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Model sketches

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D-1
Making a mountain for natural landscape.

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Cappadocia Turkey Cave

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TURKEY'S NATURAL WONDERS
Turkey has lots of natural wonders that are extraordinary and a few that are truly unique.

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(Goreme Open Air Museum)

-> Goreme Open Air Museum is located only around 2 km (1.25 miles) from Goreme

-> It is an "ancient district" of Goreme where all the cave homes and churches had been used by Byzantine Monks and later the area became a pilgrimage site.

-> Goreme Museum is mainly famous for its beautiful, lavishly decorated with colorful frescoes, temples (especially Karanlik Kilise) which are entirely carved out off the sheer sandstone wall. Besides the churches, I also loved the kitchen, dining room and ordinary houses - all inside the caves. It's amazing to experience something so unique.

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The paintings in the Goreme Open-Air museum are brilliant, it is transport you back in time. While there are paintings throughout Cappadocia, these may be in the best condition in comparison to others in the region.

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The Turkish landscape encompasses a vast variety of geographic zones. If you take a cross section along the east-west axis, you will encounter rugged, snow-capped mountains where winters are long and cold; the highlands where the spring season with its rich wildflowers and rushing creeks extends into long, cool summers; the dry steppes with rolling hills, endless stretches of wheat fields and barren bedrock that take on the most incredible shades of gold, violet and cool and warm greys as the sun travels the sky; the magical land of fairy chimneys and cavernous hillsides; and eventually the warm, fertile valleys between cultivated mountainsides, reaching the lacelike shores of the Aegean where nature is friendly and life has always been easy.

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There are 81 provinces (Turkish: il) in Turkey. The governor of each province is called vali. There are a number of districts (Turkish: ilçe) in each province. In İstanbul, the most populous province, the number of districts is 39. But in small provinces the number may be as low as 3. In 51 provinces, the capital of the province is also a district known as the central district with the same name. (i.e., The central district of Karaman Province is called Karaman) In 30 provinces however, the capital city is also divided into central districts all of which have unique names. The total number of districts is 919 (including the 51 central districts). The governor of each district is called kaymakam .

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There are more than 30000 villages in Turkey. During the Ottoman Empire era the villages were called karye, but in Turkey they are known as köy. There are several hundred villages in each province. All villages are in the rural areas of the districts. The village heads are called muhtar.

During the early years of the Turkish Republic, sub districts called bucak had been established for the villages in remote areas. The center of the sub district was chosen as one of the villages. Now although they continue as a legal entity in 51 province, they have almost no administrative function

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Process of rural landscape

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It’s Turkey’s 4th tallest sky scrapers located in Istanbul.
The structural height is 261 metres.

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Urban landscape: Istanbul Sapphire

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Cavusin Village, located between Avanos and Goreme towns, is surrounded by a valley, which becomes gradually wider, called as Red Valley. By the beginning of 20th century, the village had a composed population with many Christian Orthodox families. The houses were actively used until 1924 when population exchange had happened between Greeks and Turks. All the Christian citizens from this village and all over Turkey had to leave their country to Greece as well as all the Turkish Muslim citizens in Greece had to move out from Greece to Turkey because of the same population compulsory. According to the officials, about 1.2 million Christians left Turkey while about 600.000 people came from Greece.

They don’t receive as much admiration or even mentions in guidebooks when it comes to talking about Cappadocia’s major touristic sites, yet behind the boundaries sits a quaint town with a bonded community and a marvellous historical tale to tell.

The village has a very aesthetic appearance. Because in the upper part of the village, there are many cave houses built by people who lived here centuries ago. Basically houses surround a mountain like massive rock. It is all messed up as a result of the erosion of the rocks over time and earthquakes. There are relatively new stone buildings in the front of old stone blocks. You can see domed structures that get higher towards the top of the rock as well as praying buildings, monks cave and shelters among the houses. They look like an ant colony looking from above.

Due to the extremely hot climate in the region, people built their living spaces by using stones with higher thermal insulation power. Çavuşin region has been a very important region for many years both for the life of Muslims and for the life of Christians.

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This neighborhood was a navy base in Ottoman Empire. The marine soldiers were called Levent and therefore the neighborhood was named after this title.

This city is the most vibrant part of Istanbul and people call it as a home of skyscrapers, shopping malls, cafes and other entertainment.
Since there are a lot of malls, it is a very nice city to go for shopping. Most of the malls there has a lot of famous brand shops.

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Hot-air ballooning is very popular in Cappadocia and is available in Göreme.

