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"One of the biggest reasons I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by phonies" (Salinger 17).
“I started imitating one of those guys in the movies. In one of those musicals. I hate the movies like a poison, but I get a bang imitating them” (Salinger 33) .
“I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it... I mean I'm not going to be a goddam surgeon or a violinist or anything anyway” (Salinger 44).

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When Holden had a conversation with one slight crush of his, "She knew quite a lot about the theatre, plays, and literature and all that stuff." This quote relates to conformity in the 1950's, women were expected to be strictly identified as wives and mothers, never to work outside of home. They however still managed to become a significant portion of the postwar labor force, eventually leading to the sexual revolution of the 1960's.

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Holden's hypocritical opinion of fakes and liars

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Holden's hypocritical opinion of fakes and liars

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“It’s a phony. I could puke every time I hear it” (9).
“Once I get started, I can go on [lying] for hours if I feel like it” (58).
“Some people you shouldn't kid, even if they deserve it” (74).
Holden hates liars but himself finds it easy to lie. He struggles with behavior that he criticizes.

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7 Tips on how to Keep your Man in the 1950's 

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7 Tips on how to Keep your Man in the 1950's 

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Society in the 1950's relied heavily on the political events that occurred during and prior to world war 2. This article gives us clues and hints on the backgrounds of society and how people in America viewed their communities and how they enteracted socially

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Woman, you have no idea how lucky you are to have landed a man. But as the literature of the mid-century's greatest matrimonial minds tells us, he's one wrinkled shirt away from leaving you. Eyes open and mouth shut ladies. It's about to get real.

1. Don't talk
Oh, did Mavis from next door insult your prize winning squash? Did little Timmy get sent home for starting fires again? That shooting pain in your left arm just keeps getting more intense? Keep it to yourself! Your man works all through his day and last thing he needs to hear about is yours. Refer to the first four commandments on "How to be a Good Wife" Edward Podolsky gives in his 1943 book, Sex Today in Wedded Life:

Don't bother your husband with petty troubles and complaints when he comes home from work. Be a good listener. Let him tell you his troubles; yours will seem trivial in comparison. Remember your most important job is to build up and maintain his ego (which gets bruised plenty in business). Morale is a woman's business. Let him relax before dinner. Discuss family problems after the inner man has been satisfied.

In his 1951 book, Sex Satisfaction and Happy Marriage, Reverend Alfred Henry Tyrer has more to add to that. Do not ask for things. This is called "nagging":

I verily believe that the happiness of homes is destroyed more frequently by the habit of nagging than by any other one. A man may stand that sort of thing (nagging) for a long time, but the chances are against his standing it permanently. If he needs peace to make life bearable, he will have to look for it elsewhere than in his own house. And it is quite likely that he will look.

Unless your husband wants you to talk. Then don't you dare disappoint him. Says Reverend Tyrer:

"If [the husband] is intellectually inclined, and from time to time seeks to explain little things to her so that she may have at least a bare knowledge of what it is that interests him, and, without the slightest comment, she takes up again the fashion magazine she laid down when he commenced to speak, we may be pretty sure that there is going to be a 'rift in the lute' sooner or later in that house."

2. Bad cooking will drive your man to seedy saloons
My god woman, this turkey tastes like wet toilet paper stuffed inside a burnt basketball. Have you no pride? Oh, you had a late shift at the hospital and then went straight to Timmy's intervention? No excuses! Heed Reverend Tyrer!

A social service meeting, an afternoon tea, a matinee, a whatnot, is no excuse for there being no dinner ready when a husband comes home from a hard day's work. Housekeeping accomplishments and cooking ability are, of course, positive essentials. In any true home, and every wife should take a reasonable pride in her skill. Happiness does not flourish in an atmosphere of dyspepsia.

Or listen to the even more plain-spoken Dr. William Josephus Robinson:

Bad cooking is responsible for dyspepsia, dyspepsia is responsible for grouchiness and irritability, grouchiness and irritability lead to quarrels and squabbles. And bad cooking, which is the usual thing in the average American home, has been responsible as much as any other factor for driving the husband to the saloon, and to other places. And when she does cook, she should cook, and not be, as somebody said, a mere can opener.

If you didn't want your husband to become a syphilitic alcoholic, you should have learned to make a damn pot roast properly.

3. Be the hot steak, not the cheap pork
Speaking of cooking, Reverend Tyrer has a metaphor for you.

Picture a woman preparing a fine meal for her husband. "She remembered his choice of meat and was careful to get an extra-fine cut...her best cutlery and dishes and finest linen are all in evidence, and a little colorful decoration has been tastefully displayed....and as he comes into the house she greets him with a smile of welcome and a touch of manifest love." Now, say that linen was a bed sheet, the colorful little decoration was fuzzy handcuffs, and you had the privilege of being that extra fine cut of meat. What does all that equal? A husband who doesn't cheat on you!

