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Two revolutions, one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917. February revolution led to October revolution. Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country.

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2nd Wave of this revolution took place in the 1960's and 70's and was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker. Resulted in legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act. Though things got better, still fighting for equality today (#MeToo movement and equal pay)

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From 1800-1830, many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain, not wanting taxes, and Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office.

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Series of government reforms from 1839-1876 that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire. Tried to halt the empires decline. Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around.

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After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Deceleration of Independence and war with the monarchy. With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent.

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Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

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The largest Slave revolt in world history, this was when an island fought against the government for freedom and many other things like slave freedom. Ended in freedom for slaves but now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended.

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From 1789-1815, this revolution was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes. Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

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European science spread globally and as widely-desired

Islam education system didn't accept it as much though

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Darwin

Evolution and Natural Selection

Plants, animals, humans- viewed as combined in vast systems of environmental, economic, and social conflict

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Refers to the belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society

Central theme was the idea of progress

Deism- faith

Humans found new ways and laws to govern themselves

Challenged religion

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Mainly affected the rich
"Rebirth"
Happened over long period of time

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Altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and challenged the teaching authority of the Church

Skepticism

Occurred in Europe because of universities, independence, cultural influences, and funding

Scientific Thinkers' beliefs inspired a new wave of scientists and discoveries; often attacked by the Church

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Catholic missionaries- pushed the spread the most

Greatest success in Spanish America and Philippines

Absence of world religion

Overwhelming European presence

Not as successful in Asia

Jesuits tried to incorporate beliefs

Appealed to the wealthy

China already had their own govt and religion

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Council of Trent

Catholic Church set about correcting abuses and corruption

Formation of Jesuits

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Led by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church

Against Indulgences

Followed the Bible alone

Massive Schism against the Church

Reformation Ideas spread rapidly

Many branches formed

Thirty Years War

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In 1500, stretched all around the world

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Portrait of Hell
Silver Mines
Bad working conditions

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Slave Trade- took mainly males
Woman-dominated culture
16 million slaves taken out of Africa to go to the Americas

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Soft Gold

Ice Age

Dutch, English, French, and Russian Areas

Native American Warfare- guns, alcohol, fewer animals, disease

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Small European Presence

Great Power- Mughal India, Japan, China

Land trade instead of sea

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The Dutch had the spice island monopoly

The British settled in India and eventually conquered it all

Wanted Cotton Textiles

Mercantilism

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Settled in the Philippines and made a colony

Many advantages

Missionaries

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Naval Advantage

Trading Post Empire

Several Locations within Indian Ocean

Controlled commerce not area

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Europe wanted Asian goods without going through the Middle East; sought their own routes

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Became the world's largest state

Conquered Siberia and Steppes

Fur

Became multi-ethnic

Identity problems from Europe and Asia

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Sugar colonies in Caribbean
Settled in North America
New England, New York, Pennsylvania
Independent Farms
Not as many slaves
Less racial blending than others

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Settled in Brazil

Sugar Colonies

Huge demand for Slaves

Colonies majority African

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Conquered Aztecs and Incas

Encomienda systems

Male Spanish settlers dominant

Racial Blending- blurred the racial difference between Spanish and Indian peoples; more blending then in North America

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Exchange of goods from the New World to the Old and vice versa

Trade of diseases, slaves, animals, crops, and weapons

First time in history

Slave trade and sugar/cotton created lasting link between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Grew world population

Europe benefited the most

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Closer than Asia to Americas, New Innovations, Motivation to gain wealth and missionaries, Locals were Divided, Disease killed Natives

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Aztecs

Mexico, semi-nomadic, Tenochtitlan, collected tributes from conquered people, trade, conquered by Cortes, human sacrifice

Inca

Andes Mountains, larger than Aztec, emperors, Cuzco, demanded rather instead of tributes, worshipped sun and moon

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Hunter Gatherers-

Smaller societies; collected food and hunted; no job specialization. Found in Australia and Northwestern North America

Agricultural Villages

More numerous than hunter gatherers, fully agricultural but avoided larger empires; Found in the Igbo people of West Africa and the Iroquois in New York

Pastoral Peoples

Traveled to find food, didn't typically settle in one place; Found in Central Asia and the Fulbe in West Africa