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type of aggregate

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uses of aggregate

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Example of Aggregate

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https://youtu.be/cTwidiB15I8

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Researching most finest

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bitumen
(bĭtyo͞o`mən) a generic term referring to flammable, brown or black mixtures of tarlike hydrocarbons, derived naturally or by distillation from petroleum. It can be in the form of a viscous oil to a brittle solid, including asphalt, tars, and natural mineral waxes. Substances containing bitumens are called bituminous, e.g., bituminous coal, tar, or pitch.

bitumen
[bī′tü·mən]

(materials)

Naturally occurring or pyrolytically obtained substances of dark to black color consisting almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen, with very little oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

bitumen

A semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons derived from coal or petroleum, as coal-tar pitch or asphalt; before application, usually dissolved in a solvent, emulsified, or heated to a liquid state.

bitumen

1. any of various viscous or solid impure mixtures of hydrocarbons that occur naturally in asphalt, tar, mineral waxes, etc.: used as a road surfacing and roofing material

2. the constituents of coal that can be extracted by an organic solvent

3. any liquid suitable for coating aggregates

a. Austral and NZ informal any road with a bitumen surface

b. Austral informal the road in the Northern Territory between Darwin and Alice Springs

5. a transparent brown pigment or glaze made from asphalt

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(bĭtyo͞o`mən) a generic term referring to flammable, brown or black mixtures of tarlike hydrocarbons, derived naturally or by distillation from petroleum. It can be in the form of a viscous oil to a brittle solid, including asphalt, tars, and natural mineral waxes. Substances containing bitumens are called bituminous, e.g., bituminous coal, tar, or pitch.

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https://youtu.be/ui97zTT7rCU

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    metcalf                                Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete.For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder.Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake, or seabed. Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock, boulders, cobbles, or large-size gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in granular subbases, soil-cement, and in new concrete.After harvesting, aggregate is processed:  crushed, screened, and washed to obtain proper cleanliness and gradation. If necessary, a benefaction process such as jigging or heavy media separation can be used to upgrade the quality. Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored to minimize segregation and degradation and prevent contamination.Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important process. Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered include:gradingdurabilityparticle shape and surface textureabrasion and skid resistanceunit weights and voidsabsorption and surface moistureGrading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because these properties affect the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.Shape and Size MatterParticle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15 percent by weight of the total aggregate. Unit-weight measures the volume that graded aggregate and the voids between them will occupy in concrete. The void content between particles affects the amount of cement paste required for the mix. Angular aggregates increase the void content. Larger sizes of well-graded aggregate and improved grading decrease the void content. Absorption and surface moisture of aggregate are measured when selecting aggregate because the internal structure of aggregate is made up of solid material and voids that may or may not contain water. The amount of water in the concrete mixture must be adjusted to include the moisture conditions of the aggregate. Abrasion and skid resistance of an aggregate are essential when the aggregate is to be used in concrete constantly subject to abrasion as in heavy-duty floors or pavements. Different minerals in the aggregate wear and polish at different rates. Harder aggregate can be selected in highly abrasive conditions to minimize wear.

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    metcalf                                Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete.For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder.Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake, or seabed. Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock, boulders, cobbles, or large-size gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in granular subbases, soil-cement, and in new concrete.After harvesting, aggregate is processed:  crushed, screened, and washed to obtain proper cleanliness and gradation. If necessary, a benefaction process such as jigging or heavy media separation can be used to upgrade the quality. Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored to minimize segregation and degradation and prevent contamination.Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important process. Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered include:gradingdurabilityparticle shape and surface textureabrasion and skid resistanceunit weights and voidsabsorption and surface moistureGrading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because these properties affect the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.Shape and Size MatterParticle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15 percent by weight of the total aggregate. Unit-weight measures the volume that graded aggregate and the voids between them will occupy in concrete. The void content between particles affects the amount of cement paste required for the mix. Angular aggregates increase the void content. Larger sizes of well-graded aggregate and improved grading decrease the void content. Absorption and surface moisture of aggregate are measured when selecting aggregate because the internal structure of aggregate is made up of solid material and voids that may or may not contain water. The amount of water in the concrete mixture must be adjusted to include the moisture conditions of the aggregate. Abrasion and skid resistance of an aggregate are essential when the aggregate is to be used in concrete constantly subject to abrasion as in heavy-duty floors or pavements. Different minerals in the aggregate wear and polish at different rates. Harder aggregate can be selected in highly abrasive conditions to minimize wear.

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Natural aggregates consists of rock fragments that are used in their natural state, or are used after mechanical processing such as crushing, washing, and sizing. ... Crushed aggregate is quarried or excavated stone that has been crushed and screened to the desired standard particle size and distribution.

