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1st Person
This point of view uses the “I” pronoun to tell a story. The "I" narrator is usually the protagonist of the story, and this point of view allows the reader access to the character’s inner thoughts and reactions to the events occurring. All of the action is processed through the narrator’s perspective, and therefore this type of narrator may be unreliable. The choice to write from an unreliable first person point of view gives the reader a chance to figure out what is reality and what is a creation on the part of the narrator.

ex)
I go to the mall on Sundays. I like to check out the latest fashions, especially the sneakers.

2nd Person
This point of view is narration a little-used technique of narrative in which the action is driven by a character ascribed to the reader, one known as you.

ex)
You go to the mall on Sundays. You like to check out the latest fashions, especially the sneakers.

3rd Person
Third-person narration can be further classified into several types: omniscient, limited, and objective. This is the typical POV used in novels.

ex)
Frank goes to the mall on Sundays. He likes to check out the latest fashions, especially the sneakers.

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a statement that appears at first to be contradictory, but upon reflection then makes sense. This literary device is commonly used to engage a reader to discover an underlying logic in a seemingly self-contradictory statement or phrase. As a result, paradox allows readers to understand concepts in a different and even non-traditional way.

ex)
do the thing you think you cannot do

you’re damned if you do and damned if you don’t

the enemy of my enemy is my friend

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a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, using the words 'like' and 'as...as', used to make a description more emphatic or vivid

ex)
My uncle is as blind as a bat without his spectacles.

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a figure of speech in which a word or phrase makes indirect reference to another figure of speech.

ex)
“As he swung toward them holding up the hand
Half in appeal, but half as if to keep
The life from spilling…”
(The life from spilling = the spilling of blood. Too much loss of blood shows loss of human life)

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a figure of speech in which something is referred to by a conventional or socially popular phrase that points out some of its traits.

ex)
She bought the whole thing, lock, stock, and barrel!” (the last few words refer to parts of a store, so if a person buys something lock, stock, and barrel--they bought the whole store or every single part of something that has multiple pieces.) This example also happens to be a hyperbole!

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is a question that is asked without expecting an answer

ex)
What is the meaning of life? The meaning of life is different for everybody. There is no one answer.

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is when words or phrases are repeated in a literary work.

ex)
Oh, woeful, woeful, woeful, woeful day!

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a kind of wordplay that takes advantage of words having the same sound but having more than one meaning at the same time.

ex)

Would you agree that geometry is pointless? (Get it? In geometry, points are important)

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is the projection of characteristics that normally belong only to humans onto inanimate objects, animals, deities, or forces of nature. These characteristics can include verbs of actions that only humans do or adjectives that describe a human condition.

ex)
The sun is smiling.

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is an amplifying or explanatory word, phrase, or sentence inserted in a passage from which it is usually set off by punctuation

ex)
My family is getting a new dog from the shelter (we are going to name him Barney).

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is an expression with connotations that are derogatory either about the subject matter or to the audience. Dysphemisms contrast with neutral or euphemistic expressions.

ex)
“Whatever else is unsure in this stinking dunghill of a world a mother’s love is not…”

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is the usage of repeating words and forms to give pattern and  to a passage in literature. Parallelism often either juxtaposes contrasting images or ideas so as to show their stark difference, or joins similar concepts to show their connection.

ex)
What you see is what you get.

If you can’t beat them, join them.

A penny saved is a penny earned.

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a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement.

ex)
"Little strokes/Fell great oaks." - Benjamin Franklin

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is the omission of a word or series of words, an appropriate omission of words that are mutually understood and thus unnecessary.

ex)
“'Ah, well, he’s gone to a better world.'
Eliza sighed again and bowed her head in assent. My aunt fingered the stem of her wine-glass before sipping a little.
'Did he…peacefully?' she asked."

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a polite or mild word or expression used to refer to something embarrassing, taboo, or unpleasant. Euphemisms are especially common in reference to bodily functions and illegal behavior, and to substitute for curse words.

ex)
"You know the truth, and the truth is this: ...There is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire."

