmedia.com.au
Instagram: instagram.com/bengroundwater

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Europe for beginners: what you need to know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Step one: slow down. Take your time. It's tempting, when you plan that big first trip to Europe, to try to do everything, to fit every single highlight into a whirlwind tour around perhaps the planet's most diverse continent.

# data[].attributes.headline
Things to know when you travel to Europe

# data[].attributes.subject
Things to know when you travel to Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Travel Checklist for Europe | Before You Go | Rick Steves Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Quite a few things are worth arranging while you're still at home - lining up these details before you travel is a big part of having a smooth trip.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About Russia

Russia is at once breathtaking and baffling. Winston Churchill's much-quoted line that the world's largest nation represented "a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma" is as true today as it was back then.

Monumental in every respect, it's a land where burnished imperial splendour coexists with icy Siberian tundra, where timeworn Soviet-era monuments backdrop uber-hip urban cultures and where everything from the ruling party downwards functions in its own, impenetrably Russian, way.

The west of the country draws the most visitor attention, thanks to the presence of two extraordinary cities. St Petersburg and Moscow serve up sweeping postcard sights by the dozen. Moscow is the rapidly beating heart of the "New Russia," where Asia and Europe combine to create a boisterous, enigmatic metropolis on a grand scale. St Petersburg, meanwhile, with its living film-set of palaces, cathedrals and waterways, is the grandest and most European of Russia's cities, yet still retains a deeply complex character.

Exploration beyond these two main hubs, however, is well advised. The Golden Ring, a collection of ancient towns northeast of Moscow, still has plenty of period architecture and is easily accessed from the capital. By cruising along the mighty River Volga, meanwhile, it's possible to travel south towards the Caspian Sea and see the country beyond its increasingly westernised veneer. And those heading east, into Siberia, will find a land of varied, often sublime natural beauty. From Lake Baikal to the old imperial city of Irkutsk, and from the mountains of the Altai and the shamans of Tuva, Siberia has many secrets.

A combination of the above is drawing an increasing number of tourists to the Russian Federation - that it remains as obscure and mysterious as ever is all part of the charm. As the poet Fyodor Tyutchev once said: "Russia cannot be understood."

Travel Advice

Last updated: 30 April 2018
The travel advice summary below is provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the UK. 'We' refers to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. For their full travel advice, visit www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice.

Foreign travel advice

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advise against all travel to:

within 10km of the border with the Ukrainian Donetsk and Lugansk Oblasts

Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan and the districts of Budyonnovsky, Levokumsky, Neftekumsky, Stepnovsky and Kursky in Stavropol Krai

The FCO advise against all but essential travel to:

within 10km of the border with the Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast

North Ossetia, Karachai-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria (including the Elbrus area)

Due to heightened political tensions between the UK and Russia, you should be aware of the possibility of anti-British sentiment or harassment at this time. If you're currently in Russia or due to travel in the coming weeks, you're advised to remain vigilant, avoid any protests or demonstrations and avoid commenting publicly on political developments.

While the British Embassy in Moscow is not aware of any increased difficulties for British people travelling in Russia at this time, you should follow the security and political situation closely and keep up to date with this travel advice. You may wish to sign up for our email alerts to be notified of any updates.

The FCO has put together some top travel and safety tips to help fans travelling to Russia for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Russia.

The UK doesn't recognise Crimea as being part of Russia. See the Ukraine travel advice page for details.

Political rallies can occur in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other places across Russia. Check media for the latest information, be vigilant, and avoid any demonstrations.

You should be aware of the risk of street crime. See Crime

According to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, British nationals made around 150,000 visits to Russia in 2015. Most visits are trouble-free.

You can contact the emergency services by calling 112.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission.

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating overseas on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Crime

Most visits to Russia are trouble-free, but petty crime does happen in cities. Be alert to the possibility of mugging, pick pocketing and theft from vehicles or hotel rooms. Be wary of groups of women and children who beg.

The spiking of drinks does happen and can lead to robbery, violence and/or abuse. Unconscious victims are often left outside, which can be life threatening in the winter months. Buy your own drinks and keep sight of them at all times.

