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This timeline was created for the Regional Assessment Assignment for weeks 6-8 for a Cascadia Community College Anthropology course.

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The man who brought, or is thought to have brought, together Egypt is King Menes, or Pharoh Narmer. "Crucial to the emergence of the pharaonic state was the development of writing".(Scarre 372) The Pharoh was considered as a deity and holy. They were in charge of making sure the Nile flooded every year for the crops to grow. Luckily for them the Nile flooded every year.

However the Pharoh had helpers to control his peoples. The Viser was there as the chief executive and was typically royal in birth. Priests helped the Pharoh as they helped the other Gods. The Chancellor was the one who was appointed to make special trading trips in the place of the Pharoh. Beneath that were Provincial Governments that were in charge of the different villages and Nomes. Then of course the citizens or peasants.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Pottery takes a step in the more advanced direction. With the discovery of a type of regional pottery. This pottery changed depending on the city they were discovered. The Tablet of Narmer was found in Hierakonpolis. This tablet is special as it is simply a decorative piece. There is no use for it other than telling the tale of Pharoh Narmer, also called King Menes, who pulled lower and upper Egypt together.
"a relatively large and dense population".(Hoffman, Hamroush, and Allen 175)
Copper was found in abundance in Hierankopolis. Decorative objects such as ear spools or jewelry were found as well as awls and other tools. This might be in part to the rich farming land along the Nile and the increased warfare among farmers for land before the unity of Egypt.
The differentiation of tombs continues to grow with increased grave goods. As well as more sacrificial burials.

Hoffman, Michael, Hany Hamroush, and Ralph Allen. "A Model of Urban Development for the Hierakonpolis Region from Predynastic through Old Kingdom Times." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 23 (1986): 175-87.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Narmer_Palette_serpopard_side.jpg/640px-Narmer_Palette_serpopard_side.jpg

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Several cultural groups started to pop up along the Nile. The Badarian and Naqada developed quickly. "With abundant agricultural resources, particularly in the form of cereals, came the growth of social stratification and trading contacts". (Scarre 371) As the prosperity of these cultures grew it became easier for other cultural rituals to develop. An example of this is a more intensive burial techniques.

The two types of burials that emerged, or rather merged, into the same place were group burials where several people would be entombed covered by a painted mat (seen in lower Egypt) and singular burials with more grave goods and sacrificial burials around it (seen mostly in upper Egypt). Both were created using clay to line the tombs. Even though the burial pits were created using about the same materials, grave goods and sacrificial burials point to social differences.

More technology emerges during this time as well. Woven flax, projectile points, and decorative pots are found near grave sites. The woven flax is thought to have been used as a burial shroud. The development of beads, and other tools, is found at the settlements as well.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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More grinding stones are found at the Fayum depression. The economy that was created was similar to all the rest of the small societies around this time period. "The most important evidence for their occupation consists of numerous storage pits for grain, which were often lined with matting; one pit contained a wooden sickle with a cutting edge of flaked stone inserts." (Scarre 362) This is the first evidence of cutting tools specific to farming of grains.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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A expansion of stone based huts are found at the Dakhleh oasis. This means that more permanent living is implied here. Grind stones and other cereal processing objects are found at the oasis which, despite its location, seems to imply that it was at one point a thriving community with a permanent residence.

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Due to the moist climate around this period of time cattle were starting to become domesticated allowing more permanent settlements. Although these settlements were small and mostly just tents of animal skins. Ceramic pots were found at these settlements however it is unlikely that these ceramics were created at the sites they were found. This points to long distance trade.

At about 9300 bp Long term settlements start cropping up. More complex structures with stone foundations, possibly houses and storage places are found. Burials are beginning to be more than where the person was placed when dead. Crude pits were dug and some burial sites have the remains with pillows and other grave goods. This suggests that the society is starting to have classes and differences in ranking. Around some of the burial sites there are also those with only animal remains. Mostly young cattle. It is inferred that these are sacrificial burials.

In 8800 bp there is evidence of pottery being created rather than traded for. This suggests that the society is beginning to adopt the sedimentary lifestyle more fully. Evidence also shows us that in 8100 domesticated sheep and goats were placed along side the already domesticated cattle.

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The appearance of grindingstones at the sites points to a relationship with plants that is far more invasive than simple hunters and gatherers. In the gravesites of these peoples there is evidence of conflict between them. "Of 58 individuals, nearly half (men, women, and children) had died violently, the evidence consisting of numerous stone flakes from arrows or spears both embedded in their bones". (Scarre 359) There is also evidence of a sedimentary lifestyle emerging. Evidence for that is the grinding stones and the mass graves.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Ahmose was the first Pharoh of his Dynasty, that being the 18th. "Fragments of battle scenes depicting an Asiatic enemy were discovered and interpreted as depictions of Ahmose's conquest of the Hyksos occupiers."(Harvey 1) Only three Dynasties are included during the New Kingdom. Though it was short a lot of expansion, politically and economically, happened. Great kings such as Ramses II and Amenhotep II were placed in this Kingdom era.
Amenhotep IV was special as he tried to introduce a new God. Aten. "His successors, including his son Tutankahamun, speedily reverted to previous practices."(Scarre 376) Needless to say it wasn't received very well.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

Harvey, Steven. "ScholarlyCommons." Electronic Doctoral Dissertations. January 1, 1998. Accessed November 16, 2014. http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9829912/.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bust_of_Amenhotep_II_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/640px-Bust_of_Amenhotep_II_%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg

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After the instability and power struggle of the First Intermediate period the Thebian king Mentuhotep stepped in to unite Egypt once more. This began the 11th Dynasty.

Political instability rose and fell throughout the 3 Dynasties that are given the Middle Kingdom name. "Pyramid building, which had almost ceased during the First Intermediate Period, was resumed, but on a relatively small scale". (Scarre 376) The time of the large pyramids had finally passed. Large structures, such as temples, took precedence. Thebes turned from the place of the Pharoh to a worship center as the royal palace was moved back to Memphis.

At the end of this age the Hyksos people came in through the Nile river delta system. With more advanced weaponry they quickly overthrew the Pharoh and took control of northern Egypt.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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The Old Kingdom began with the 4th Dynasty and ended with the 8th. This is when most of the pyramids were constructed. Starting with the 3rd Pharoh, Pharoh Djoser. "the first king of the 3rd Dynasty, who built the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the oldest building of its size in the world." (Scarre 373) More pyramids were built for Pharoh Khufu and Khafre. Queens recieved smaller pyramids across the Nile.

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_edge.jpg/800px-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_edge.jpg