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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence in Ecuador: Setting the Agenda for Future Research and Violence Prevention Policies

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence in Ecuador: Setting the Agenda for Future Research and Violence Prevention Policies

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Table 3. Total economic burden of intimate partner violence in Ecuador, 2012 US dollars.

The largest cost category contributing to the burden was the direct costs of healthcare expenditures, at approximately $96 million adjusted to the 2012 U.S. currency rate

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735382/

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http://www.jamiekimblefoundationforcourage.org/news_downloads/jkfc_press_release_10-24-14.pdf

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National Network to End Domestic Violence 

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National Network to End Domestic Violence 

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"Domestic violence affects women and children in every community – large and small, urban and rural – and it continues to be the most underreported crime in America."

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Gender
Symmetry in Partner Violence: Evidence and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

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Gender
Symmetry in Partner Violence: Evidence and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

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Straus, Murray A. 2009. "Gender symmetry in partner violence: Evidence and implications for prevention and treatment." Pp. 245-271 in Preventing partner violence: research and evidence- based intervention strategies, vol., edited by D. j. Whitaker and J. R. Lutzker. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.

http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/V70-Gender-symmetry-PV-Chap-11-09.pdf

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Funding Public Health: The Public’s Willingness to Pay for Domestic Violence Prevention Programming

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Funding Public Health: The Public’s Willingness to Pay for Domestic Violence Prevention Programming

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Susan B. Sorenson.  Funding Public Health: The Public’s Willingness to Pay for Domestic Violence Prevention Programming. American Journal of Public Health: November 2003, Vol. 93, No. 11, pp. 1934-1938.doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1934

http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1934

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American Public Health Association (APHA) publications

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The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA) publications

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The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA)

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Intimate Partner Violence: Prevention Strategies

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Intimate Partner Violence: Prevention Strategies

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious problem that has lasting and harmful effects on individuals, families, and communities. The goal for IPV prevention is to stop it from happening in the first place. However, the solutions are just as complex as the problem.

Prevention efforts should ultimately reduce the occurrence of IPV by promoting healthy, respectful, nonviolent relationships. Healthy relationships can be promoted by addressing change at all levels of the social ecology that influence IPV: individual, relationship, community, and society. Additionally, effective prevention efforts will reduce known risk factors for IPV and promote healthy relationships.

Evidence

Intimate Partner Violence Across the Lifespan: A Technical Package of Programs, Policies, and Practices [PDF 4.52MB]
This technical package represents a select group of strategies based on the best available evidence to help communities and states sharpen their focus on prevention activities with the greatest potential to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) and its consequences across the lifespan

CDC's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)
NISVS is the first ongoing survey dedicated solely to describing and monitoring sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization as public health issues in the United States.

Violence Prevention Evidence Base
The Centre for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University developed this database, which provides access to abstracts from published studies that have measured the effectiveness of interventions to prevent violence. Studies included in the database must have measured the direct impact of interventions on violence. Studies are selected through a systematic review of published academic literature. Abstracts can be searched by violence type, keywords, and geographical area of implementation.

World Report on Violence and Health [PDF 222 KB]
This report is the first comprehensive review of violence on a global scale. Chapter 4 provides detailed information on IPV, including prevention strategies.

Resources
Online

CDC's Extramural Research Program
CDC funds universities, medical centers and other outside organizations to conduct research related to IPV prevention.

Dating Matters®: Strategies to Promote Healthy Teen Relationships
CDC's teen dating violence prevention initiative seeks to reduce dating violence and increase healthy relationships.

DELTA FOCUS
DELTA FOCUS (Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancements and Leadership Through Alliances, Focusing on Outcomes for Communities United with States) is a five-year cooperative agreement funding 10 state domestic violence coalition grantees for intimate partner violence prevention.

Books and Articles

Avery-Leaf S, Cascardi M. Dating violence education: prevention and early intervention strategies. In: Schewe P A, editor. Preventing violence in relationships: interventions across the life span. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2002. p. 79-105.

Babcock J C, Green C E, Robie C. Does batterers' treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2004; 23(8):1023-53.

Foshee VA, Reyes H L M. Primary prevention of adolescent dating abuse perpetration: when to begin, whom to target, and how to do it. In: Whitaker D J, Lutzker JR. Preventing partner violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2009. p. 141-68.

Hickman L J, Jaycox LH, Aranoff J. Dating violence among adolescents: prevalence, gender distribution, and prevention program effectiveness. Trauma Violence Abus 2009; 5:123-42.

Mitchell C, Anglin D editors. Intimate partner violence: a health based perspective. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2009.

Nelson HE, Bougatsos C, Blazina I. Screening women for intimate partner violence: a systematic review to update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156: (11):796-808.

Ruff S, McComb JL, Coker CJ, Sprenkle DH. Behavioral couples therapy for the treatment of substance abuse: a substantive and methodological review of O'Farrell, Fals-Stewart, and colleagues' program of research. Fam Process 2010; 49:439-56.

Whitaker DJ, Baker CK, Arias I. Interventions to prevent intimate partner violence. In: Doll L, Bonzo S, Sleet D, Mercy J, Hass E, editors. Handbook of injury and violence prevention. New York (NY): Springer; 2007. P. 183-201.

Whitaker JD, Lutzker JR, editors. Preventing partner violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2009.