In St Petersburg there have been reports of street crime where tourists have been specifically targeted. These crimes are carried out by well organised gangs. Be aware of pickpockets in the main tourist areas and around the main railway concourses. Bogus police officers have harassed and robbed tourists. If you are stopped always insist on seeing identification.

Avoid openly carrying expensive items, or anything that might easily identify you as a tourist. Avoid walking about late at night alone. Incidents of violence in major cities are usually linked to criminal/business activities and are not usually directed against foreign visitors.

Look after your passport at all times, especially in major transport hubs and busy areas. Passports have been reported stolen or lost from British nationals when in the airports in Moscow. Be particularly vigilant when passing through the airports, particularly in the baggage collection area and outside the arrivals hall.

Race

Most visitors experience no difficulties but racially motivated attacks do occur. People of Asian or Afro-Caribbean descent may attract some unwanted attention in public places and should take care, particularly when travelling late at night. You should follow security precautions as you would in any other big city.

Scams

Take care if you are using a dating service. A number of British nationals have been the victims of fraud.

Be wary of sending money via untraceable transfer services. There have been instances where British nationals have lost money by sending money to an unknown recipient without checking they were genuine.

Local travel

The North Caucasus remains an unstable and potentially dangerous region. The Russian authorities take a particularly strict attitude towards security, as well as compliance with visa and registration rules. Short-term travel restrictions are sometimes applied in relation to ongoing security operations. These are publicised at very short notice, if at all. Cross-border traffic with Georgia and Azerbaijan is also subject to restrictions.

If you travel to these parts of Russia against FCO advice, you are taking a serious risk. The ability of the FCO and the British Embassy in Moscow to help in the case of an emergency would be severely limited due to the security situation.

Road travel

You can drive a car in Russia using your UK driving licence. If possible get a notarised Russian translation. If you need to get a Russian driving licence or exchange your foreign licence into a Russian one (eg for stays over 6 months) you must also submit a medical report confirming that you're fit to drive and free from certain medical conditions as specified by Decree N1097 of 24 October 2014 and categorised by the World Health Organisation. Medical report forms must be issued by a registered doctor in Russia.

In order to drive a vehicle into Russia you will need to provide the following documents:

car registration

valid insurance document

driving licence

passport

You will need to declare the vehicle with the customs authority at the port of entry. You can bring a vehicle into Russia without paying import taxes for a maximum period of 1 year.

Contact the Russian Embassy in London if you have more detailed questions about bringing a vehicle in to the country. The British Embassy is unable to offer help to those attempting to bring vehicles into Russia without the correct documentation.

Road conditions are often poor, especially outside the major cities. The standard speed limit for built-up areas is 60km/h (37mph), outside built-up areas 90km/h (55mph) and 100km/h (62mph) on motorways (Brest-Moscow). Visiting motorists who have held a driving licence for less than 2 years must not exceed 70km/h (43mph). It is common practice for traffic police to stop motorists for spot checks. There is a zero tolerance policy towards drink-driving.

Road safety is poor. According to statistics published by the Russian Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety there were over 198,000 road traffic accidents in Russia in 2014, causing over 26,000 deaths and over 250,000 injuries. You should be vigilant when driving, take account of weather conditions, and consider limiting or avoiding driving at night.

Official looking taxis can be unlicensed. Don't share a taxi with strangers or flag down what may appear to be an official taxi. Where possible ask your hotel to get a taxi for you, or ask for the telephone number of a reputable taxi company. You should agree the fare before getting into the taxi.

Rail travel

If you are travelling by overnight train in a sleeping compartment, store valuables in the container under the bed or seat. Don't leave your sleeping compartment unoccupied as some compartments only have a simple lock on the sliding door. On some trains there may be an additional security device, which can be attached to the fitted handle/lock unit. There may also be a steel switch at head-height on the door panel which, when pulled down, prevents the closed door from being slid open.

Don't agree to look after the luggage of a fellow traveller or allow it to be stored in your compartment.

Air travel

The volume and quantity of liquids, gels, aerosols, creams or pastes you can carry in your hand luggage when going through airport screening facilities throughout Russia is limited. For more information, please refer to the Federal Air Transport Agency website (in Russian), or consult your airline.

A list of recent incidents and accidents including the location, type of aircraft and operator can be found on the website of the Aviation Safety network.

The FCO can't offer advice on the safety of individual airlines. The International Air Transport Association publishes a list of registered airlines that have been audited and found to meet a number of operational safety standards and recommended practices. This list is not exhaustive and the absence of an airline from this list doesn't necessarily mean that it is unsafe.

Travel by helicopter is often used in more remote areas of Russia. In recent years there have been helicopter crashes with multiple fatalities. Be aware of the increased risk of travel by helicopter and satisfy yourself of your tour operator's safety record.

The most recent audit of Russia's civil aviation authority by the International Civil Aviation Organisation in 2015 found that the level of implementation of the critical elements of safety oversight Russia was above the global average.

Cruise ships

According to the Russian migration authorities around 65,700 British nationals visited St Petersburg in 2015 on sea cruise ships organised by foreign tour companies. Volga river cruises between St Petersburg and Moscow are also popular. Use recognised cruise operators with established safety records.

Political situation

Political rallies and demonstrations occur in large cities across Russia, usually with notice and permission from the authorities.

Check the local media for the latest information, be vigilant, and avoid any demonstrations.

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Russia. These have mainly been by Islamist and rebel groups in the North Caucasus, but attacks aren't limited to this region. Some previous attacks have seen large numbers of casualties.

A suicide attack on the St Petersburg metro on 3 April 2017 resulted in 15 deaths and many injuries.

In 2011, 37 people were killed at Domodedovo international airport in Moscow, including a British national; and in 2013, 3 suicide bombings targeted public transport in Volgograd.

Russian aviation has also been targeted. On 31 October 2015, a Russian flight from Sharm el Sheikh (Egypt) to St Petersburg crashed in North Sinai. Russian authorities stated the crash was caused by an explosive device on board the plane.

Although there's no indication that British nationals or interests have been specific targets, attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreigners. You should be vigilant in all public places, including major transport hubs, tourist sites and crowded areas - particularly where access isn't controlled (eg open-air events and markets). Previous attacks have targeted transport infrastructure.

In the North Caucasus, while the number of casualties from ongoing violence has reduced in recent years, there continue to be frequent attacks and skirmishes between rebel groups and Russian forces in the republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Attacks also take place elsewhere in the North Caucasus, and in other parts of Russia. The threat from terrorism could rise quickly in relation to any escalation of violence in the North Caucasus.

In 2015, Daesh announced the establishment of an affiliate in the North Caucasus. Many rebel leaders announced they had switched their allegiance to Daesh. Daesh North Caucasus has claimed responsibility for a number of small-scale attacks, mainly in Dagestan, targeting law enforcement personnel.

In 2016, the Russian authorities conducted several high profile raids against alleged Daesh-linked individuals in cities across Russia, including St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Moscow. In December 2016 they announced the leader of Daesh North Caucasus had been killed in a counter-terrorism operation in Dagestan.

Security services conduct frequent counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus republics, and elsewhere in Russia. These can be at short notice and involve restrictions on travel.

There's a heightened threat of terrorist attack globally against UK interests and British nationals, from groups or individuals motivated by the conflict in Iraq and Syria. You should be vigilant at this time.

Find out more about the global threat from terrorism, how to minimise your risk and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack.

Kidnaps

There is a history of kidnapping in the North Caucasus region and westerners have been particularly vulnerable. The long-standing policy of the British government is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers as paying ransoms and releasing prisoners increases the risk of hostage taking.

Don't become involved with drugs. You can expect a long sentence for possession of even small quantities of drugs, regardless of whether they are 'hard' or 'soft'

You must carry your original passport at all times. A copy will not be sufficient. If you can't produce your passport when asked, you will be fined.