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Shape and Size Matter
Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15 percent by weight of the total aggregate. Unit-weight measures the volume that graded aggregate and the voids between them will occupy in concrete.

The void content between particles affects the amount of cement paste required for the mix. Angular aggregates increase the void content. Larger sizes of well-graded aggregate and improved grading decrease the void content. Absorption and surface moisture of aggregate are measured when selecting aggregate because the internal structure of aggregate is made up of solid material and voids that may or may not contain water. The amount of water in the concrete mixture must be adjusted to include the moisture conditions of the aggregate.

Abrasion and skid resistance of an aggregate are essential when the aggregate is to be used in concrete constantly subject to abrasion as in heavy-duty floors or pavements. Different minerals in the aggregate wear and polish at different rates. Harder aggregate can be selected in highly abrasive conditions to minimize wear.

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: History
People have used sand and stone for foundations for thousands of years. Significant refinement of the production and use of aggregate occurred during the Roman Empire, which used aggregate to build its vast network of roads and aqueducts. The invention of concrete, which was essential to architecture utilizing arches, created an immediate, permanent demand for construction aggregates.

Economy denotes the proper management of materials and of site, as well as a thrifty balancing of cost and common sense in the construction of works. This will be observed if, in the first place, the architect does not demand things which cannot be found or made ready without great expense. For example: it is not everywhere that there is plenty of pit-sand, rubble, fir, clear fir, and marble... Where there is no pit sand, we must use the kinds washed up by rivers or by the sea... and other problems we must solve in similar ways

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Aggregates are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed proportions with a Binding Material to produce concrete.  These act as fillers or volume increasing components on the one hand and are responsible for the strength, hardness, and durability of the concrete on the other hand.

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GRAVEL/BALLAST AGGREGATES

Gravel aggregates are sourced by sifting quarried rock and crushing natural stone. Gravel aggregates don’t possess as much strength as their granite counterparts, but they are often cheaper to purchase. Another, somewhat niche, but nevertheless positive quality is that it has a low radioactive content. Gravel aggregates are used for foundations and concretes, as well as products made of reinforced concrete and materials used in road construction. There are two types of gravel aggregates:

Scrabbled stone – regular, natural or crushed

Gravel – rounded pebbles usually from river or sea origin

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TYPE 1: GRANITE AGGREGATES

This is the best aggregate for high-grade concrete, and as it comes in a variety of shades, like grey, red and pink, it can also be used as a decorative feature. Granite itself is composed of feldspar, quartz and mica crystals, which dictate the colour of the stone.

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Grading & Permeabilities of Aggregates by TRESAGUET

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Grading & Permeabilities of Aggregates by TRESAGUET

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Grading of aggregates is determining the average grain size of the aggregates before they are used in construction.

Coarse Aggregates: 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, IS Nos. 480

Fine Aggregates: IS No. 480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15.

All in aggregates: 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, Nos: 480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15.

Permability ;

Figure shows some typical aggregate gradations and their associated permeabilities. This shows that even a small amount of particles passing the 0.075-mm sieve results in very low permeability.

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Civil Engineering Training, Jobs & Careers

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Types of aggregates based on their nature

Natural Aggregates

Natural aggregates are found in our environment in different forms. They have different size and shape. They can resist the high compressive load. The different types of natural aggregates used in building purpose are mentioned below.

The main types of natural aggregates are sand, gravel, crushed rock such as granite, basalt etc..

You know that main origin of natural aggregates in from bedrocks. There are three classifications of bedrocks igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
SAND
Sand is one of the main classifications of natural aggregate. You already know that sand is a finely divided granular material.

The sand is coarser than silt and finer than gravels. The major compound that consist is sand is silica. The silica is occupying in the sand in the form of quartz.

The diameter of the sand particles ranges from 0.075mm to 4,75mm. The sand is used as the fine aggregates for the purpose of concrete making.

GRAVEL
The gravel is another type of aggregates and is mainly used for as coarse aggregates in concrete. Bank gravel, bench gravel and crushed stone are the examples of gravel.

The size of gravel ranges from 4mm to 64 mm. The gravels are also classified into different namesbased on their size.

GRANITE
Granite is not widely used as much as sand and gravels. The granite comes under the category of igneous rocks that occupying below the surface of the earth.

The main compounds consist in the granites are feldspar, mica etc..The granite have light colored grains. The granite is mainly used for the purpose of tiles in the construction industry.

The other types of natural aggregates used for construction are basalt, crushed rock etc..

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Major knowledge about Bitumen

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1. It should be chemically inert, for example -  they should not react with cement or any other aggregate or admixture.
2. It should possess sufficient hardness to resist scratching and abrasion in the hardened state.
3. It should possess sufficient toughness to bear impact and vibratory loads.

