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Creswell, J. & Khoury, B. (2019) Mindfulness meditation: Psychologists have found that mindfulness meditation changes our brain and biology in positive ways, improving mental and physical health. https://www.apa.org/topics/mindfulness/meditation

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DiTullio, Gina. (2021) How to engage students' memory processes to improve learning. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning

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Hobbs C. et al. (2019) Trauma-informed practice for pre-service teachers. https://oxfordre.com/education/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-1435

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Hopkins (n.d.) Traumatic brain injury. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/traumatic-brain-injury

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Long term memory is the process of storing and retrieving information. Long term storage is the area of the brain where memories are stored(Sousa, 2022).

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The brain just like any muscle if you do not use it, you lose it. Exercising the brain helps to protect memory. Completing mental exercises helps to keep the brain in tone.

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Meditation has been shown to improve memory. Frequent meditation boosts the cerebral cortex. Meditation also increases blood flow to the brain, which leads to stronger networks of blood vessels. This extra blood helps to reinforce memory capacity(Mendel, n.d.)

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How much meditation is needed? About 20 minutes per day can help boost memory and concentration(Mendal, n.d.)

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Long term storage of information requires one of two things and is most successful with both. Does this make sense? and Does this have meaning? If these criteria are not met it is very unlikely that information will be stored long term(Sousa, 2022). This is very important in any learning environment. To ensure that students are learning the material must make sense and students should be able to make a connection to the material for it to have meaning for them.

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Working memory or short term memory is simply that. The memory is temporary and available for only a limited time. How long is a limited a limited time? It has been found that this can last up to about 45 minutes before the information begins to fade(Sousa, 2022).

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Mendel, B. (n.d.) Mindworks: Does meditation improve memory? https://mindworks.org/blog/does-meditation-improve-memory/

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Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). Corwin.

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There are two types of memory. Working memory/short term memory and long term memory. The short term memory has limited storage ability. The long term memory has unlimited storage( DiTullio, 2021)

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Short term memory can only hold so much information. Generally the younger the child the smaller the amount of short term memory. Giving too much information at once can cause all information to be lost. This is why it is important to support learners with repetition and visual supports.

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Long term memory is divided into two main categories, explicit and implicit. Explicit memory uses conscious recollection to recall information. Implicit memory is unconcious memory or performing tasks without thinking about it(DiTullio, 2021).

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There are many ways to help students retain information and be able to access and use that information. When teaching it is important to activate background knowledge. If a student has background knowledge there are already nueral pathways in the brain for that subject.

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Another way to boost student learning is by having students retrieve information. If students can not retrieve information, they have not learned the information. Asking students to turn and talk about the task at hand allows them to retrieve information and gain knowledge from one another.

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Using meditation in the classroom can help boost memory retention and help with student focus. Training students to meditate and practice deep breathing takes times, but is very beneficial in the long term.

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There are two different types of trauma that the brain can sustain. Trauma from abuse and neglect and traumatic brain injury.

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Trauma experienced in childhood has detrimental effects on the brain and learning throughout life. Students who have experienced trauma must make a connection with their teacher and feel comfortable before learning can occur. Teachers must work to make connections with their students. Students may outwardly appear to have behavior or other emotional problems, these students must find a connection with their teacher. (Hobbs, C. et al, 2019)

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Trauma from traumatic brain injury is when the brain itself was actually injured. This can come from closed brain injuries or penetrating brain injury. Damage can be confined to one area of the brain or diffused in to more than one area of the brain(Hopkins, nd).

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Trauma from TBI can be corrected to a degree depending on the damage done and the affected parts of the brain. Some brain injuries are mild and symptoms may disappear over time while others are more severe and symptoms may improve, but never disappear(Hopkins, nd) Teaching children with TBI requires teachers to know what trouble the student has learning and how to teach so that the student can learn.