Homosexuality is legal in Russia, but there is still intolerance among some sections of the population. Be careful about public displays of affection.

In June 2013 a law banning the promotion of 'non-traditional sexual relations' entered into force, but the definition and scope of prohibited activity is vague. Foreign nationals convicted under this law could face arrest and detention, fines and deportation. There have been reports that instances of harassment, threats, and acts of violence towards the LGBT community have increased following the introduction of the law. See our information and advice page for the LGBT community before you travel.

Photographing any military establishment or site of strategic importance (including airports) is banned. You are likely to be detained for questioning or arrested if you are caught.

You'll need to get official permission from the Russian aviation authority before using any unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in Russian airspace. You must inform them of the flight route at least 24 hours in advance and keep in regular contact with them before and during the flight. Failure to do so will result in a fine.

There are strict regulations covering the export of antiques, artworks (including modern art and posters if they're particularly rare or valuable) and items of historical significance bought in Russia or imported to Russia from abroad.

You'll need an export permit from the Ministry of Culture to export this type of material and each item must be declared at the point of departure. Export permits are never issued at the airport. You must get one in advance.

You may also need to present the items at Customs. You may not be able to get an export permit for items over 100 years old. Don't attempt to export items that require permits without the relevant paperwork as this is a serious offence in Russia.

Keep receipts of any purchases in case you need to present them when you leave Russia.

The information on this page covers the most common types of travel and reflects the UK government's understanding of the rules currently in place. Unless otherwise stated, this information is for travellers using a full 'British Citizen' passport.

The authorities in the country or territory you're travelling to are responsible for setting and enforcing the rules for entry. If you're unclear about any aspect of the entry requirements, or you need further reassurance, you'll need to contact the embassy, high commission or consulate of the country or territory you're travelling to.

You should also consider checking with your transport provider or travel company to make sure your passport and other travel documents meet their requirements.

Visas

To enter Russia you'll need a visa before travel. Make sure you apply for the correct type and duration of visa and that you abide by the conditions of your visa. During periods of high demand, you should apply for your visa well in advance. For example, tourist visa applications normally take 10 working days to be processed, but this will be longer during busy periods.

All applicants over the age of 12 will need to visit a visa application centre to submit biometric data (scanned fingerprints). For further information see the Russian embassy website and the website of VFS Global who manage Russian visa applications.

On receiving your visa you should check the details carefully including the validity dates and passport number to make sure they are correct. You should make sure you're aware of the terms and conditions attached to your visa, for both entry and exit, before you travel. You should adhere to the validity and conditions of your visa.

If you intend to stay longer, you should arrange an extension of your visa before it expires.

Overstaying your visa without authorisation from the Russian migration authorities can result in a delay to your departure from Russia, as well as possible, fines, court hearings, deportation and a ban from re-entry.

According to Russian law, cruise or ferry passengers can stay in Russia for 72 hours without visas if they have booked tours through the companies officially licensed by the Russian government. These companies will supply you with a tour ticket, which is called a blanket visa or booking confirmation. This will let you pass the customs/immigration offices without any other documents except your valid passport and the migration card that you will be given onboard.

This visa-free exception applies only to those who join an organised tour while onshore. Cruise passengers are free to use any authorised local travel agencies (not only cruise ship tour companies) for visa-free shore tours.

Cities where this applies are:

If your passport has been lost/stolen while ashore and a replacement Emergency Travel Document is issued, or you plan to continue your journey by air or land, you must get a visa to leave Russia.

The Russian government has announced plans to introduce biometric fingerprinting for all foreign nationals, including British nationals, entering Russia. No dates have been confirmed.

Registration

If you're staying for more than 7 working days you must register with the local branch of the Main Department for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Interior. Most major hotels will do this automatically. If you're staying in private accommodation the owner of the property must do this for you.

Passport validity

Your passport should be valid for a minimum period of 6 months after the expiry date of your visa.

If you're travelling on a British passport issued since January 2017, you should make sure you've signed your passport before you travel. Some British nationals who haven't signed their new passports have been denied entry into Russia.