But say that same wife "is constantly setting him down to indigestible meals, cold and unappetizing, with nothing properly cooked, set out on a kitchen table with a dirty cloth, she need not be surprised if her husband frequently telephones from the office that business will prevent him from being home for dinner."

All because you weren't properly cooked when he was hungry!

4. But don't be a sexual vampire or a frigid franny
Of course, as Dr. Robinson tells us, it is possible to be over-cooked. Then you become a "sexual vampire" and you will drive your husband to his grave, feasting on his life force.

Just as the vampire sucks the blood of its victims in their sleep while they are alive, so does the woman vampire suck the life and exhaust the vitality of her male partner - or "victim."It is to be borne in mind that it is particularly older girls - girls between thirty and fifty - who are apt to be unreasonable in their demands when they get married; but no age is exempt; sexual vampires may be found among girls of twenty as well as among women of sixty and over.

The opposite of that is to be frigid, of course. That means you take no particular pleasure from the sexual act with your husband. Oh, "we should talk it out openly and honestly," you say? Maybe see a doctor, a therapist?

You disgust me. What do you think that will do to your husband's ego? Listen to Dr. Robinson and save your marriage!

Now, if you are one of those frigid or sexually anesthetic women, don't be in a hurry to inform your husband about it. To the man it makes no difference in the pleasurableness of the act whether you are frigid or not unless he knows that you are frigid. And he won't know unless you tell him, and what he doesn't know won't hurt him. Heed this advice. It has saved thousands of women from trouble.

5. Pink panties are a must
And while we're on the subject of you performing convincingly in the boudoir, you better be costumed correctly, too.

That the underwear should be spotlessly clean goes without saying, but every woman should wear the best quality underwear that she can afford. And the color should be preferably pink. And lace and ruffles, I am sorry to say, add to the attractiveness of underwear, and are liked by the average man.

6. Let him have little fun now and then
What if your man strays after marriage? Well, Dr. Robinson is here for you again. He says that ultimately, a wife will react to infidelity as her heart dictates. But he still offers some advice.

Get over it.

But in case of an occasional lapse on the part of the husband - there a bit of advice may prove acceptable. And my advice would be: forgive and forget. Or still better - make believe that you know nothing. An occasional lapse from the straight path does not mean that he has ceased to love you. He may love you as much; he may love you a good deal more.

7. Your husband is the boss of you
It is fitting to close with a simple truism from the renowned Eugenicist Prof. B.G. Jefferis, in his Searchlights on Health, The Science of Eugenics:

The Number One Rule. Reverence Your Husband. He sustains by God's order a position of dignity as head of a family, head of the woman. Any breaking down of this order indicates a mistake in the union, or a digression from duty.

Stop talking, slap on some pink drawers, and start worshipping!
More from Mental Floss:

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7 tips for keeping your man (from the 1950s)

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Woman, you have no idea how lucky you are to have landed a man. But as the literature of the mid-century's greatest matrimonial minds tells us, he's one wrinkled shirt away from leaving you. Eyes open and mouth shut ladies. It's about to get real. 1.

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Chinese government troops invaded Tibet and how Tibetan rebelled against the Chinese government .

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Crisis Phase (January 1, 1950-March 9, 1959): The People's Republic of China (PRC) claimed sovereignty over Tibet on January 1, 1950, and the Chinese government announced that it intended to intervene both politically and militarily in the affairs of Tibet. Representatives of the PRC government and Tibet held talks in Kalimpong, India beginning on March 7, 1950. The Chinese government demanded that representatives of Tibet arrive in Beijing by September 16, 1950, but Tibetan officials ignored the demand. Chinese government troops invaded Tibet on October 7, 1950, and Chinese troops captured the town of Qamdo (Chamdo) on October 19, 1950. Tibet requested military assistance from India. The spiritual leader of Tibet, the Dalai Lama, referred the matter to the United Nations (UN) on November 11, 1950. The UN General Assembly condemned the Chinese invasion of Tibet on November 18, 1950. On December 19, 1950, the Dalai Lama left Lhasa for the town of Yadong on the Tibetan-India border. Chinese and Tibetan representatives signed the Agreement of the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet in Beijing on May 23, 1951, which allowed the Dalai Lama to control internal affairs in Tibet. The Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa on 17 August 1951. Tibetans rebelled against the Chinese government in eastern Tibet (Sichuan Province) beginning in May 1956. Qimai Gongbo led a rebellion against the Chinese government in the Qamdo region beginning on July 21, 1956. The Dalai Lama traveled on an official visit to India from November 1956 to February 1957. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provided military assistance (weapons, ammunition, training) to Tibetan rebels beginning in December 1956. On December 18, 1956, the UN General Assembly approved a resolution calling for the end of Chinese repression against the Tibetans. Khamba tribesmen rebelled against the Chinese government in eastern Tibet beginning in August 1958.

