# data[].attributes.headline
Comparison with Observation and the Model itself

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Comparison with Observation and the Model itself

# data[].attributes.headline
3. The communication and usefulness of environmental model results

# data[].attributes.subject
3. The communication and usefulness of environmental model results

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2. The role of environmental observations in developing and evaluating models

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2. The role of environmental observations in developing and evaluating models

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1.The relevance of models to a range of applications in environmental science

# data[].attributes.subject
1.The relevance of models to a range of applications in environmental science

# data[].attributes.body
-long term
-doesn't improve scientific understanding
-cannot be tested
-cannot be compared with empirical results

# data[].attributes.body
-short term
-provide test for understanding
-allows for comparison of alternative model
-highly relevant for policy decisions

# data[].attributes.body
Better to give possible outcomes with what course of action humans will take. Gives informed appraisal

# data[].attributes.body
- Many Assumptions

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2. Celestial Mechanics and Prediction of Planetary Motions

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2. Celestial Mechanics and Prediction of Planetary Motions

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- Involves small numbers of measurable parameters
- Highly repetitive
- Enormous database

# data[].attributes.body
If a model is wrong it will be refuted. Scientists can and will be blamed for faulty predictions. It is hard to make confident assertions.

# data[].attributes.body
- Non- deterministic
- Involves Spatial Ambiguity
- Restricted to near term

# data[].attributes.body
1. More reliable
2. Less parameters, less questions, less uncertainty

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the closer it comes to represent the system (with increasing processes and parameters), the harder to ascertain whether it is a faithful representation of the system

# data[].attributes.body
1. natural system itself is complex
2. improves accuracy by decreasing impact of errors in any one variable

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How well numerical variables represent elements of the system

# data[].attributes.headline
Empirical Adequacy of the Governing Equations

# data[].attributes.subject
Empirical Adequacy of the Governing Equations

# data[].attributes.body
How well our mathematical representations map onto natural processes

# data[].attributes.body
How we frame the problem

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A simplification/analogy of a complex system

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1.  Synthesis and integration of data
2. Guiding observation and experiment
3. Predicting the future