Travelling between Russia and Belarus

By air: British nationals flying to Russia from Belarus or to Belarus from Russia are subject to immigration control. If you're transiting Russia when flying to/from Belarus, please contact the nearest Russian embassy or consulate to check if a transit visa is needed.

By road: There are no legal grounds for foreigners (including British nationals) to cross the land border between Russia and Belarus. If you're planning on entering Russia by road, you'll need to take an alternative route through a different country.

By rail: If you're planning on travelling by rail between the two countries, you should contact your train or tour operator when you make your booking to seek their advice. You should also consider contacting your nearest Russian embassy or consulate for advice on the latest situation for rail travellers.

You should make sure you have all the necessary visas for the duration of your travel.

Access to restricted areas

Access to certain sensitive areas within Russia such as military and border zones are restricted. You must get permission from the local authorities before entering these areas. You can find a list on this website (in Russian).

If you don't get the necessary permissions you may be arrested, fined, or even deported. If you're in any doubt about whether a tour or excursion will take you into a restricted area, contact your tour operator or the Russian Embassy in London.

UK Emergency Travel Documents

UK Emergency Travel Documents (ETDs) are accepted for entry, landside transit and exit from Russia only if they contain a valid Russian visa. The Russian authorities will only put a visa for Russia in an ETD in limited circumstances. Contact the nearest Russian embassy or consulate outside Russia or local migration office in Russia to find out if a visa can be issued. You also need to check with the Russian embassy, consulate or migration office on the required length of ETD validity.

UK ETDs without a visa are accepted for airside transit only. You should check with your travel company or airline that transit zones will be available at the airports of your planned route.

Migration cards

On entering Russia you must sign a migration card, which is produced electronically at passport control in the major airports. Some airports may still require you to complete the migration card manually. You must complete a new migration card each time you enter Russia, even if you have a multiple entry visa.

The card is in two identical parts. One part will be retained by the Immigration Officer on arrival. You should keep the other part with your passport. You will need it when you leave Russia as well as if you're stopped by the police for an ID check during your stay. There are many hotels and hostels that will not check in guests if they don't have the immigration card with them. If you lose the second part of the card you'll be fined and your departure from the country could be delayed.

Dual nationality

Under international law, the British embassy can't formally intervene with the Russian authorities on behalf of dual Russian/British nationals.

Under Russian law, Russian passport holders must inform the Russian authorities of any other passports they hold. If you hold both British and Russian citizenship you should take legal advice and/ or contact the relevant Russian authority (the nearest Russian embassy or consulate if you're not in Russia or your local migration office if you're in Russia) to find out how this affects you. See the Main Department for Migration Issues of the Russian Ministry of Interior (in Russian only) for more details.

Children born overseas and added to their parents' Russian passports may now have to get their own passport to exit Russia. Check with the Russian Embassy or Consulate before travel to ensure you have the necessary paperwork.

If you come to Russia to renew your Russian international passport, it may take up to 4 months for a new passport to be issued. You won't be able to leave Russia on your British passport if you entered Russia on your Russian passport, and will therefore have to remain in Russia until your new Russian passport is issued.

Customs

You can import up to 10,000 US dollars (or equivalent) into the country and export foreign currency up to the equivalent of 10,000 US dollars from Russia without declaring it.

If you import over 10,000 US dollars or certain categories of goods like electrical items, jewellery, antiques and valuable musical instruments, you must complete a customs declaration form.

If you wish to import certain advanced electronic items (e.g. Global Positioning System instruments), you must get an operating licence from the Russian authorities before you travel. Check with the embassy or consulate before your departure.

If you complete a declaration make sure the form is stamped by a Customs official at your port of entry, otherwise your foreign currency and non-declared items may be confiscated when you leave Russia and you may be fined.

There are strict regulations governing the export from Russia of antiques, icons, medals, artwork and other items of historical significance. This includes modern art and even posters if they are particularly rare or valuable. You must get approval from the Ministry of Culture.

