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Identify ONE similarity in the way elites used art or architecture in Europe and in Asia during the period 1450–1750.

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Explain one way in which international relations in the period 1900–1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies.

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Explain one way in which the painting reflects a continuity in the social makeup or cultural values of Japanese elites throughout the nineteenth century

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One similarity in the way elites used art or architecture in Europe and  Asia during the period 1450–1750 was in efforts to consolidate power. For example, King Louis XIV, commonly referred to as "The Sun King", used the grand Palace of Versailles to house his nobility and prevent them from questioning his rule. As one of many leaders who utilized the divine right to justify  power, King Louis XIV ruled over France as an absolute monarch. King Louis XIV and many others consolidated power using religious commitment and architecture.

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In both Europe and Asia, during the period 1450-1750 elites used art and architecture as a form of propaganda, emphasizing the negative aspects of their international competitors. [unfinished]

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One similarity in the way elites used art or architecture in Europe and Asia during the period 1450-1750 was how they used these mediums to enforce their power and limit others around them. For example, looking at European art, they tend to depict most events from a Eurocentric view point. They use art to make their military or their government look the most powerful and surrounding countries to look weak and small. Asia does the same thing, they use art to make their power look greater when compared to rivals. When comparing Asia and Europe's art and architecture in the period 1450-1700, they both use these mediums to exaggerate their power.

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One way international relations in the period 1900–1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies was through the increasing aggressive might of the Japanese military. As the Japanese military grew stronger and expanded control in China, they began to believe that they should further implement control in Asia, and the military greatly influenced the government. This eventually lead to aggressive actions such as the bombing of Peal Harbor. This military aggression that occurred changed relationships between East Asia and the Western world in negative ways.

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One way in which international relations changed as a result of Japanese policies was the cloys ties that formed between Japan and western influences. Japan originally heavily relied on China and was isolated from most of the world. When Commodore Mathew Perry invaded China and started the Meiji Restoration, this isolation period ended and Japan began to be influenced by the West and industrialize. This changed international relations by opening trading posts and spread industrialism advancing weapons.

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One way in which international relations changed as a result of Japanese policies was the increase in Western influence in Japan. Having been exposed to the industrial power of modern nations in Commodore Matthew Perry's invasion of Japan, the Meiji Restoration movement begun in efforts to industrialize. The period of isolation in the Tokugawa Shogunate officially came to an end, in which the only foreign influence had been from exclusive  trade with the Dutch. Western technology and ideals, such as naval technology and modern weaponry, finally infiltrated Japan. For the first time, Japan became open to foreign contact and later flourished as an imperial power, forming open relationships with other industrial nations.

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One way in which this painting reflects a continuity in the social make up and cultural values of Japanese elites, is the choice of the artist to put the generals in the centre of the painting, emphasizing the prominence of Militarism throughout Japanese history. Although the Meiji restoration changed and altered Japan's military, the importance of the Military to Japanese culture most certainly did not end, if anything it was strengthened. As well as this, the Militarism in Japan also lead to the strengthening of Nationalism, and pride in being Japanese.

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One way in which the painting reflects a continuity in the social makeup and values of Japanese Elites is through the use of their language. As shown in the painting, the Meiji Restoration took the place of the Tokugawa Shogunate and spread industrialization and western ideas throughout Japan. Even though Japan endured a huge change in all aspects of their society, however their language was still used and taught in schools, as shown in the painting.

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Explain ONE reason for the difference in way elites used art or architecture in Europe and in Asia during the period 1450–1750.

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Explain ONE difference in the way elites used art or architecture in Europe and in Asia during the period 1450–1750.

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In 1868 the Tokugawa shôgun ("great general"), who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position. The emperor took the name Meiji ("enlightened rule") as his reign name; this event was known as the Meiji Restoration.
The Reign of the Meiji Emperor
When the Meiji emperor was restored as head of Japan in 1868, the nation was a militarily weak country, was primarily agricultural, and had little technological development. It was controlled by hundreds of semi-independent feudal lords. The Western powers - Europe and the United States - had forced Japan to sign treaties that limited its control over its own foreign trade and required that crimes concerning foreigners in Japan be tried not in Japanese but in Western courts. When the Meiji period ended, with the death of the emperor in 1912, Japan had

· a highly centralized, bureaucratic government;
· a constitution establishing an elected parliament;
· a well-developed transport and communication system;
· a highly educated population free of feudal class restrictions;
· an established and rapidly growing industrial sector based on the latest technology; and
· a powerful army and navy.

