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Introduction to Quality Management:

Intended Learning Outcome
1. Understand the significance of Quality for business and impacts arising from sub-standard manufacturing & compromised design through cost cutting; costs and benefits of quality control
2. Understand Quality management strategies to control quality and its significance to business; evaluate costs & benefits of :
a. Quality Control
b. Quality Assurance
c. TQM- Total Quality Management
d. Kaizen
e. Quality Circles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK7seQmgFog&t=26s- Fonterra's commitment to Quality dairy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoYF2eHTKAI&t=2s - Fonterra, from grass to class

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcIf2ms91xE - Milk Fingerprinting at Fonterra

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYj_R4oCTPI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKOtzct8Q5o - Product Recall Costs, Patties Australia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il2jmMRgFV8 - Tesla's 5 star crash rating

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceZnoMFUXc8 - Volkswagen Recall costs

https://create.kahoot.it/share/quality-management-1/3981705f-9645-4fa0-92a0-136003234bc1 - Short Term and Long-Term consequences of Poor Quality

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Quality Management - Costs of Poor Quality

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What Is Quality Control?

Quality control (QC) is a process through which a business seeks to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.

The Techniques of Quality Control

There are several methods of measuring the performance of quality control. A quality control chart is a graphic that depicts whether sampled products or processes are meeting their intended specifications—and, if not, the degree by which they vary from those specifications.

Quality Control Tools

There are many approaches to quality control. The type you use depends on your specific product and should be determined before any quality control inspection begins. There are seven primary quality control tools which include:

Checklists. At its most basic, quality control requires you to check off a list of items that are imperative to manufacture and sell your product.

Fishbone diagram. This visual is helpful for determining what causes a specific problem, be it materials, machines, methods or manpower.

Control chart. This helps you see how processes historically change using controls. The chart helps you find and correct problems as they happen, predict a range of outcomes and analyze variations.

Stratification. Instead of looking at all factors together, stratification separates data so you can identify patterns and specific problem areas.

Pareto chart. This type of bar chart provides a visual analysis of problems and causes so you can focus on the most significant issues.

Histogram. A common graph that uses bars to identifies frequency distributions that indicate how often defects occur.

Scatter Diagram. Plotting information along two axes on this graph can help visually identify relationships between variables.

Cases and Articles to read:

http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2013/WCE2013_pp634-639.pdf  - implementation of quality control

https://www.6sigma.us/ge/six-sigma-case-study-general-electric/ - GE case Study

Videos to watch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQGifE-oZgA – Quality control at Bentley

Question:
Poor Quality Control can negatively impact the business?
Answer:
Because:
Lead To:
Therefore:

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Quality Assurance:

Quality Assurance (QA) is defined as an activity to ensure that an organization is providing the best possible product or service to customers. QA focuses on improving the processes to deliver quality products to the customer. An organization has to ensure, that processes are efficient and effective as per the quality standards defined

How to do Quality Assurance: Complete Process

Quality assurance has a defined cycle called PDCA cycle or Deming cycle. The phases of this cycle are:

Plan

Do

Check

Act

These above steps are repeated to ensure that processes followed in the organization are evaluated and improved on a periodic basis. Let's look into the above steps in detail -

Plan - Organization should plan and establish the process related objectives and determine the processes that are required to deliver a high-Quality end product.

Do - Development and testing of Processes and also "do" changes in the processes

Check - Monitoring of processes, modify the processes, and check whether it meets the predetermined objectives

Act - Implement actions that are necessary to achieve improvements in the processes

An organization must use Quality Assurance to ensure that the product is designed and implemented with correct procedures. This helps reduce problems and errors, in the final product.

Quality Assurance Functions:

There are 5 primary Quality Assurance Functions:

1. Technology transfer: This function involves getting a product design document as well as trial and error data and its evaluation. The documents are distributed, checked and approved

2. Validation: Here validation master plan for the entire system is prepared. Approval of test criteria for validating product and process is set. Resource planning for execution of a validation plan is done.

3. Documentation: This function controls the distribution and archiving of documents. Any change in a document is made by adopting the proper change control procedure. Approval of all types of documents.

4. Assuring Quality of products

5. Quality improvement plans

Best practices for Quality Assurance:

Create a Robust Testing Environment

Select release criteria carefully

Apply automated testing to high-risk areas to save money. It helps to fasten the entire process.

Allocate Time appropriately for each process

It is important to prioritise bugs fixes based on software usage

Form dedicated security and performance testing team

Simulate customer accounts similar to a production environment

Examples of QC and QA activities are as follows:

| Quality Control Activities | Quality Assurance Activities
| Walkthrough | Quality Audit
| Testing | Defining Process
| Inspection | Tool Identification and selection
| Checkpoint review | Training of Quality Standards and Processes

Videos and Articles:

https://asq.org/quality-resources/iso-9001#:~:text=ISO%209001%20is%20defined%20as,meet%20customer%20and%20regulatory%20requirements. – iso quality standards

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GU9KJ4y2w8 - QA Platform 4.0: the next generation of Quality Assurance!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APdUN1SS4k0 - Quality Assurance 4.0: How to save time and reduce costs

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14bvq3vEPhwLmMmkidhcx0tj0Qf9A_uMWpjBS-g7omwg/edit?usp=sharing - QC vs QA

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TQM: is an organisational culture which capitalises on the involvement of employees across functions and hierarchy, taking the ownership of quality of their work and keeping the customer at the heart of the process

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Yci6Nvhf5UTrrwjlDjVblBHq8tG4WARp/view?usp=sharing - TQM vs Kaizen

Kaizen, meaning continuous improvement process refers to the ongoing effort to improve products, services or processes by introducing small incremental changes and enduring a culture that encourages and rewards its employees for their contribution to the process.

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Kaizen (Continuous Improvement in Business Processes)

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Quality Circle: is another tool in which small groups of workers (usually between 5-10) meet voluntarily to identify potential improvements in productivity and quality in their work areas. The facilitator leading the group is not necessarily the one with highest authority and the group is driven by self-motivation

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PIpZ0_LFAEO_09luTAAB9FUJ1WUAd984Ul_egsmtaVs/edit?usp=sharing - TQM vs QC vs Kaizen

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FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY CIRCLES