For further information visit the website of the Russian Federal Customs Service.

Visit your health professional at least 4 to 6 weeks before your trip to check whether you need any vaccinations or other preventive measures. Country specific information and advice is published by the National Travel Health Network and Centre on the TravelHealthPro website and by NHS (Scotland) on the fitfortravel website. Useful information and advice about healthcare abroad is also available on the NHS Choices website.

Since June 2016, foreign citizens can bring medication for personal use with them, as long as they don't contain narcotic or psychoactive substances. All these drugs are listed on the Rossiyskaya Gazeta website (in Russian).

If your medication does contain highly potent or narcotic poisonous substances and you wish to bring it with you, you'll need to provide a prescription in your name which has been translated into Russian, and then notarised (notarisation services in the UK are available from a Notary Public).

If you're unsure whether you need to provide a prescription and notarised translation to bring your medicines into the country, you should check with the Russian Embassy in London or Consulate General in Edinburgh.

The reciprocal healthcare agreement between the UK and Russia terminated with effect from 1 January 2016. You should make sure you have comprehensive travel insurance.

Air quality in Moscow varies and can worsen in certain weather conditions. You should monitor local media, and the Moscow Emercom website (in Russian) for more information.

112 is the single emergency number for any emergency service in Russia.

There are occasional occurrences of flooding in southern regions, and forest fires, mainly in the far eastern areas and Siberia.

Small earth tremors are recorded throughout the year without consequences. To learn more about what to do before, during and after an earthquake, see the website of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Most major high street banks and currency exchange providers in the UK can pre-order Roubles (Russian currency). If you plan to buy roubles in Russia, you should take US dollars or Euros to exchange. Only change money at banks, hotels and airport exchange bureaux. It is an offence to change money from street traders.

Most hotels, restaurants and larger shops accept credit cards. There are ATMs in most major cities. Consider informing your bank before you travel to Russia to avoid having a temporary stop on your card. Travellers' cheques are not widely accepted.

It is illegal to pay directly for general transactions with dollars or Euros.

Large numbers of British nationals travel safely in and around the Arctic each year. The Arctic is a vast region, comprising the northerly areas of Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and Alaska (United States). In addition to reading the specific travel advice for each of these countries, prospective visitors to the Arctic should also consider the potential remoteness of certain destinations from search and rescue, evacuation and medical facilities. Independent travellers are particularly advised to develop contingency arrangements for emergency back-up.

The most popular way of visiting the Arctic is by ship. As some areas of the Arctic -specifically the more northerly and remote regions - can be uncharted and ice-covered, you should check the previous operational experience of cruise and other operators offering travel in the region. You should also consider the on-board medical facilities of cruise ships and talk to cruise operators as appropriate, particularly if you have a pre-existing medical condition.

The eight Arctic States take their international search and rescue obligations very seriously, and have recently signed a binding agreement on search and rescue co-operation in the Arctic. However, in the highest latitude regions of the Arctic, cruise ships may be operating in relative isolation from other vessels and/or inhabited areas. You should be aware that in these regions, search and rescue response will often need to be despatched from many hundreds of miles away, and assistance to stranded vessels may take several days to arrive, particularly in bad weather. Search and rescue assets are also likely to offer only basic transport and basic medical care, and are unlikely to be capable of advanced life-support. Responsible cruise operators should happily provide additional information relevant to the circumstances of the cruise they are offering, and address any concerns you may have.

Consular assistance and support to British nationals in the Arctic will be affected by the capacity of national and local authorities. You should make sure you have adequate travel insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment or potential repatriation.

The finishing point for the annual Mongol Rally is Ulan Ude in Russia.

Visas

Before you travel to Russia, make sure you're aware of the terms and conditions attached to your visa, for both entry and exit. If you're planning to enter Russia more than once, make sure your visa allows for that. If you hold a single-entry visa, you won't be able to re-enter the country once you have left.

If you need a visa extension, you should arrange this before your current visa expires. Overstaying your visa without prior extension by the local authorities can result in a delay to your departure from Russia as well as possible fines, court proceedings, deportation and a ban from re-entry.

