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The posthumous publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de Linguistique Générale (Course in General Linguistics) in 1916 is widely credited with launching structural linguistics in Europe.

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Saussure's structuralism can be summarized in two dichotomies: (1) langue versus parole and (2) form versus substance (which together cover what Humboldt referred to in terms of his own distinction of inner and outer form).

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The totality of regularities and patterns of formation that underpin a language's utterances is meant by langue, which can be translated as language behavior; the real utterances are meant by parole, which can be translated as language behavior.

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A number of characteristics were shared by both American and European structuralism. Both European and American linguists of the time appeared to stress, if not exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages in insisting on treating each language as a more or less cohesive and integrated structure.

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Linguists like Franz Boas were more concerned with prescribing sound methodological concepts for the study of unfamiliar languages than with constructing a general theory of human language structure.

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Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield were the two most influential American linguists after Boas. Sapir, like his teacher Boas, was equally at home in anthropology and linguistics, a partnership that continues to this day in many American universities.

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Some linguists saw stratificational grammar, created by American linguist Sydney M. Lamb, as an alternative to transformational grammar in the 1960s and 1970s. While stratificational grammar is best described as a radical revision of post-Bloomfieldian linguistics, it shares several characteristics with European structuralism.

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Ivić, P. , Hamp, . Eric P. and Lyons, . John (2020, September 11). Linguistics. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics