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Push for modernization/secularism, but empire fell ultimately. Modern-day turkey used principles from Young Turks

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Young Ottomans and Young Turks attempt to reorganize society and reform. Their constitution was accepted briefly, but they quickly reverted to old ways

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Ottomans are "Sick Man of Europe"

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changed social/political structure of France, but eventually Napoleon restored the monarchy.

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Third class rebels and forms National Assembly

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three groups of classes - the top two were elites and were a lower percentage of population, but got 2:1 vote ratio against the

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slavery is abolished, Haiti becomes own country, but economy is weak and is still a major factor contributing to their poverty

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China becomes communist + industrial growth

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end of feudal lord fighting, ban of Christianity, rapid modernization/Westernization

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uprisers weaken Qing dynasty and form a Chinese republic

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Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Nicholas II (Tsar), Bolsheviks

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Independence from Britain!

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Important Events: Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Lexington & Concord, Declaration of Independence

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communism - Mao Zedong
nationalism - Chiang Kai Shek

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Haitians and British vs. French
only successful slave rebellion

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lack of respect and free trade, Napoleon is in charge, they eventually gain independence but had little benefits

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communists vs. nationalists, communism prevails

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primitive communism, civil war, mix of Protestant beliefs and those of Hong Xiuquan

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Wave 1 - fought for equality in political power/voting rights

Wave 2 - fought for racism free society & civil rights

Wave 3 - gender equality, no more patriarchy

Wave 4 - current issues, like #metoo, pink tax, etc.

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February and October revolutions in 1917 - change from monarchy of tsar to communism

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Colonies upset with Britain: "No taxation without representation!"

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Prevalent in Mexico/South America

Spaniard ratio - 9:1 (men to women) - Spanish men married native women - racial blending!!! -- Less racially divided region!!

Distinction of class vs. race

Peninsulares - born in Spain, moved (not around long)

Creoles - Spaniard born in new world

Mestizos - mixed-race - becomes LARGEST GROUP

Castas - further groups - who married to, what offspring is

Natives - still lowest class

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in Spanish American and the Philippines

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belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world - needed to seize what they can now

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started commerce/trade in India - tried to colonize it

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sold Asian goods/shipping services back to Asia having raised the price

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tried to control the spice trade, but were never able to control more than half

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Indian Ocean trade market

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Rejected by the Church because "earth is the center because God loves humans, but eventually proven correct. This idea was essentially the beginning of the scientific revolution.

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Idea that the solar system revolved around the sun - the sun was the center of orbit

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Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus

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Thinkers like Kepler, Copernicus, Bacon, Galilei, Smith, Harvey, Vesalius, Newton, Locke, Kant, and Descartes (review at exam)

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transition from Bible, Church, and philosophy to experimentation, observation, and law
Church = highly opposed - eroded religious belief

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because Europe had a fragmented civilization giving rise to this scientific enterprise. They also had many universities that started looking at new scientific ideas.

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Europe

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mid 16th-18th centuries

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also prominent only among the upper class

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Cultural renewal (especially Greek and Roman), human thought, individuality, art, religion

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prominent among the elite of society

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Using one's own understanding to transform society - PROGRESS!

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Jesuit missionaries were sent out as a part of the Counter Reformation to improve the image and convert more people to Catholicism.

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The Catholics met to improve upon the understanding of their beliefs and bettering the image of Catholicism by revising some of the ways criticized by Martin Luther

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FAITH ALONE
The Bible can be interpreted by anyone, no need for official clergy interpretation
all you need is faith and the Bible

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German priest who developed the 95 Theses, criticizing certain aspects of the Catholic Church. His movement inspired denominations of Christianity to break off, thus forming the Protestant religions we know of today

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"Soft Gold" from Russia

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major draw, just as much as silver and spices
provided warmth and was able to spread
As the population of Europe grew, the access to fur-bearing animals went down because of the demand = prices quadrupled
Hurons traded furs for other items like pots, pans, alcohol, etc.

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Native people were used as  slaves in the silver mines since they were accustomed to the conditions
Much of the silver produced went to China

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also referred to as the "African Diaspora"
16 million taken from Africa, but about 4m died on the journey
spread between Caribbean (majority) and N. America
preference for men, so women got more leadership in Africa, but also were sex slaves

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In Latin America, there was a lot of racial blending, and classes were determined by percentage of African descent. However in North America, and color to the skin was considered "black," and the prejudice was very great.

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people in N. America did have slaves, but did not need to import them quite as often

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expanded to Brazil and started sugar colonies - created a mixed population there

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Sugar Colonies in Brazil had a labor intensive process, so they brought in African slaves. However, the conditions in the sugar plantations were awful, and so new slaves were needed constantly, spurring more slaves

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*weren't as interested in spreading Christianity
*less racial blending
*self-governed

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Europe had an advantage over other continents to expand to the Americas
The British were the last to establish in North America

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new disease caused 90% of the Native American population to die

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Europe brought smallpox to NEW WORLD
Syphilis from NEW WORLD sailors caused discomfort in OLD WORLD

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Horses and Ox came from OLD TO NEW WORLD
caused Native Americans to abandon agriculture in favor of nomadic herding

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NEW TO OLD WORLD
high in calories, doubling world population

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movement of items and materials that made the world "biologically singular."

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economy transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to an agriculture focus

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funded by Spanish monarchy, discovered Americas

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Portuguese explorer who established trading post empires and the Cartaz System

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headed Chinese fleet
eventually stopped building ships and focused on Great Wall