If you're entering Russia you must complete a migration card at passport control. You must complete a migration card each time you enter Russia, even if you have a multiple entry visa. Keep your migration card safe. One part will be retained by an immigration officer on arrival. You should keep the other part with your passport. You'll need it when you leave Russia or if you're stopped by the police for an ID check during your stay. If you lose the second part of the card your departure could be delayed and you're likely to be fined. Hotels and hostels aren't allowed to check in guests if they don't have their migration card.

Lost or stolen passports

If your passport is lost or stolen, report it to the local police and migration authority. You'll be issued with a temporary ID document which will enable you to travel to the British Embassy in Moscow, or the British Consulate General in St Petersburg where you can get an Emergency Travel Document (ETD). You'll need to get an exit visa from the local authorities in your ETD. Your Russian visa sponsor should be able to help you with this. Russian authorities expect those affected in this way to leave Russia as soon as possible, rather than continuing with a pre-planned journey.

Driving and importation of vehicles

You can drive a car in Russia using your UK driving licence. You should get a notarised Russian translation of your driving licence in case you're stopped by the Police.

You'll need to declare your vehicle with the customs authority at your port of entry. You should present the following documents:

customs declaration

car registration

ownership records

valid insurance document

passport

It isn't possible to buy an insurance policy for a car in Russia with foreign licence plates. A certificate of temporary import of a vehicle will be issued. It's illegal to drive an imported car without this certificate. You can bring a vehicle into Russia without paying import taxes if your visit lasts no longer than one year. If a car isn't taken out of the country on time, customs fees will be payable. If your car is damaged or stolen, you should promptly report this to the police and to local customs officials.

If you're abroad and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the nearest British embassy, consulate or high commission. If you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad, contact the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in London on 020 7008 1500 (24 hours).

Foreign travel checklist

Read our foreign travel checklist to help you plan for your trip abroad and stay safe while you're there.

Travel safety

The FCO travel advice helps you make your own decisions about foreign travel. Your safety is our main concern, but we can't provide tailored advice for individual trips. If you're concerned about whether or not it's safe for you to travel, you should read the travel advice for the country or territory you're travelling to, together with information from other sources you've identified, before making your own decision on whether to travel. Only you can decide whether it's safe for you to travel.

When we judge the level of risk to British nationals in a particular place has become unacceptably high, we'll state on the travel advice page for that country or territory that we advise against all or all but essential travel. Read more about how the FCO assesses and categorises risk in foreign travel advice.

Our crisis overseas page suggests additional things you can do before and during foreign travel to help you stay safe.

Refunds and cancellations

If you wish to cancel or change a holiday that you've booked, you should contact your travel company. The question of refunds and cancellations is a matter for you and your travel company. Travel companies make their own decisions about whether or not to offer customers a refund. Many of them use our travel advice to help them reach these decisions, but we do not instruct travel companies on when they can or can't offer a refund to their customers.

For more information about your rights if you wish to cancel a holiday, visit the Citizen's Advice Bureau website. For help resolving problems with a flight booking, visit the website of the Civil Aviation Authority. For questions about travel insurance, contact your insurance provider and if you're not happy with their response, you can complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

Registering your travel details with us

We're no longer asking people to register with us before travel. Our foreign travel checklist and crisis overseas page suggest things you can do before and during foreign travel to plan your trip and stay safe.

Previous versions of FCO travel advice

If you're looking for a previous version of the FCO travel advice, visit the National Archives website. If you can't find the page you're looking for there, send us a request.

Further help

If you're a British national and you have a question about travelling abroad that isn't covered in our foreign travel advice or elsewhere on GOV.UK, you can submit an enquiry. We're not able to provide tailored advice for specific trips.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Russia is at once breathtaking and baffling. Winston Churchill's much-quoted line that the world's largest nation represented "a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma" is as true today as it was back then.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Europe Map - Explore map of Europe continent with country names. It is the second smallest continent in terms of landmass. The map shows 47 European countries.