Japan had regained complete control of its foreign trade and legal system, and, by fighting and winning two wars (one of them against a major European power, Russia), it had established full independence and equality in international affairs. In a little more than a generation, Japan had exceeded its goals, and in the process had changed its whole society. Japan's success in modernization has created great interest in why and how it was able to adopt Western political, social, and economic institutions in so short a time.

One answer is found in the Meiji Restoration itself. This political revolution "restored" the emperor to power, but he did not rule directly. He was expected to accept the advice of the group that had overthrown the shôgun, and it was from this group that a small number of ambitious, able, and patriotic young men from the lower ranks of the samurai emerged to take control and establish the new political system. At first, their only strength was that the emperor accepted their advice and several powerful feudal domains provided military support. They moved quickly, however, to build their own military and economic control. By July 1869 the feudal lords had been requested to give up their domains, and in 1871 these domains were abolished and transformed into prefectures of a unified central state.

The feudal lords and the samurai class were offered a yearly stipend, which was later changed to a one-time payment in government bonds. The samurai lost their class privileges, when the government declared all classes to be equal. By 1876 the government banned the wearing of the samurai's swords; the former samurai cut off their top knots in favor of Western-style haircuts and took up jobs in business and the professions.

The armies of each domain were disbanded, and a national army based on universal conscription was created in 1872, requiring three years' military service from all men, samurai and commoner alike. A national land tax system was established that required payment in money instead of rice, which allowed the government to stabilize the national budget. This gave the government money to spend to build up the strength of the nation.
Resistance and Rebellion Defeated
Although these changes were made in the name of the emperor and national defense, the loss of privileges brought some resentment and rebellion. When the top leadership left to travel in Europe and the United States to study Western ways in 1872, conservative groups argued that Japan should reply to Korean's refusal to revise a centuries old treaty with an invasion. This would help patriotic samurai to regain their importance. But the new leaders quickly returned from Europe and reestablished their control, arguing that Japan should concentrate on its own modernization and not engage in such foreign adventures.

For the next twenty years, in the 1870s and 1880s, the top priority remained domestic reform aimed at changing Japan's social and economic institutions along the lines of the model provided by the powerful Western nations. The final blow to conservative samurai came in the 1877 Satsuma rebellion, when the government's newly drafted army, trained in European infantry techniques and armed with modern Western guns, defeated the last resistance of the traditional samurai warriors. With the exception of these few samurai outbreaks, Japan's domestic transformation proceeded with remarkable speed, energy, and the cooperation of the people. This phenomenon is one of the major characteristics of Japan's modern history.
Ideology
In an effort to unite the Japanese nation in response to the Western challenge, the Meiji leaders created a civic ideology centered around the emperor. Although the emperor wielded no political power, he had long been viewed as a symbol of Japanese culture and historical continuity. He was the head of the Shintô religion, Japan's native religion. Among other beliefs, Shintô holds that the emperor is descended from the sun goddess and the gods who created Japan and therefore is semidivine. Westerners of that time knew him primarily as a ceremonial figure. The Meiji reformers brought the emperor and Shintô to national prominence, replacing Buddhism as the national religion, for political and ideological reasons. By associating Shintô with the imperial line, which reached back into legendary times, Japan had not only the oldest ruling house in the world, but a powerful symbol of age-old national unity.

The people seldom saw the emperor, yet they were to carry out his orders without question, in honor to him and to the unity of the Japanese people, which he represented. In fact, the emperor did not rule. It was his "advisers," the small group of men who exercised political control, that devised and carried out the reform program in the name of the emperor.
Social and Economic Changes
The abolition of feudalism made possible tremendous social and political changes. Millions of people were suddenly free to choose their occupation and move about without restrictions. By providing a new environment of political and financial security, the government made possible investment in new industries and technologies.

The government led the way in this, building railway and shipping lines, telegraph and telephone systems, three shipyards, ten mines, five munitions works, and fifty-three consumer industries (making sugar, glass, textiles, cement, chemicals, and other important products). This was very expensive, however, and strained government finances, so in 1880 the government decided to sell most of these industries to private investors, thereafter encouraging such activity through subsidies and other incentives. Some of the samurai and merchants who built these industries established major corporate conglomerates called zaibatsu, which controlled much of Japan's modern industrial sector.

