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Nouns are basic to sentence structure because they, along with pronouns, provide the subject of the sentence. In addition, a noun functions as a direct object of a verb, an indirect object of a verb, object of a preposition, or a complement.

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Noun as subject of verb

The subject can be a person, place, thing or idea. It performs an act or shows a state of being as expressed by the verb. The subject is easily recognized as it usually comes at the beginning of a sentence and is followed by a verb.

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The man stepped on my toes.

The car smashed into a wall.

Both of them fell down the stairs.

I  accidentally hit my head on the bookshelf.

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Adjectives describe the aspects of nouns.
Give nationality or origin,
Describe feelings or qualities
Tell us about color,
Describes us what something is made of.

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Feelings or qualities
-He is a lonely man
-They are honest people.

Nationality or origin:
-Pierre is French.
-This clock is German.
-Our house is Victorian.

Color
-Paul wore a red shirt.
-The sunset was crimson and gold.

What something is made of
-The table is wooden.
-She wore a cotton dress.

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A pronoun is used in a place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition.
A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence above, the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl. Pronouns are further defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things; possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and demonstrative pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.

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The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

I want her to dance with me.

Is that my book?

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The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense.

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The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

Does he know the minister well?

The boys have worked hard.

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A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Therefore a preposition is always part of a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always functions as an adjective or as an adverb.

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The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!

Before he spotted us, we tried to sneak by him.

After we cut the fence, we snuck into the secret government base.

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Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm. An interjection is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

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Hey! Get off that floor!

Oh, that is a surprise!

Good! Now we can move on.

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Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, nouns, other adverbs and whole phrases or sentences.
An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase.

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When? She always arrives early.
How? He drives carefully.
Where? They go everywhere together.
In what way? She eats slowly.
To what extent? It is terribly hot.

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Conjunctions are connectors that are a crucial part of the English language, as they are used in almost every written and oral conversation quite frequently.

In principle, sentences could be composed without conjunctions, but, stylistically, this would not sound pleasant.

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How can conjunctions be divided into subgroups?

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How can conjunctions be divided into subgroups?

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-Connective words that relate expressions of equal importance. They belong to the coodination conjunction.

-Linking words that introduce subordinate clauses. This type belongs to the subordinating conjunctions.

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I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.

I like living in the city but my brother prefers living in the country

Don’t tell Martha about his birthday party or you’ll spoil the surprise.