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The term crop-sensor or full-frame refers solely to the size of the imaging sensor inside a camera. A full-frame sensor is the same size as a piece of 35mm film which was, and still is, the most widely-used type of film in analog cameras.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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In digital photography, the crop factor, format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format;

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In film and photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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1. a lens allowing a camera to change smoothly from a long shot to a close-up or vice versa by varying the focal length.

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the entire working area of Photoshop. It's what encompasses all the menus, tools and panels.

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is a set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window. When it is part of a program's interface, the toolbar typically sits directly under the menu bar.

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a thin board or slab on which an artist lays and mixes colors.

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a horizontal bar, typically located at the top of the screen below the title bar, containing drop-down menus.

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a graphical control element which contains drop-down menus

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the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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he zoom tool allows you to zoom in on the image to get a better idea of the actual pixel makeup of a section you are working on

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helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly

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Polygonal Lasso Tool. Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges.

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The Magic Wand Tool, known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create aselection with a series of straight edges.

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You can use the Quick Selection tool to quickly“paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool

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The Marquee tool is the most basic of selection tools and often the one most useful. This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image.

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it initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patch from or patch to.

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Photoshop's clone stamp tool allows you to duplicate part of an image.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging)

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increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning)

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The Sponge Tool saturates / desaturates image areas:

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The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Toolwill lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.

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Sharpening enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening

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The Smudge tool simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag.

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Red eye in portraits is caused when the flash source is used too close to the lens axis and the pupils of the eye are wide open. .

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The Gradient tool creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradientfills or create your own.

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Layer masks are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to.

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The Adjustment Layers in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels.

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A macro lens is a camera lensdesigned for photographing small subjects at very close distances. They can focus much nearer than normal lenses, allowing you to fill the frame with your subject and capture more detail.

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a very wide-angle lens with a field of vision covering up to 180°, the scale being reduced toward the edges.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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a small illustration or portrait photograph which fades into its background without a definite border.

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is Photoshop text and typing tool. it's wide range of use makes for a very powerful asset. that allows you to have a massive amount of creative control with making text

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A gray card is a middle gray reference, typically used together with a reflective light meter, as a way to produce consistent image exposure and/or color in film and photography. A gray card is a flat object of a neutral gray color that derives from a flat reflectance spectrum.

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Spot metering is where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot.

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Partial metering is one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand.

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Evaluative Metering mode is the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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a mode of automatic light metering in a camera that compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image.