The government also introduced a national educational system and a constitution, creating an elected parliament called the Diet. They did this to provide a good environment for national growth, win the respect of the Westerners, and build support for the modern state. In the Tokugawa period, popular education had spread rapidly, and in 1872 the government established a national system to educate the entire population. By the end of the Meiji period, almost everyone attended the free public schools for at least six years. The government closely controlled the schools, making sure that in addition to skills like mathematics and reading, all students studied "moral training," which stressed the importance of their duty to the emperor, the country and their families.

The 1889 constitution was "given" to the people by the emperor, and only he (or his advisers) could change it. A parliament was elected beginning in 1890, but only the wealthiest one percent of the population could vote in elections. In 1925 this was changed to allow all men (but not yet women) to vote.

To win the recognition of the Western powers and convince them to change the unequal treaties the Japanese had been forced to sign in the 1850s, Japan changed its entire legal system, adopting a new criminal and civil code modeled after those of France and Germany. The Western nations finally agreed to revise the treaties in 1894, acknowledging Japan as an equal in principle, although not in international power.
The International Climate: Colonialism and Expansion
In 1894 Japan fought a war against China over its interest in Korea, which China claimed as a vassal state. The Korean peninsula is the closest part of Asia to Japan, less than 100 miles by sea, and the Japanese were worried that the Russians might gain control of that weak nation. Japan won the war and gained control over Korea and gained Taiwan as a colony. Japan's sudden, decisive victory over China surprised the world and worried some European powers.

At this time the European nations were beginning to claim special rights in China - the French, with their colony in Indochina (today's Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia), were involved in South China; the British also claimed special rights in South China, near Hong Kong, and later the whole Yangtze valley; and the Russians, who were building a railway through Siberia and Manchuria, were interested in North China. After Japan's victory over China, Japan signed a treaty with China which gave Japan special rights on China's Liaotung peninsula, in addition to the control of Taiwan. But Japan's victory was short lived. Within a week, France, Russia, and Germany combined to pressure Japan to give up rights on the Liaotung peninsula. Each of these nations then began to force China to give it ports, naval bases, and special economic rights, with Russia taking the same Liaotung peninsula that Japan had been forced to return.

The Japanese government was angered by this incident and drew the lesson that for Japan to maintain its independence and receive equal treatment in international affairs, it was necessary to strengthen its military even further. By 1904, when the Russians were again threatening to establish control over Korea, Japan was much stronger. It declared war on Russia and, using all its strength, won victory in 1905 (beginning with a surprise naval attack on Port Arthur, which gained for Japan the control of the China Sea). Japan thus achieved dominance over Korea and established itself a colonial power in East Asia.
The Period 1912-1941
The Meiji reforms brought great changes both within Japan and in Japan's place in world affairs. Japan strengthened itself enough to remain a sovereign nation in the face of Western colonizing powers and indeed became a colonizing power itself. During the Taishô period (1912-1926), Japanese citizens began to ask for more voice in the government and for more social freedoms. During this time, Japanese society and the Japanese political system were significantly more open than they were either before or after. The period has often been called the period of "Taishô democracy." One explanation is that, until World War I, Japan enjoyed record breaking economic prosperity. The Japanese people had more money to spend, more leisure, and better education, supplemented by the development of mass media. Increasingly they lived in cities where they came into contact with influences from abroad and where the traditional authority of the extended family was less influential. Industrialization in itself undermined traditional values, emphasizing instead efficiency, independence, materialism, and individualism. During these years Japan saw the emergence of a "mass society" very similar to the "Roaring 20s" in the United States. During these years also, the Japanese people began to demand universal manhood suffrage which they won in 1925. Political parties increased their influence, becoming powerful enough to appoint their own prime ministers between 1918 and 1931.

At the end of World War I, however, Japan entered a severe economic depression. The bright, optimistic atmosphere of the Taishô period gradually disappeared. Political party government was marred by corruption. The government and military, consequently, grew stronger, the parliament weaker. The advanced industrial sector became increasingly controlled by a few giant businesses, the zaibatsu. Moreover, Japan's international relations were disrupted by trade tensions and by growing international disapproval of Japan's activities in China. But success in competing with the European powers in East Asia strengthened the idea that Japan could, and should, further expand its influence on the Asian mainland by military force.