Whitaker DJ, Morrison S, Lindquist CA, Hawkins SR, O'Neil JA, Nesius AM, Mathew A, Reese L. A critical review of interventions for the primary prevention of perpetration of partner violence. Aggress Violent Beh 2006; 11:151-66.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious problem that has lasting and harmful effects on individuals, families, and communities. The goal for IPV prevention is to stop it from happening in the first place. However, the solutions are just as complex as the problem.

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The ultimate effect if domestic violence is incurable; death.

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10/30/14

PARAPHRASE- BACKGROUND

Partner abuse is any action in a devoted partnership that pretext corporal, (physiological), or intimate damage to other members of the devoted partnership.

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Domestic Violence: The Secret Killer That Costs $8.3 Billion Annually

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Domestic Violence: The Secret Killer That Costs $8.3 Billion Annually

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http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2013/12/05/domestic-violence-the-secret-killer-that-costs-8-3-billion-annually/

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A woman comes to the doctor with depression, fatigue and insomnia. A co-worker stays late in the office even when there is not much to do. A sales associate appears tired and distracted.

For each of these individuals, domestic violence - physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or psychological abuse against an intimate partner - could be the underlying cause of distress. Historically, domestic violence has been viewed as a criminal issue - according to police records, almost 1 in 3 female homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner.

But today we know it as a social, business and health priority, as well. Not only does it cause personal suffering, but domestic violence also reduces productivity, leads to absenteeism and drives up health care costs. And unless people are trained to look for it and ask about it, domestic violence is rarely identified.
The statistics are staggering
Domestic violence is all around us. It affects our families, our friends, our coworkers and our neighbors. Most of the time, we are not aware it's happening.

In the U.S., 24 percent of adult women and 14 percent of adult men have been physically assaulted by a partner at some point in their lives. It is the most common cause of injury for women ages 18 to 44. And it leads to an increased incidence of chronic disease: Abused women are 70 percent more likely to have heart disease, 80 percent more likely to experience a stroke and 60 percent more likely to develop asthma.

Nearly a quarter of employed women report that domestic violence has affected their work performance at some point in their lives. Each year, an estimated 8 million days of paid work is lost in the U.S. because of domestic violence.

Domestic violence costs $8.3 billion in expenses annually: a combination of higher medical costs ($5.8 billion) and lost productivity ($2.5 billion).

Addressing this issue could save thousands of lives and billions of dollars. But as long as the symptoms and consequences of domestic violence go unnoticed or overlooked, nothing changes.
Addressing domestic violence starts with raising awareness
A growing number of health care professionals and business leaders understand the importance of recognizing and addressing domestic violence. But they remain in the minority. Most doctors don't take the time to learn about and use established screening techniques. And unless domestic violence can be identified, we can't help victims deal with the abuse or reduce the long-term consequences.

Some businesses have taken action and seen results. Companies like Verizon, Allstate, Prudential, Avon, Mary Kay, Macy's and Home Depot have trained their employee assistance teams to screen for domestic violence. They've provided necessary information to their staffs and, most importantly, they've seen the rate of identification increase significantly.

Several years ago, I had the chance to speak at a conference on domestic violence hosted by Liz Claiborne, now Fifth & Pacific Companies. The meeting was well attended by executives from across the industry. As part of the program's goal to raise awareness, we heard from the victims about their experiences. Their heart wrenching tales of fear and abuse reinforced this nation's need for early intervention.

We've seen some progress since then, but the silence remains deafening.
Everyone has a role in curbing domestic violence
While there are significant differences in the roles that colleagues, health care professionals and friends can play, the secret nature of domestic violence requires vigilance from everyone.
The role of the employer
Employed individuals spend the majority of their waking hours at work. That's why employers are ideally suited to spot the symptoms of domestic violence and intervene. In fact, providing resources and support is part of a company's requirement for ensuring a safe work environment.

Senior executives can promote a culture that includes domestic violence awareness and prevention. Information about domestic violence should be shared at every employee orientation. It should be addressed at every occupational health visit. It can be incorporated into workplace wellness activities. When the issues of domestic violence are brought front and center in as many venues as possible, we have a better chance of breaking the silence.

Employee assistance counselors and human resource professionals need to be ready to respond to inquiries, refer victims to advocacy services, engage with law enforcement when appropriate and offer security assistance when necessary.

Managers need to understand that domestic violence may explain absenteeism and ongoing health problems. They should be trained to recognize potential signs of domestic violence, including signs of depression and evidence of physical harm. They should be trained to ask about it with confidence and without judgment. They should know where to refer individuals who are victims of domestic violence, including employee assistance programs (EAP) and community resources.

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Domestic Violence: The Secret Killer That Costs $8.3 Billion Annually

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A woman comes to the doctor with depression, fatigue and insomnia. A co-worker stays late in the office even when there is not much to do. A sales associate appears tired and distracted. For each of these individuals, domestic violence - physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or psychological abuse against an intimate partner - could be the underlying cause of distress.

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Financial Capability and Domestic Violence 

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Financial Capability and Domestic Violence 

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http://fyi.uwex.edu/financialseries/files/2012/02/Financial-Capability-and-Domestic-Violence.pdf

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When Violence Hits Home: How Economics and Neighborhood Play a Role 

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When Violence Hits Home: How Economics and Neighborhood Play a Role 

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https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/205004.pdf

"Intimate violence is more severe in disadvantaged neighborhoods. It occurs more in household facing economic distress."

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The impact of the economy on domestic violence 

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The impact of the economy on domestic violence 

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http://nnedv.org/downloads/Stats/NNEDV_DVandEconomy.pdf