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The mass slaughter and systematic torture/murder of approximately six million European Jews and millions of other "undesirables" by the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945.

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The act of being forced to leave where one is living. The Nazis coerced, tricked, and forced prisoners to leave their homes or ghettos, and board cattle cars destined for concentration camps and/or death camps. Prisoners in the overcrowded, unsanitary, cattle cars were given no food or water during the 2-4 day ride to the camps and many died.

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A government or doctrine in which one political party or political group maintains complete control of a population even to the intimate, private details of an individual’s life such as one’s friendships.

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An ancient Eastern symbol adopted by the Nazis as their emblem.

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False or partly-false information used by a government or political party to sway the opinions of the population. Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister of propaganda and a master of the manipulation of truth, used books, film, newspapers, and radio to further notions of racial superiority and the persecution of Jews.

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Nazi system for imprisoning those consider “enemies of the state.” Many different groups and individuals were imprisoned in concentration camps: religious opponents, resisters, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), Poles, and Jews. Concentration camps were further subdivided into labor camps and death camps. Before the end of World War II, several thousand of these concentration camps were operating throughout Europe, in all countries conquered by the German army, especially Poland, Austria and Germany.

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Racial laws put into effect by the German parliament in Nuremberg on September 15, 1935. These laws became the basis for racist anti-Jewish policies and the legal exclusion of Jews from German life. One of the first Nuremberg Laws declared that only Aryans could be citizens of Germany. Jewish families who had lived in Germany for 400 or more years suddenly had no legal rights or protection. Similar anti-Jewish laws were imposed upon every nation occupied by the German army.

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The abbreviation for Hitler’s political party, the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. The Nazi Party was a right-wing, nationalistic, and antisemitic political party formed in 1919 and headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945.

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The discovery of the camps by Allied forces who stumbled upon them while pursuing the German army. After liberation many thousands of camp inmates perished because they were too weak to live. Others survived and began looking for family members in vain.

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German for “night of broken glass,” for nation-wide pogroms (anti-Jewish riots) which occurred throughout Germany on November 9 and 10, 1938. This was the first organized, nation–wide, government-sanctioned vandalizing of property belonging to Jews by the Nazis. SA troops smashed store windows, burned synagogues, and beat up Jews in the streets, killing nearly 100 people. 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp, near Munich. Several thousand Jewish women were arrested and sent to local jails. Kristallnacht was followed by a punitive fine to be paid by the Jewish community for the damages done to their own businesses.

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The Nazis revived the medieval 16th-century term “ghetto” to describe compulsory “Jewish quarters” in the poorest sections of the cities and towns they had conquered. Ghettos were closed off by walls, or fences made of wood and barbed wire. Entire families were imprisoned in ghettos, including young children and the elderly. Ghettos were extremely crowded and unsanitary. Lack of food, clothing, medicine, and other supplies, severe winter weather, and the absence of adequate municipal services led to repeated outbreaks of epidemics and to very high mortality rates. With the implementation of the Final Solution in late 1941, most ghettos were systematically destroyed. Residents were either shot in mass

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The Nazi Secret State Police, Geheime Staatspolizei, who had absolute power and could
arrest without a warrant.

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The deliberate, systematic annihilation of a racial, religious, cultural, or political group of people. In genocide people are persecuted and murdered because of membership in the targeted victim group. In addition to the Holocaust, genocide against targeted groups has also occurred in Cambodia (Asia), Bosnia (Eastern Europe), Rwanda (Africa), and now in Darfur (in Sudan, Africa).

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German word for “leader.” In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler was the supreme leader and was called the Fuhrer.

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Euphemism adopted at Wansee Conference (January 1942), refers to “the final solution to the Jewish question in Europe.” This was the Nazi code for the murder of all European Jews.

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Intended to change the manner in which a person or group of people are perceived. Dehumanization reduces the target group to objects therefore no longer human and worthy of human

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Furnaces constructed to burn human remains in the killing centers and concentration camps. The Germans had accepted bids for the construction of crematoria; many were built by German companies.

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One who is present at an event or who knows about its occurrence and chooses to ignore it. That is, he or she neither participates in, nor responds to it.

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“Aryan” was used originally to identify peoples speaking the languages of Europe and India. The Nazis changed it to mean “superior race,” described as white, tall, athletic, with blond hair and blue eyes.

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Prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. Antisemitism was not new to Nazi Germany or Europe; feelings of hatred and distrust of Jews had existed there for centuries. (“Antisemitism” can also be written with a hyphen, as “anti-semitism,” but the growing consensus is to write it without a hyphen.)