Japan's need for natural resources and the repeated rebuffs from the West to Japan's attempts to expand its power in Asia paved the way for militarists to rise to power. Insecurity in international relations allowed a right-wing militaristic faction to control first foreign, then domestic, policy. With the military greatly influencing the government, Japan began an aggressive military campaign throughout Asia, and then, in 1941, bombed Pearl Harbor.
Summary
The most important feature of the Meiji period was Japan's struggle for recognition of its considerable achievement and for equality with Western nations. Japan was highly successful in organizing an industrial, capitalist state on Western models. But when Japan also began to apply the lessons it learned from European imperialism, the West reacted negatively. In a sense Japan's chief handicap was that it entered into the Western dominated world order at a late stage. Colonialism and the racist ideology that accompanied it, were too entrenched in Western countries to allow an "upstart," nonwhite nation to enter the race for natural resources and markets as an equal. Many of the misunderstandings between the West and Japan stemmed from Japan's sense of alienation from the West, which seemed to use a different standard in dealing with European nations than it did with a rising Asian power like Japan.

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One way in which the painting reflects a continuity in the social makeup or cultural values of Japanese elites throughout the nineteenth century is the continued use and importance of the Japanese language. Despite an increase in Western influence and European presence in Japan which is clearly reflected in the painting through the inclusion of various military technologies like the cannon and rifles, this painting still emphasizes the importance of the Japanese language by including a poster with Japanese writing. By continuing to use their language and not entirely modernizing, the Japanese elites in this painting, who have always valued and protected their unique traditions and values, reflects a continuity in their social makeup and not completely altering their society and traditions because of Western influence.

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One difference is that Europe used art and architecture for appearance mostly on there buildings while Asia used them for trade.

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One way in which international relations in the period 1900-1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies was Japan became more involved with outside nations like the US and accepting of outside influence. Previously, Japan kept to itself because they wanted to protect their rich culture from Western industrial influence. The Meiji Restoration was a time period in Japan characterized with major political, economic, and social change. There was the building of roads, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Pressure was put on Japan to open it’s borders for trade, and once they did, Japan became more engaged economically with industrialized Western powers and the US.

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One difference in the way elites used art and architecture in Europe and Asia during the period 1450–1750 was their appeal to religion versus politics. In Europe, leaders tended to use grand architectural pieces to assert their absolute power. This politically set leaders like King Louis XIV and Peter the Great apart from the rest through their construction of the Palace of Versailles and city of Saint Petersburg. On the other hand, the Taj Mahal was built as a tomb for a Mughal emperor's wife, and incorporates Hindu and Muslim religious traits. This was to honor his late wife, as well as demonstrate the religious diversity of the Mughal emperor. Across Europe, leaders used architecture and art to cater to political appeals, while Asian leaders tended to focus on religious unity.

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One similarity in which Europe and Asia during the 1450- 1750 from the elites used art and architecture was for propaganda and to consolidate power. In Europe, Louis XXI had built the Palace of Versailles as a way to consolidate power by keeping the nobility in his palace so he could keep them under strict watch and maintain absolutism. In Asia, the Taj Mahal was created in India which protected their power and wealth.

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One way that nternational relations between 1900-1945 changed was because of aggressive Japanese expansionism, which culminated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1805, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (and later China as a whole) in the 1930s and 40s, and Japanese aggression against the Allied Powers in the Pacific. This had a profound impact on international relations at the time because the Japanese Empire adopted a hostile, imperialist stance towards the Pacific which was essentially unprecedented for the nation and shifted the balance of power in the region greatly.

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One way that nternational relations between 1900-1945 changed was because of aggressive Japanese expansionism, which culminated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1805, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (and later China as a whole) in the 1930s and 40s, and Japanese aggression against the Allied Powers in the Pacific. This had a profound impact on international relations at the time because the Japanese Empire adopted a hostile, imperialist stance towards the Pacific which was essentially unprecedented for the nation and shifted the balance of power in the region greatly.

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One similarity in the way elites used art or architecture in Europe and in Asia during the period 1450–1750 was the use of art or architecture to consolidate political power.

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The painting reflects the cultural values of Japanese elites by placing the generals and other member of the Japanese military in the center of the painting. By placing them in the middle, that artist showed how Japan really valued their military. Having a strong military allowed Japan to protect themselves and end the isolation to eventually start their industrial revolution.

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International relations between 1900-1945 were changed as a result of the Japanese industrialization which established it as a strong world power in Asia. This allowed Japan to become aggressive towards other countries as it established it's imperial conquests as seen in the Nanjing massacre in China.

