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Four Modernizations- Deng set goals for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology.

Tiananmen Square- a huge public space in the

heart of Beijing. The students mounted a protest for democracy. The student protest won widespread popular support. When thousands of stu-dents began a hunger strike to highlight their cause, people poured into Tiananmen Square to support them. Many students called for Deng Xiaoping to resign.

Hong Kong- Hong Kong was a thriving

business center and British colony on the southeastern coast of China. On July 1, 1997, Great Britain handed Hong Kong over to China, ending 155 years of colonial rule.

Mao regained influence by backing radicals. Purges and conflicts among leaders created economic, social, and political chaos.

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The day after it proclaimed itself a state, six Islamic states—Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi
Arabia, and Syria—invaded Israel. The first of many Arab-Israeli wars, this one ended within months in a victory for Israel. Full-scale war broke out again in 1956, 1967, and 1973. Because of Arab-Israeli tensions, several hundred thousand Jews living in Arab lands moved to Israel.

One State vs. Two State - would create an independent Israel and Palestine, and is the mainstream approach to resolving the conflict

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A complete separation of races.

It happened during 1948 when the National Party came to Africa. It went all the way until 1996.

It existed in South Africa and South West Africa

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It is easy to blame minority groups as they lack power to fight back and the majority will usually support the blaming. The minority group during the Holocaust was doing all of the work, and they would get blamed if it wasn’t done right. It was easy to blame things on someone.

The German people were afraid. They were scared of what would happen if they didn’t listen to the Nazi. The Nazi was in control, they set the rules, they had everything in their hands. The Germans just had to follow along with what they said. They knew there was no way out.

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Battle of the Bulge - known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, was a major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II, and took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.

Battle of Stalingrad - Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia.

Battle of Midway - naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea

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Totalitarianism: A government that

controls public behavior, no elections.

Great Purge: was a violent political campaign that was led by Joseph stalin Also known as “great terror” or “year of ‘37”

Command Economy: An economy that is big in production, investment and they are all determined by a government.

The Five Year Plan: A plan that was made to help set off economical growth

Collective Farm: A farm that is usually in a communist country that was made by -- Was under government supervision

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Appeasement: this was a policy that was meant to calm the country and prevent the war

Axis Powers: the Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Francisco Franco: the government ran by liberals and socialists, held office and many crises. In july of 1936 the army leaders favoring a Fascist-style government joined Francisco Franco in a revolt.

Isolationism: the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided.

Third Reich: was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country which they transformed into a dictatorship.

Munich Conference: was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy

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Fascism - a militant political movement emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader.

Benito Mussolini - Newspaper editor and politician that promised to rescue Italy by reviving the economy and rebuilding the armed forces. Founded the Facist Party in 1919.

Adolf Hitler - Leader of the Nazi party and Germany

Nazism - This is a german form of facism

Mein Kampf - Hitler served time in jail for treason and during his jail time wrote the book mein kampf.

Lebensraum - Living space.

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Kuomintang: Groups that are pushing for modernization and nationalization or a Nationalist Party

Sun Yixian: first great leader

May Fourth Movement:The chinese were outraged due to the treaty of versailles and went into beijing

Mao Zedong: founder of the People’s Republic of China

Jiang Jieshi: Died in 1925, the son of a middle class merchant. Was the Chinese Nationalist politician

Long March: Jang gathered 700,000 men and marched to Shaanxi to attack the rebelling Chinese

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-Proletariat: The working class of the Russian economy

-Bolsheviks: A group who supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change.

-Lenin: The major leader of the Bolsheviks, previously named Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. He adopted the name Lenin.

-Rasputin: A very mysterious man, self described as a ‘holy man’ It is believed he had magical healing powers, even healing the son of the family in power at the time.

-Provisional Government: A temporary government

-Soviet: Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. In many cities, the soviets had more influence than the provisional

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Triple alliance - was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that was formed on the 20th of May 1882.

Triple entente - describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic and Great Britain.

Schlieffen Plan - plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilize her forces near the German border.

