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Undelegated powers kept by the states and the people
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."

This means that any power not completely given by the government or prohibited by the constitution can be given to the states or the people. Some examples of laws/policies that change in each state are marriage and divorce laws, adoption laws, civil/contract laws, legality of marijuana, civil/contract laws, and automobile laws. Another example is that gay marriage used to be an issues that states had different stances and laws on, but now it is federally legal.

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Other rights kept by the people
"the enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."

These are rights not explicitly mentioned in the constitution or but are still supposed to be protected by the government. This was created so the rights of the people could be added to, and wouldn't be limited to the constitution. Some examples of this are the right to privacy, the right to marriage, and the right to vote.

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Excessive bail, fines, and punishments forbidden
"excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

This means that law enforcement or judicial officials cannot abuse their power by making people taken to court pay a bail that is unreasonably high for their crimes and flight risk. They also cannot charge people with fines that are excessively higher than what is set, or give punishments that are considered cruel or unusual. This means that you probably wouldn't see people punished the way the man in the picture is in modern America because it is illegal. People will get community service, jail time, or for capital offenses in some states; the death penalty.

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Rights in civil cases
"In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law."

Sometimes people or corporations are involved in conflicts over money, property, etc, where a serious crime wasn't committed. These are called civil disputes. Civil disputes can be solved by a civil court with a jury, if the money involved in the controversy exceeds twenty dollars. One example of this is Judge Judy. She handles non criminal cases often between former partners, friends, neighbors, or family members.

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Rights of accused person in criminal cases
"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."

This means that if someone is accused of a crime and brought to court they have certain rights. They can have a public trial where the judge and the jury will try their best to decide on a fair ruling. The accused must go back to the state that the crime was committed to be tried. They also have the right to an attorney, witnesses they can choose, be confronted with opposing witnesses, and be fully informed of the crime which they are being accused of.

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Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized."

This means that government officials and law enforcement cannot take belongings or search property without either a warrant, or the owners consent. This restricts police from abusing power because they cannot seize a persons property, or invade their privacy unless there is a reasonable suspicion that someone committed a crime.

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Protection of rights to Life, Liberty, and Property
"No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, .... nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation."

This means that everyone's life is of equal and important value and cannot be taken. Everyone has the right to a speedy and public trial in front of an impartial jury. People are innocent until proven guilty, and do not have to serve time for their crimes unless proven. Property cannot be taken from anyone unless the government takes it for public use. This means that as long as people follow the laws, they will not have their basic human rights violated or taken away by the government. In order People have the right to no double jeapordy, to remain silent on things that could possibly incriminate you.

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The housing of soldiers
"No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

This means that soldiers cannot live in a house without the owners consent during peacetime. However, in time of war they can when the law allows it. This amendment was the result of the British quartering their soldiers in citizens homes during the revolutionary war. It makes sense why people didn't like this. Having tanks go down the street, or hundreds of soldiers in a neighborhood would make people uneasy and outraged about how much power the government has.

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The right to bear arms
"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."

This means that all capable and of age individuals are allowed to safely obtain firearms. This was relevant back in the time of early government because the antifederalists were afraid of the power of a national government. They wanted to make sure the people could secure their own state if necessary. Nowadays, this isn't very relevant because the us has a standing militia. Most people's reasoning for owning a firearm is to protect ones self, family, and property.

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"Freedom of Speech, Religion, Assembly, Petition, and Press
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

This Amendment means that people are allowed to practice any religion they want, talk about anyone or anything they want, join groups and gather, peacefully protest to see things change, and write any article or news story they want. People can do any of these things as long as they are legal and not infringing on the rights of others. For example: It is perfectly legal for people to assemble for a peaceful protest, but if violence ensues, police will get involved. It doesn't matter if someone disagrees with your opinion because they have a right to free speech.