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a figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhumans is addressed as if it were alive and present and was able to reply

ex)
"Ah Mr.Einstein , you would be pleased to see how far we have progressed in science"

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a figure of speech in which two seemingly opposing and contradictory elements are juxtaposed. In literature, this device often reveals a paradox.

ex)
"controlled chaos"

"kill with kindness"

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repetition of identical or similar vowel sound in a series of words

ex)
Clap your hands and stamp your feet

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference

ex)
My long two-pointed ladder’s sticking through a tree toward heaven still. (path toward death)

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is a figure of speech in which the grammar of one phrase is inverted in the following phrase.

ex)
She has all my love; my heart belongs to her

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refers to a word that phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of the thing it describes. For example, the words we use to describe the noises that animals make are all onomatopoetic, such as a dog’s “bark,” a cat’s “meow,” or a coo’s “moo.”

ex)
Machine noises—honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, boing

Animal names—cuckoo, whip-poor-will, whooping crane, chickadee

Impact sounds—boom, crash, whack, thump, bang

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the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words

ex)
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

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a figure of speech in which something is called by a new name that is related in meaning to the original thing or concept. For example, it’s common practice to refer to celebrity life and culture in the United States as “Hollywood,” as in “Hollywood is obsessed with this new diet.” The meaning of this statement is not that the place itself has any obsession, of course, but instead refers to the celebrities and wannabe celebrities who reside there.

ex)
"the big house" = prison.

"the suits" = businessperson

"the crown" = a royal person.

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a pronoun or pro-verb used initially in a sentence refers to an expression or subject which is used afterward

ex)
When he arrived home, John went to sleep

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featuring a phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or statement.

ex)
He is hardly unattractive.
My car was not cheap.

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a repetition of root words

ex)
He is nobody from nowhere and he knows nothing

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the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of what is actually said

ex)
His argument was as clear as mud.

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occurs when there is a turning point from which there is no going back. The climax is the point of highest tension in a narrative.

ex)
When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world. (Barack Obama)

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when a writer raises a question, and then immediately provides an answer to that question.

ex)
Thirty-one cakes, dampened with whiskey, bask on window sills and shelves. Who are they for?
Friends. Not necessarily neighbor friends: indeed, the larger share is intended for persons we’ve met maybe once, perhaps not at all.

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extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis

ex)
He's running faster than the wind.

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repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences.

ex)
I want pizza, he wants pizza, we all want pizza!

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a rhetorical device of saying the opposite of what is actually meant in such a way that it is obvious what the true intention is.

ex)
Take your time, we've got all day

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a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.

ex)
Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
Man proposes, God disposes.

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a word, phrase or clause is placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

ex)
Sings the bird as we walk on by

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rhetorical figure of speech that compares two subjects without the use of “like” or “as.” Metaphor is often confused with simile, which compares two subjects by connecting them with “like” or “as” (for example: “She’s fit as a fiddle”).

ex)
The boy was a rabbit among old foxes. He was innocent and could not lie, but the old men were gamblers and clever flirts.

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rhetoric device that creates a list or gathers scattered ideas in a way that builds up, emphasizes, or summarizes the main point.

ex)
I’ve been to: Boston, Charleston, Dayton, Louisiana, Washington, Houston, Kingston, Texarkana, Monterey, Faraday, Santa Fe, Tallapoosa, Glen Rock, Black Rock, Little Rock, Oskaloosa, Tennessee to Tennesse Chicopee, Spirit Lake, Grand Lake, Devils Lake, Crater Lake, for Pete’s sake.

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a rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses.

ex)
“Go big or go home.”
d

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a rhetorical device in which a phrase or word is repeatedly used, though the meaning of the word changes in each case.

ex)
“The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.”

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a rhetorical or literary device used in literature or speaking to convey a disappointing situation.

ex)
“In a moment, the whole company was on their feet. That somebody was assassinated by somebody vindicating a difference of opinion was the likeliest occurrence. Everybody looked to see somebody fall, but only saw a man and a woman standing staring at each other…”

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a figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses or to two others of which it grammatically suits only one

ex)
caught the train and a bad cold
neither they nor it is working

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a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa

ex)
Cleveland won by six runs (meaning “Cleveland's baseball team”).

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the saying of the same thing twice in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style

ex)
they arrived one after the other in succession

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the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is

ex)
You: I crashed my car into a tree yesterday.
Friend: The bumper came off and it's completely crushed in front!
You: It's just a scratch.

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a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses or to two others of which it semantically suits only one

ex)
John and his license expired last week
with weeping eyes and hearts