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Origin: First appeared in nursing literature in 1982 and revised in 1996.
- Based on the Expectancy-Value Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory
(Pender, 1996)
Scope: High middle range theory
Major Concepts:
- Individual characteristics and experiences
- Behavior-specific cognition's and affect
-Behavioral outcomes
(McEwin, & Wills, 2019)

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Nursing Metapardigm:
Person- The person is a biopsychosocial organism which is shaped by the environment
Environment- The social, cultural, and physical context in which life unfolds which can be manipulated to create positive health behaviors
Nursing- Collaboration from the nurse with individuals, families, and communities can help create the most favorable conditions in which patients can express health-promoting behaviors
Health- Evolving life experiences that is effected by goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others.
(Pender, 2011)

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Purpose of the Health Promotion Model: To explore the biopsychosocial processes that motivate individuals to seek out health promoting behaviors.
-Used as a framework for research to predict health-promoting lifestyles as well as behaviors
Assumptions:
- Individuals seek to actively regulate their own behavior
-Individuals interact with their environment through biological, psychological and sociocultural ways to promote health
-The nurse can influence individuals to promote health through education and assessing readiness to change
- Health promoting behaviors must first come from the individual in order to change their behavior
(Pender, 2011)

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Aim:
- To investigate the effects of the HPM to improve the nutritional behaviors of overweight and obese women admitted to Fatemiyeh Hospital clinics in Hamadan, west Iran.
Methods:
- Applied Pender's HPM-based interventions to a group of overweight women that consisted of lectures, questioning and answering, and group discussions.
Results:
- Education and training based on Pender's HPM can improve women's nutritional behaviors

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The effects of Pender's Health Promotion Model

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American Nurses Association, (n.d.). Scope of practice. Retrieved from: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/scope-of-practice/

Khodaveisi, M., Omidi, A., Farokhi, S., & Soltanian, A.R. (2016). The effect of Pender’s Health Promotion Model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. IJCBNM, 5(2), 165-173. Retrieved from: https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/

McEwin, M., & Wills, E. M., (2018). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (5th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.

Mohsenipoua, H., Majlessi, F., Shojaeizadeh, D., Rahimiforooshani, A., Ghafari, R., & Habibi V. (2016). Predictors of health-promoting behaviors in coronary artery bypass surgery patients: An application of Pender’s Health Promotion Model. Iran Red Crescent Med J., 18(9), 1-9. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.38871.

Pender, N. J., (1996). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (3rd Ed.). Stanford, CT: Appleton & Lange

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Aim:
- Determine the efficiency of the HPM in predicting coronary artery bypass patients' lifestyles
Results:
- Health promoting behaviors can help predict the outcomes and lifestyles of cardiac surgery patients.
-This framework can be used for discharge planning and implementing educational interventions to improve the lifestyle of CABG patients.

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Predictors of Health-Promoting Behaviors in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Patients