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One way in which international relations in the period 1900–1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies is Japan's increase in militarism and expansionism. This is shown through the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, military expansion throughout the Pacific islands before and during the beginning of World War II, and the bombing of the U.S.'s Pearl Harbor in 1941. Previous to these militaristic and expansionist actions, Japan had strict isolationist policies in order to prevent Westernization of Japanese culture and religion.

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One reason for the difference in way elites used art and architecture in Europe and in Asia during 1450–1750 was the difference in population diversity. Western Europe was primarily Christian, allowing leaders like Louis XIV to take advantage of the divine right to rule. His purpose for doing so was to cater to the ideology of his subjects and strengthen their support for him. Meanwhile, Mughal rulers built syncretic mosques and buildings to cater to the wide range of Hindu and Islamic diversity in India. For example, the Taj Mahal and combined artistic styles from both religions like dome and arch structures. Rulers across Asia and Europe approached the mediums through which they asserted power based on the religious dynamic of their people.

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One way international relations during the period of 1900-1945 changed between nations as a result of Japanese policies was through the introduction of a strong Japanese military. The Meji Restoration allowed for the rapid industrialization and an abandonment of Japanese isolationist policies. Through modernization, Japan hoped to maintain their culture while competing with western powers. The colonization of Korea and battles in both the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars demonstrated their superior military capabilities as a result of their changing policies. This effected international relations during the WWI and WWII period as the Japanese were able to reach pearl harbor and force the introduction of the United States into the war, creating a shift in the balance of power between the axis and allies. Without the military power of Japan, the battles of the Pacific theater would have been limited and more of the allies attention would be focused on fighting Germany

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One way in which international relations in the period 1900–1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies was they became militarily aggressive on an international scale. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan isolated themselves from the rest of the world. After the Restoration, Japan had industrialized and become a militarily elite country, This advanced military led to Japanese aggression with other nations. For example, in the early 1900s, the Japanese used there advanced military to attack and crush the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War.

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One way international relations changed after 1900 due to the new Japanese policies was the conflicts between nationalist states. After Japan released their new "no peace" policy towards those who are trying to spread religion in Japan, their people became very loyal and followed their leaders almost blindly, and a strong military was created. This led to conflict between Japan and other nationalist countries such as Germany and the Allied Powers.

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International relations changed in a few ways in 1900-1945 because of Japanese policy. One example of a Japanese action that influenced the world was the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which would commence a chain of events that would later cause the defeat of the Axis powers. Japan's increase in miliarism and aggression, especially towards and during the second world war, changed relationships between the East and the West for years to come. 

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One similarity in how political leaders used art and architecture in Europe and Asia during the period of 1450-1750 was the use of art to consolidate power. In France, King Louis XVI used the palace of Versailles to keep track of the nobles after the distrust of the Fronde. The palace allowed him to demonstrate his absolute power over the people, including the nobles. This is similar to the paintings made in the east by Kangxi, which portrayed the ruler as a strong literature, with items such as books in the background to demonstrate his legitimacy. Both the palace of Versailles and the portraits of eastern rulers were able to demonstrate their superiority over the people and their natural right to rule.

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International relations changed in a few ways in 1900-1945 because of Japanese policy. One example of a Japanese action that influenced the world was the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which would commence a chain of events that would later cause the defeat of the Axis powers. Japan's increase in miliarism and aggression, especially towards and during the second world war, changed relationships between the East and the West for years to come. 

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One way in which international relations in the period 1900-1945 changed as a result of Japanese Policies was the increasing of international relations to Japan. The successful results of the Meiji Restoration and industrialization of Japan, making them one of the strongest military nations in the world, encouraged Japan to move away from isolationism and participate more in the global economy. Furthermore, the Japanese were only able to industrialize so quickly and efficiently because of the international connection they had with British officials who were able to bring modern technology to Japan and help them have one of the largest exporting iron industries in the world.

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One way in which international relations from 1900–1945 changed as a result of Japanese policies is due to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 which shows Japan's increased militarism. Japan's decision to bomb the base ultimately led to the United States joining the war, which gave the allies the extra strength they needed to defeat the Axis Powers. However, the U.S joining the war using the "under the turtle" plan of attack led to high tensions between the United States and Russia. After World War II, the United States and Russia entered a 45 year period of high tensions, the Cold War.