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                                                      References

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                                                      References

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Seligman, L., Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

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     Prior to Late 19th              Century

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     Prior to Late 19th              Century

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Limited knowledge of the intricacies of mental, emotional and behavioral health.

Only help was available for people with severe difficulties.

The care they did receive was rarely effective and often harsh.

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Aspects of forces 1, 2 and 3 combined to allow for "a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible"
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

Incorporating components of individual identity = positive and effective relationships/treatment plans

Being open to working with clients, other professionals, and all stakeholders

Embracing more approaches and continuing to motivate people to take charge in their own life

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"Development of existential-humanistic psychotherapy"
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

The work of Carl Rogers (1960s), Victor Frankl, Fritz Perls, and others

Focused on people's emotions and sensations

Advocated for patients to find meaning in their lives

Highlighted the importance of the therapeutic alliance

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"Behavioral and cognitive theories of intervention"
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

Created and moved forward by the work of B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, Donald Meighenbaum

1970s: Behavioral treatment approaches
1980s: Cognitive treatment approaches
1990s: Integration of both

Present focused treatments that used positive thoughts and actions to replace "dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors"
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

Placed importance on thoughts and actions and the link between the two

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"Development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy"
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014)

Introduced through the work of Sigmund Freud

Focused on importance of peoples' past in connection with their present actions and struggles

Utilized long term treatment and exploring a person's unconscious thoughts