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ISIS is a powerful terrorist militant group that has seized control of large areas of the Middle East. ISIS stands for Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. They started as a splinter group of Al-Qaeda. Their goal is to create the establishment and expansion of a caliphate in Iraq and Syria and the creation of a global Islamist movement. ISIS is known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions, crucifixions and other acts. ISIS has also claimed responsibility for hundreds of terrorist attacks in the Middle East and around the world. In response to ISIS violence, various countries including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and others have initiated efforts to defeat the terrorist group. The United States has primarily used targeted airstrikes and special operations forces to fight them. Reports have suggested ISIS has weakened both militarily and financially. The group has lost control of large amounts of territory in Iraq, and several of its leaders have been killed or captured in the present. However, efforts to control this powerful terrorist organization will likely continue for many years.

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Political, Cultural, Economic

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The September 11 attacks were a series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 terrorists associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda. It was the deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil. Nearly 3,000 people were killed on this fateful day, and many things have changed since the day of the attack, especially security within airports.

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The political and psychological impact of the September 11 attacks will have long term implications for the ways in which the United States engages in the world. For instance, 19 Al-Qaeda hijackers were not only able to board commercial aircraft with crude weapons but also force their way into the cockpit. This made it clear that airport security systems were failing. As a result, a huge overhaul of American airline security, creating the Transportation Security Administration, or TSA, introducing U.S. travelers to extensive new security protocols. Additionally, American troops invaded Afghanistan less than a month after September 11th, launching what became the longest sustained military campaign in U.S. history in an effort to fight terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and kill their leaders. The economy was also affected by 9/11. The estimated cost of the World Trade Center damage was $60 billion. In New York City, approximately 430,000 jobs were lost over the three months following the 9/11 attacks, and stocks within the New York Stock Exchange dropped sharply, marking a disastrous loss of value in the wake of the attacks.

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In Osama bin Laden's letter written in November of 2002, he explicitly stated that Al-Qaeda's motives for their attack included Western support for attacking Muslims in Somalia, supporting Russian atrocities against Muslims, supporting the Indian oppression against Muslims in Kashmir, and the presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia. Other than these, the three main causes are recognized as America's support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War, and its persistent military presence throughout the Middle East.