Treaty of Versailles - most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.

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1 - The alliance system that was developed caused conflicts between other nations.
2 - Russians were paranoid and have a connection with the Austrians.
3 - The triple alliance of Germany, Austria, and Hungary had gone to the side of the allies.
4 - The assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

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In the mid 1800s African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. They had to compete for empires.

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positive impacts - cheaper and faster production of goods, more factories created more jobs, global trading, economic growth, etc.

negative impacts - child labor, unequal pay, water was not safe to drink & caused diseases, overcrowded cities and slums, etc.

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He conquered most of Europe except Russia. He also improved Europe's economic systems.

Napoleonic Code - first organized body of law to govern France. It gave men higher authority and more rights

He was defeated in Russia due to their "scorched-earth" policy. They burned the places they left behind.

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Causes - They wanted to get out of a monarchy. They wanted to reform the church and separate them from their government.

Tennis Court Oath - where they came up with a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - was their form of the constitution and gave citizens rights.

Reign of Terror - violent time during the French Revolution. Conflict between modern republicans and radical republicans. They had arrested or executed anyone who they thought were not loyal to the revolution

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Nicholas Copernicus -  proposed the heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler - planetary theory

Galileo - telescope

Isaac Newton - law of gravity

William Havery - circulation of blood

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Hobbes - people are evil and need a strong government to keep them in order

Locke - all people are born with 3 rights; life, liberty, and property

Rousseau - the people and their government form a social contract

Montesquieu - the government must be divided into 3 branches

Voltaire - the church and the state need to be separate

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In response to what MLK did, the catholic nations such as Spain and France had attacked the followers of MLK.

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MLK had broken away from the church during this time because he had different views than other people. The printing press had also produced many copies of religious readings.

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Created the Bushido Code which was a moral code concerning samurai attitudes, behavior, and lifestyle. They also had the hierarchy which was presented in a pyramid way of all the class levels

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Was also divided into classes. First class was people born Muslim. Second was people who converted to Muslim. Third was to protect others. Fourth was for slaves. The leadership was elected from the people. The economy was based on livestock, agriculture, and textiles. They were located in poor regions that had few areas of fertile land. They created the waterwheels, pumps, irrigation canals and more.

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The highest positions in their government were held by two consuls. Rome's location also protected them from invasions. They had a slave based economy. Rome was built on 7 hills at the bank of Tibet river. It had many hills and mountains. They contributed to the technologies used during battles. They were divided into two classes consisting of the plebeians and the patricians.

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They were divided into 4 main classes. Those would be the upper class, the middle class, the lower class, and the slave class. It was also home of city-states such as Sparta and Athens. They were ruled by democracy, monarchy, and tyranny. Their economy was based on agricultural trade. They were located near the Mediterranean Sea. They helped create the gear, screws, rotary mills, and more.

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Created the 4 great technological advances in history. Those would be the compass, gunpowder, paper making, and printing. They were ruled by dynasties. They helped invent the trade network. Their land was isolated by dry desert areas. The 4 social classes included the noble, farmers or peasants, craftsmen, and the merchants.

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Located in a small area of land which is now known as Pakistan and India. It was surrounded by forests, desert, and ocean which made the land very fertile.
They were controlled by Kings or rajas. The economy was based on agriculture and trade. They had helped to create boats for travel. they also had large monumental structures.

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They had a highly centralized government. It mainly focused on imports. They have a semi-presidential government. Had the most fertile land in the ancient world. Located along the Nile River. They made money off of crops. They had invented writing methods, paper, and more. They also had the upper, middle, and lower classes.

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Was ruled by Kings. The Kings ruled an entire city rather than the whole empire. Each King had their own rules and systems that would be beneficial to them. They had a global trade economy. The land is fertile and full of soil. They had created the potter's wheel and developed irrigation.

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A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings who share a number of common elements

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Adapting animals for human use, added a reliable source of meat, milk, and wool (during Neolithic Revolution)

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Replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia (replacement theory)