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What makes tuberculosis (TB) the world's most infectious killer? - Melvin Sanicas

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The main goal of this study was to test different compounds and their effectiveness at reducing the bacterial load of the virus. This means that they were testing medication on the virus to see what effect they would have on the virus. The two compounds and two controls (normal and positive control) were the independent variables. The dependant variable was the log unit of the bacteria in the mouse. (how much virus is still present after the use of the different medications). (AAC 2001)

Terms
Positive/negative control- A control in an experiment that is already known to have an expected positive/negative effect (AAC 2001)

Positive Claim
On day fifty (day 30 of medication) The positive control and compound B showed no significant difference since the standard error bars were over lapping meaning Compound B was effective since the positive control was already known to work. The positive control had a CFU value of 3.7 and Compound B had a value of 3.8. This is a significant difference from day 20 without the medication which had a value of 5.6. This shows that Compound B could be used as a treatment option in the future. (AAC 2001)

Negative Claim
On day fifty (day 30 of medication) The (normal)  control had a value of 5.4 CFU and Compound A had a value of 5.3 CFU and the standard error bars were overlapping meaning there was no significant change between the two. The CFU value on day 20 before the medication was administered was 5.6. This showed us that these two medications had very little effect on the virus and are most likely not a viable option as a treatment.. (AAC 2001)

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How Tuberculosis Affects the Respiratory System

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How Tuberculosis Affects the Respiratory System

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Tuberculosis is a Bacteria that typically affects the lungs which are a part of the respiratory system. This bacteria triggers the body to create mucus and inflame the affected parts of the lungs. The addition of mucus makes the distance of diffusion of oxygen much larger, compared to a normal lung where the alveoli have very thin walls for the ease of diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream. The inflammation of the lungs also has the same effect since the walls of the lungs are increasing in width, making it harder for oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream and get Co2 out.  The addition of mucus also takes up surface area that the process of diffusion could be happening, Normal lungs have a very large surface area for this process to take place. These side effects make it so that there is less space to have diffusion occur and where it does happen, it's much harder and takes longer than usual. (Mayo Clinic 2019)

This process inhibits homeostasis since the body can't diffuse oxygen and get rid of the Co2 building up in the bloodstream from Cellular Respiration. your body needs energy for your cells to do work, and for this to happen you must do Cellular Respiration. Cellular respiration happens when Glucose and Oxygen are used to create usable energy for your cells, however, this process also creates carbon dioxide and water which your body needs to gets rid of through breathing and excretion. This is done through breathing faster, which helps bring in more oxygen and release more co2 and water, and increasing heart rate which helps diffuse more oxygen into the blood and gets Co2 out. This helps your body maintain homeostasis by regulating the amount of Co2 there is in the blood and doing enough CR to maintain normal function in the body. Since this disease inhibits the proper function of the lungs, it makes it harder for the diffusion of oxygen to happen and lets CO2 accumulate raising the blood PH in the body. (Mayo Clinic 2019) (CDC 2012)

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In my article from The Iran University of Medical Science Talked about HDI around the world and how it can affect the rates of TB/HIV in different countries. It starts off by talking about the disease and how it is one of the ten most important causes of death. TB is commonly associated with HIV an immune system suppressing virus. Rates of TB are 20-30 times higher in people with HIV compared to those without it. (Okhovat-Isfahani et.al., 2019)

TB is a virus that can be diagnosed and treated, however, it can also be deadly if not treated properly. This is why the detection is so important and studies like this one are being done. (Okhovat-Isfahani et.al., 2019)

The concentration of the disease has been linked to things like Poverty, crowded housing situation, and lack of healthcare. Compared to wealthier areas that have the necessary resources to treat DIseases like TB. This article uses HDI to access these factors, it takes into account life expectancy, education, and income, all things that this study shows are factors in the concentration of TB. After all the research, the scientist came to the conclusion that countries with a lower HDI have higher rates of TB (Okhovat-Isfahani et.al., 2019)

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The respiratory system is the system in your body, it's responsible for getting oxygen into your blood and carbon dioxide out of it. The system gets oxygen into your blood by inhaling air through your nasal or oral cavity (mouth or nose), the air then goes down your trachea through one of the two bronchi, then through one of the many bronchioles till it gets to an alveoli. At the alveoli oxygen from the air is then exchanged for carbon dioxide from the blood. The alveoli's small round shape helps them to be numerous in the lungs and their thin walls help them diffuse the oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood quickly. The capillaries are also small so they can wrap around the alveoli and they also have thin walls to aid diffusion. So this how the form of the capillaries and alveoli help their function. The lung and the tissue inside being shaped like a sponge and less like a balloon help it function more efficiently because it has more surface area, and when there is more surface area more diffusion can occur which removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen to your blood faster, the whole purpose of the respiratory system. (IBES 2021)

The Respiratory system helps you survive and maintain homeostasis, which entails a relatively constant amount of blood oxygen and a relatively stable blood ph. When exercising or doing something else that requires a lot of energy your cells increase their energy output which means they need to perform more cellular respiration to get the energy they output. As oxygen is a reactant and carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration often your respiratory system has to work harder when you exercise. The variable that changes causing your respiratory system and circulatory system to work harder is when your blood ph drops making your blood acidic, this happens when you have too much carbon dioxide in your blood. Then as your respiratory system works harder and you stop exercising your blood ph starts to increase back to normal levels the excess carbon dioxide was removed. (IBES  2021)

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James R. Hargreaves, Delia Boccia, Mark Petticrew, and John D. H. Porter, JH/DB/MP/JP. (April 2011). The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis: From Evidence to Action, US National Libary of medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3052350/#box1

Okhovat-Isfahani, B., Bitaraf, S., Mansournia, M., & Doosti-Irani, A. (2019, May 22). Inequality in the global incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and TB/HIV according to the human development index. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708111/

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, AAC, (July 2001). Search for New Drugs for Treatment of Tuberculosis. American Society for Microbiology
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ddKDswjPOsr8hrJqfyGWLjdKq9E67dIt/view

Okhovat-Isfahani, B., Bitaraf, S., Mansournia, M., & Doosti-Irani, A. (2019, May 22). Inequality in the global incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and TB/HIV according to the human development index. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708111?

CDC (December 21, 2012) Tuberculosis CDC https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/faqs/qa_introduction.htm#:~:text=The%20bacteria%20attack%20the%20body,can%20fight%20the%20TB%20bacteria.

Mayo Clinic (Jan 30,2019), Tuberculosis Mayo Clinic,

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250#:~:text=Tuberculosis%20(TB)%20is%20a%20potentially,air%20via%20coughs%20and%20sneezes

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Diseases have often affected the poor, minorities, and the malnourished more than others, Tuberculosis is no different. If a person is affected by food insecurity, poor and crowded housing, and barriers to health care such as cultural practices, financial problems, or geography/distance, that person is far more likely to die of and get Tuberculosis. For example, Tuberculosis spreads slowly so one has to be in contact with someone in close proximity for a long time, so if you live in a small house or apartment with a lot of family members or roommates you are far more likely to get TB.  Malnourishment and food insecurity can also lead TB to be more fatal. A malnourished person has a weakened immune system, and not only does a weakened immune system make inactive TB become TB disease or active TB more easily it also makes catching TB far more likely. HIV and AIDS is often also a rampant problem in poor and undereducated communities, because of a lack of access to sex education. AIDS suppresses one’s immune system even more severely than malnutrition so for a person with AIDS and inadequate access to healthcare TB is a far more serious problem than for another person.   (Hargreaves et.al 2011)