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perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level

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camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot

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Spot metering on Nikon cameras work very similar to partial metering on Canon cameras

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dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones

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compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image

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lens designed for photographing small subjects at very close distances. They can focus much nearer than normal lenses, allowing you to fill the frame with your subject and capture more detail

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bring greater artistic expression, drama, or even humor to images and the ability to focus close to a subject and achieve a very large depth of field

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High Dynamic Range: your camera will process photos slightly differently than normal in order to capture greater detail from bright and dark areas in your photo

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illustration or portrait photograph which fades into its background without a definite border

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creates and edits vector-based text in a separate layer

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picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag

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flash source is used too close to the lens axis and the pupils of the eye are wide open causes red eyes, which this tool gets rid of

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gradual blend between multiple colors

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They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to

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group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels

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hold back light to lighten an area on the print

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increase the exposure to darken areas on a print

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used to saturate or desaturate

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lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred. ... A harder blur brush will alter pixels at the given strength so that all affected pixels are blurred to the same degree

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a brush tool that sharpens part of an image

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clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint

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fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image

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used to define the area to patchfrom or patch to

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duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area

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move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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drawing freeform segments of a selection border

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selects pixels based on tone and color

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left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges

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quickly “paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image

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draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections

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cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image

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what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other. If the ratio is 1:1 it means that each side of the pixel is the same length as the other, in other words the pixel is a square

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Drag along a feature in the image that you want to orient horizontally or vertically.A If you need to adjust the line, move either endpoint

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fills an area of an image based on color similarity. ... A low tolerance means only very similar colors will be affected, a high tolerance means more pixels will be affected

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element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color

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Saturation defines the intensity of a hue. Vivid primary colors are highly saturated, while pastel colors are unsaturated

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the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors(typically red, green, and blue primary colors)

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Click anywhere in the image to magnify it. In either case, the zoom centers on the point you click.

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enabling you to move the image around in its window by dragging

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You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace

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set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image

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user interface element that contains selectable commands and options

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adjust settings for the currently active tool. This toolbar is context-sensitive, meaning that it changes according to which tool you have selected

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(DSLR) is one with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format film

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm

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ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs

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fixed focal length photographic lens

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lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length