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A full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera is one with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format film

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The more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2

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A zoom lens is a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens). A true zoom lens, also called a parfocal lens, is one that maintains focus when its focal length changes.

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Used to describe the intensity of color in the image.

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The global adjustment of the intensities of the colors

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Allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Allows you to zoom-in on the image to get a better idea of the actual pixel makeup of a section you are working on

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Helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly

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Cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image

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Deals with width and height. It basically describes how square (1:1) or wide (16:9) or image is

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Straightens images, part of the cropping tool

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Fills an area of an image based on color similarity

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Is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with

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Useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border. Select the Lasso tool , and set feathering and anti-aliasing in the options bar. (See Soften the edges of selections.) To add to, subtract from, or intersect with an existing selection, click the corresponding button in the options bar.

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Selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Left-click on various points to create a selectionwith a series of straight edges. You can also hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key (Mac OS) to draw freehand sections.

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You can use the Quick Selection tool to quickly“paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool .

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Is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse.

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Can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area

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Allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image

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It initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patch from or patch to

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The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area

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Allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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The Dodge tool and the Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging)

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The Dodge tool and the Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. Increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning).

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The sponge allows you to saturate or desaturate a specific area of your image, intensifying or removing color when necessary.

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The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.

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Reduce unwanted noise while keeping important edges unaffected. Sets the sharpening algorithm used to sharpen the image.

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simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag.

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Removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source.

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Creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradient fills or create your own. Note: You cannot use the Gradient tool with bitmap or indexed-color images. To fill part of the image, select the desired area.

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They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of different areas across a single layer.

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Are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustment layers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time.

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A file or directory within this storage area: If you make changes, be sure to save your workspace.

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Adobe Photoshop includes a toolbar that allows you to adjust settings for each selected tool.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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A menu bar is a user interface element that contains selectable commands and options for a specific program.

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The Options Bar is where you would go to adjust settings for the currently active tool.

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Is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size.

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Is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. ... The angle of view of a fisheye lens is usually between 100 and 180 degrees while the focal lengths depend on the film format they are designed for.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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Is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. ... Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations.

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The type tool allows direct on-image text editing. The only difference between the horizontal and vertical type tools is that the horizontal type tool adds text horizontally and the vertical type tool adds text vertically.

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Middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography, and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light. ... Therefore, the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level.

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The metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes.

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Partial metering is one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand.

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Matrix Metering orEvaluative Metering mode is the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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A mode of automatic light metering in a camera that compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image.