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Road Construction using machine (Telford)

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Road Construction using machine (Telford)

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Extreme Fast Asphalt Paving Machine -  World Amazing Modern Road Construction Machines

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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product.

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What is BITUMEN? What does BITUMEN mean? BITUMEN meaning & explanation - How to pronounce BITUMEN

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Basic properties of aggregates used in concrete (TRESAGUET)

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Basic properties of aggregates used in concrete (TRESAGUET)

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1. Composition - Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalies in cement and cause excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never be used. Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence of any such constituents in aggregate or not.

2. Size and shape - The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the quantity of cement required in concrete mix and hence ultimately economy of concrete. For the preparation of economical concrete mix on should use largest coarse aggregates feasible for the structure. IS-456 suggests following recommendation to decide the maximum size of coarse aggregate to be used in P.C.C & R.C.C mix.

3. Surface texture - The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles and cement paste depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface porosity of the aggregate particles.

If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond strength develops. In porous surface aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste in the pores.

4. Specific gravity - The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours at a temperature of 100 to 1100C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated dry surface aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.

Specific gravities are primarily of two types.

Apparent specific gravity

Bulk specific gravity

Specific gravity is a mean to decide the suitability of the aggregate. Low specific gravity generally indicates porous, weak and absorptive materials, whereas high specific gravity indicates materials of good quality. Specific gravity of major aggregates falls within the range of 2.6 to 2.9.

Specific gravity values are also used while designing concrete mix.

5. Bulk density- It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. It is generally expressed in kg/litre.

6. Voids - The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids. The volume of void equals the difference between the gross volume of the aggregate mass and the volume occupied by the particles alone.

7. Porosity and absorption - The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of the molten magma, due to air bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks containing pores are called porous rocks.

Water absorption may be defined as the difference between the weight of very dry aggregates and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface dry conditions.

Depending upon the amount of moisture content in aggregates, it can exist in any of the 4 conditions.

Very dry aggregate ( having no moisture)

Dry aggregate (contain some moisture in its pores)

Saturated surface dry aggregate (pores completely filled with moisture but no moisture on surface)

Moist or wet aggregates (pores are filled with moisture and also having moisture on surface)

8. Bulking of sand - It can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the quantity of sand (i.e. fine aggregate) in a moist condition over the volume of the same quantity of dry or completely saturated sand. The ratio of the volume of moist sand due to the volume of sand when dry, is called bulking factor.

Fine sands bulk more than coarse sand

When water is added to dry and loose sand, a thin film of water is formed around the sand particles. Interlocking of air in between the sand particles and the film of water tends to push the particles apart due to surface tension and thus increase the volume. But in case of fully saturated sand the water films are broken and the volume becomes equal to that of dry sand.

9. Fineness modulus - Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of the standard sieves ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron and dividing this sum by 100.

Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

10. Specific surface - The surface area per unit weight of the material is termed as specific surface. This is an indirect measure of the aggregate grading. Specific surface increases with the reduction in the size of aggregate particle. The specific surface area of the fine aggregate is very much more than that of coarse aggregate.

11. Crushing value - The aggregates crushing value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to crushing under gradually applied compressive load. The aggregate crushing strength value is a useful factor to know the behavior of aggregates when subjected to compressive loads.

12. Impact value - The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. The impact value of an aggregate is sometime used as an alternative to its crushing value.

13. Abrasion value - The abrasion value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to wear when it is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive charge.

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What are aggregates? What are the basic properties of the aggregates used in concrete?

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Answer (1 of 9): Aggregate Aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite ...

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Bitumen also known as asphalt in the United States.

Bitumen is actually the liquid binder that holds asphalt together. The term bitumen is often mistakenly used to describe asphalt.

A bitumen-sealed road has a layer of bitumen sprayed and then covered with an aggregate. This is then repeated to give a two-coat seal.

Asphalt is produced in a plant that heats, dries and mixes aggregate, bitumen and sand into a composite mix. It is then applied through a paving machine on site as a solid material at a nominated or required thickness, relative to the end use. Asphalt results in a smoother and more durable surface than a bitumen-sealed road.
by:McAdam

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SAND

Sand is used to provide bulk and strength for materials like asphalt and concrete, as well as being used for decorative purposes. Sand combines with water and other aggregates to form the solid, durable concrete that is used in countless applications all over the world. It also plays a key role in the binding agent in asphalt, transporting it throughout the mix.

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Bitumen is produced by fractional distillation of crude oil. Usually, distillation is done in two steps. First the crude oil is heated up to 300-350°C and introduced into an atmospheric distillation column. Lighter fractions like naphtha, kerosene and gas oil are separated from the crude oil at different heights in the column. The heaviest fractions left at the bottom of the column are called heavy residue.

