# data[].attributes.headline
What are the best means of ensuring environmental justice for all human communities?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are the best means of ensuring environmental justice for all human communities?

# data[].attributes.body
As discussed within the determination of solutions to tragedies of the commons, there are multiple methods in ensuring the protection of resources while not granting more access to a resource to one party than another. In my opinion, the best means of ensuring environmental justice for all human communities would be through intergovernmental regulation of specific resources. By establishing international rules, one group of people will not be able to “bend” or manipulate sanctions to benefit themselves over others (as the US government did with bison).

The establishment of these regulations will also allow the introduction of consequences if an individual or group were found to be in violation. These repercussions would then deter groups from exploiting a resource as to avoid the economic setbacks or jail time they could face otherwise.

# data[].attributes.body
An approach that centers on the creation of various types of barriers that limit human interaction with at-risk environments

# data[].attributes.body
The negative consequences of unequal environmental relationships that develop over long periods of time

# data[].attributes.body
An idea that recognizes that interactions with nature impact different human groups in different ways often creating inequalities within and between societies.

Requires determining the best means of balancing positive and negative consequences of interactions with nature so that they are more evenly distributed across human groups .

# data[].attributes.body
A group of hunters with a primary focus on obtaining bison hides for sale to distant markets

The US government utilized this group (with the assistance from the army) in eliminating bison as they were a major resource of the Native Americans. In doing so, the US greatly weakened the natives, forcing them under US rule.

# data[].attributes.headline
Do you favor a conservationist or preservationist approach to human interactions with the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
Do you favor a conservationist or preservationist approach to human interactions with the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
While both conservationism and preservationism call for the protection of nature, a conservationist approach places human interest above all else. Thus, conservationism argues for the protection of nature when it best suits the human race. In a way, this is not a form of protection, but rather a theory that allows humans to maintain nature in a way/form that is most beneficial to the species. In the case that an area or resource is not being exploited to meet a certain function, conservationism then allows for a “loop-hole” around land protection.

Due to this extra stipulation within conservationism, I tend to favor a preservationist approach to human interactions with the environment. I believe that other species as well as their habitats should be protected even when it may be to our disadvantage.

# data[].attributes.body
A theory stipulating that a significant portion of the planet must be set aside as natural environments if we wanted to preserve nature

# data[].attributes.body
A theory that due to the isolation of preserved pieces of land, the wilderness areas have become equivalent to islands with separation from other species

# data[].attributes.body
Believes nature should be preserved in its pristine state because of its inherent value

Recognizes the often destructive consequences of even the most limited human control of natural systems

# data[].attributes.body
Argues that despite best efforts to conserve the environment through careful management, large scale intervention in  natural systems always poses the danger of unintended consequences

# data[].attributes.body
Advocates that through science and engineering, people can utilize our control over the environment for positive ends
Believes that anthropocene should result in an unnatural world in which humans carefully manage and control the environments around us

# data[].attributes.body
A theory that calls for the protection of nature, while placing human interest as the higher priority.

# data[].attributes.body
A valley in Northern California once protected by laws adopting the theory of conservationism. However, the valley was flooded in order to better suit the needs of nearby mankind.

# data[].attributes.headline
Is human control over the environment likely to be a lasting feature of our existence, or a brief exception?

# data[].attributes.subject
Is human control over the environment likely to be a lasting feature of our existence, or a brief exception?

# data[].attributes.body
As explained within the first video, the characteristics of the age of Anthropocene have only been prevalent within the human experience for the past two to three centuries, accounting for only one percent of human history. Prior to this time period, societies sustained the properties of the Biological Old Regime. Instead of humanity having control over the Earth and its resources, individuals, specifically their fate, were at the whim of nature, their survival dictated by weather patterns, harvest sizes, and socioeconomic status. Peoples’ lives consisted of back-breaking labor, producing only enough to survive. Technological advancements have allowed such labor to produce higher yields with lower requirements of physical labor. These developments then allowed a portion of society to remain farmers, yielding enough for all individuals, while others were able to focus on other industries. In this way, the world has been able to become more similar to the Land of Cockaigne rather than a Biological Old Regime. However, the same technology that has drastically improved the quality of human life has come at a great cost to the nature that sustains said life. Carbon emissions and other human-produced pollution have taxed the environment, causing changes in temperature, precipitation, and more that will influence the fruitfulness of the land we rely upon for nourishment.

Thus, although recent technological advances have allowed the human race to escape servitude to sustenance survival, the harm this new technology inflicts upon the environment could cause nature as we know it to alter, exceeding the capabilities of human control, which could then lead us back to a labor driven, Biological Old Regime-mimicking society.

Short answer: Human control over the environment is likely a brief exception.

# data[].attributes.body
Referred to as the "age of humans" in which humankind has taken control of the Earth and its resources. This type of society leans closer to that of the Land of Cockaigne featuring a much greater quality of life than within a Biological Old Regime.

This society is only representative of about 1% of human history (2-3 centuries).

# data[].attributes.body
A society opposite of the Land of Cockaigne in which  citizens were required to perform hard labor in order to gain the minimum amount of resources necessary for survival. This society is much more representative of the real human experience throughout much of history.

As resources are not distributed equally amongst men, conflicts develop between socioeconomic classes, resulting in the great violence displayed within war over scarce resources.

# data[].attributes.body
A legendary location featuring an abundance of easily accessible food, allowing for idleness amongst inhabitants due to the lack of labor required to acquire the resources necessary for survival. This access to food also allowed for perpetual peace within the land as all were provided all that they desired, and thus were all equal.

This mythical land is considered an example of mundus invertus, or world upside down, as its characteristics are opposite those within reality.