-The spectacular surrealistic landscapes combined with excellent flying conditions allow the balloons to flying around unique rock formations

- There a few different types of balloon flights in Cappadocia – according to flight duration and services.
1)STANDARD BALLOON TOURS (1 HOUR)
2)DELUXE (LONG) BALLOON TOURS (1/5 HOURS)
3)VIP BALLOON TOURS (1/5 HOURS)

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-> The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters.

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-> Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development in new technologies related to these fields

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In the early decades of the Turkish Republic, the government (or banks established and owned by the government, such as Türkiye İş Bankası (1924), Sanayi ve Maadin Bankası (1925), Emlak ve Eytam Bankası (1926), Central Bank of Turkey (1930), Sümerbank (1933), İller Bankası (1933), Etibank (1935), Denizbank (1937), Halk Bankası (1938), etc.) had to subsidise most of the industrial projects, due to the lack of a strong private sector. However, in the period between the 1920s and 1950s, a new generation of Turkish entrepreneurs such as Nuri Demirağ, Vehbi Koç, Hacı Ömer Sabancı and Nejat Eczacıbaşı began to establish privately owned factories, some of which evolved into the largest industrial conglomerates that dominate the Turkish economy today, such as Koç Holding, Sabancı Holding and Eczacıbaşı Holding. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey generally adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, foreign direct investment and private sector participation in certain fields (such as broadcasting, telecommunications, energy, mining, etc.). However, in 1983, Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model

In the early years of the 21st century, the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.[310] In 2009, after only four years in circulation, the Turkish new lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins (and the withdrawal of the Turkish new lira banknotes and coins that were introduced in 2005), but the ISO 4217 code of the Turkish new lira (TRY) remains in use for the current Turkish lira in the foreign-exchange market.

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Turkey is one of the world's top ten destination countries, with Germany and Russia sending the most tourists.[311]

Turkey has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the "Historic Areas of Istanbul", the "Rock Sites of Cappadocia", the "Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük", "Hattusa: the Hittite Capital", the "Archaeological Site of Troy", "Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape", "Hierapolis – Pamukkale", and "Mount Nemrut";[312] and 51 World Heritage Sites in tentative list, such as the archaeological sites or historic urban centres of Göbekli Tepe, Gordion, Ephesus, Aphrodisias, Perga, Lycia, Sagalassos, Aizanoi, Zeugma, Ani, Harran, Mardin, Konya and Alanya.[313] Turkey is home to two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the world's oldest religious site Göbekli Tepe, and numerous other World Heritage Sites.

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Architecture

Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by European styles, and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of Istanbul

the First National Architectural Movement (Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı) in the early 20th century sought to create a new architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The movement was also labelled Turkish Neoclassical or the National Architectural Renaissance.

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1. Islam

the number of Muslims in the region that became Turkey increased relative to the Christian population as Ottoman Muslims, who were facing extermination or other forms of repression in the newly constituted Balkan states, emigrated to the country.

1. Christianity

The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5%, 3 million, (19% non-Muslim) in a population of 16 million to 2.5% percent in 1927,[416] due to events which had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure,

1. Judaism

The history of Judaism in Turkey goes back to the Romaniote Jews of Anatolia who have been present since at least the 5th century BC. They built ancient places of worship such as the Sardis Synagogue in Lydia and the Priene Synagogue in Ionia.

1. Agnosticism and atheism

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll 94% of Turks who participated believed in God while only 1% did not.[426] However, according to another poll conducted by KONDA the percentage of those who participated in the poll 2.9% said they were atheists.[427] Atheism Association of Turkey, the first official atheist organisation in Balkans, Caucasus and Middle East, was founded in 2014

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Basic education in Turkey is said to lag behind other OECD countries, with significant differences between high and low performers.[434] Turkey is ranked 32nd out of 34 in the OECD's PISA study.[432] Access to high-quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school entrance exams, to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring classes when they are ten years old.

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Environmental factors in urban landscape 

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Environmental factors in urban landscape 

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As Turkey’s urban areas has many advanced industries, there are many negative effects. Such as, water pollution it is because oil spills and heavy shipping results in the contamination waterways such as the Bosphorus. Another negative effect is, air pollution. Area that got affected the most is Istanbul which shows that there is alot of vehicle that emit carbon monoxide and other public activities that pollute the air.

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Blue mosque is the most historical mosque in Istanbul.
Its known as blue mosque because of its blue tiles surrounding the walls of interior design.
The mosque was built 1609 and 1616 years.

The mosque has become tourists attraction and also an active mosque so, it is closed to non worshippers for like half an hour during the five daily prayers.

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Agriculture in rural landscape is pumpkin farm.
Pumpkin has become rural community food source. Pumpkin is suitable in rural areas because of its climate.