The long residue is heated up to 350-400°C and introduced into a vacuum distillation column. By using reduced pressure it is possible to further distillate lighter products from the residue because the equivalent temperature (temperature under atmospheric conditions) is much higher. If second distillation were carried out under atmospheric conditions and by increasing the temperature above 400°C, thermal decomposition/cracking of the heavy residue would occur. The residue at the bottom of the column is called short residue and is the feedstock for the manufacture of bitumen.

by: McAdam

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1. Bitumen heating to 265-270 °C

2. Transferring melted bitumen to blowing towers

3. Blowing air to bitumen

4. Cooling melted bitumen with water

5. Packing.

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TYPE 1: LIMESTONE AGGREGATES

Limestone aggregates are creating through the crushing of sedimentary rock. This type of aggregate is one of the most commonly used in road construction and reinforced concrete aside from granite and gravel.

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TRESAGUET
SOUNDNESS TEST

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Civil Engineering Training, Jobs & Careers

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What is aggregate? - The Bare Essentials of Concrete - Part 2

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SECONDARY AGGREGATES

Obtained by crushing construction waste (concrete, bricks and asphalt), secondary aggregates are designed as an effective, low cost option to other materials. It is approximately two times cheaper than granite, but it is not as strong as its costlier counterpart. However, secondary aggregates have a wide range of uses: a large scale filler for concretes with strengths of 5-20 MPa, road construction, maintenance works (used under asphalted areas and pavements) and for reinforcing weak soils.

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CATEGORY OF AGGREGATE       Well graded : Well-graded aggregate has a gradation of particle size that fairly evenly spans the size from the finest to the coarsest. A slice of a core of well-graded aggregate concrete shows a packed field of many different particle sizes. It is characterized by the S- shaped in gradation curve.•
Poor graded : Poor-graded aggregate is characterized by small variation in size. It contains aggregate particles that are almost of the same size. This means that the particles pack together, leaving relatively large voids in the concrete. It is also called “uniform-graded”. It is characterized by steep curve.•
Gap graded : Gap-graded aggregate consists of aggregate particles in which some intermediate size particles are missing. A core slice of gap-graded, or skip grade, concrete shows a field of small sized- aggregate interspersed with slightly isolated, large aggregate pieces embedded in a small sized aggregate. It is characterized by a gradation curve with a hump in between.

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Bitumen Grade 115/15, Application: Road Construction & Coating On Roofs at Rs 1650/piece in Thane, Maharashtra.

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WHAT IS BITUMEN AND ITS USES:

Bitumen is the binding material present in asphalt. Sometimes it is also known as mineral tar. Bitumen is produced by partial distillation of crude petroleum.

it is chemically a hydrocarbon and insoluble in water. But it totally dissolves in alkalies, alkaline carbonates, benzol, chloroform, bisulphide, naptha, coal tar, petroleum spirit and oil of turpentine.

It is obtained from 87% carbon, 11% hydrogen and 2% oxygen (By weight). The bitumen is produced in solid or semi-solid state and black or brown in color.

FORMS OF BITUMEN:

The general forms of bitumen are as following

1. BITUMEN EMULSION:

It is a liquid compound which contains a large amount of bitumen in aqueous medium. It is suspended by some appropriate stabilizing agents in the aqueous medium.

2 CUT-BACK BITUMEN:

This form of bitumen is produced by fluxing asphaltic bitumen in presence of some liquid distillates of petroleum or coal tar. Cut-back bitumen can be used as bitumen paint in cold.

3 BLOWN BITUMEN:

It is a special form of bitumen produced by passing air under pressure at a higher temperature. This type of bitumen can be used as heat insulating material, roofing and damp-proofing felts, producing asphalt pipe and joint fillers etc.

4 PLASTIC BITUMEN:

It comprises of bitumen thinner and appropriate inert filler (40%-45%). Plastic bitumen can be used for filling cracks in masonry structures, stopping leakages etc.

5 STRAIGHT RUN BITUMEN:

This type of bitumen is obtained by distillation of the bitumen to a definite viscosity or penetration without further treatment:

APPLICATION OF BITUMEN:

Road Construction.

Hydraulics & erosion control Catchment areas, basins.

Dam groutings,

Dam linings,

Embankment protection

Dam linings,

Embankment protection

Ditch linings,  Reservoir linings

Reservoir linings

Jetties, Dyke protection

Dyke protection

Swimming pools

Waste ponds

Water barriers

Mattresses for levee & bank protection

Membrane linings,

Waterproofing

Revetments

Sand dune stabilization,

Drainage gutters,

Backed felts

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Distillation Process of Bitumen (Telford)

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Distillation Process of Bitumen (Telford)