Conflict Phase (March 10, 1959-March 31, 1959): Tibetans began a rebellion against the PRC government in Lhasa on March 10, 1959. The Dalai Lama departed from Lhasa on March 17, 1959. Tibetan rebels launched attacks against Chinese government officials and troops on March 19, 1959, and Chinese troops launched a counter-offensive against the Tibetans on March 20, 1959. Chinese government troops captured Lhasa on March 25, 1959, resulting in the deaths of some 2,000 Tibetan rebels. The Chinese government dissolved the Tibetan government headed by the Dalai Lama on March 28, 1959, and the Panchen Lama assumed control of the Tibetan government on April 5, 1959. The Malayan government condemned the Chinese government's use of military force against the Tibetans on March 30, 1959, and Prime Minister Nehru of India expressed support for Tibetan rebels on March 30, 1959. The Dalai Lama and some 80 supporters fled into exile in India on March 31, 1959. Some 87,000 Tibetans and 2,000 Chinese government troops were killed, and some 100,000 Tibetans fled as refugees to India, Nepal, and Bhutan during the conflict.

Post-Conflict Phase (April 1, 1959-present): The PRC government closed the monasteries in Tibet, and imposed Chinese law and custom in the region. The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) established a seven-member commission of inquiry (Burma, Ceylon, Ghana, India, Malaya, Norway, Siam) headed by Purshottam Trikamdas of India on July 26, 1959. The Dalai Lama referred the matter of Tibet to UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold on September 9, 1959. The UN General Assembly condemned China's disrespect for human rights in Tibet on October 21, 1959. Some 340,000 Tibetans died during famines caused by economic reforms between 1960 and 1962. The Chinese government established the Tibetan Autonomous Regioni (TAR) on September 9, 1965. In 1974, the PRC government ended its repression of Tibet and granted amnesty to Tibetans who had earlier been imprisoned. The US CIA ended military assistance to Tibetan rebels in 1979. The Tibetan government-in-exile sent three fact-finding missions to Tibet from August 1979 to July 1980. Representatives of the Tibetan government-in-exile began a first round of talks with the PRC government in Beijing on April 24, 1982. A second round of talks began on October 19, 1984. Six Tibetans were killed during demonstrations in Lhasa on October 1, 1986, and some 500 individuals were arrested for their involvement in the demonstrations. On March 8, 1989, the PRC government imposed martial law and deployed 2,000 troops in Lhasa following several days of clashes between Tibetans and government police. Some 400 individuals were killed during clashes. Tibetans demonstrated against the PRC government in Lhasa beginning on September 27, 1989. The PRC government lifted martial law in Lhasa on May 1, 1990. Chinese government police shot and injured several Tibetans during protests near Lhasa on May 7-14, 1996. On May 20, 1996, Amnesty International (AI) condemned the government for the violent suppression of the Tibetan protesters. The European Union (EU) Parliament condemned China for its repression of Tibetans on May 23, 1996. The EU Parliament condemned China for human rights violations against Tibetans on March 13, 1997. The EU Parliament appealed for peaceful negotiations between the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama on May 14, 1998. Some 3,100 Tibetans fled as refugees to India in 1998. Some 128,000 Tibetans were refugees in neighboring countries in December 1998, including 110,000 refugees in India and 18,000 refugees in Nepal. The special envoy of the Dalai Lama held four rounds of talks with the PRC government from September 9, 2002 to July 1, 2005. Representatives of the Dalai Lama began a fifth round of talks with PRC government officials on February 16, 2006. Tibetans rioted against Chinese government rule in Lhasa and other Chinese provinces on March 14-16, 2008, resulting in the deaths of at least 19 individuals. Representatives of the Dalai Lama held talks in Beijing in July 2008. On October 27, 2009, the PRC government confirmed that two Tibetans were executed for their involvement in the March 2008 riots in Lhasa. Padma Choling, an ethnic Tibetan, was appointed as governor of Tibet by the PRC government on January 15, 2010. PRC government police raided a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Sichuan Province on April 21, 2011, resulting in the deaths of two individuals. Lobsang Sangay was declared the winner of the election for prime minister of the Tibetan government-in-exile with 55 percent of the vote on April 26, 2011, and he was officially sworn in as prime minister in Dharamsala, India on August 7, 2011. Some 49,000 Tibetan exiles throughout the world cast ballots in the election. Jigme Gyatso, a Tibetan political prisoner since 1996, was released from prison by the PRC government on March 30, 2013.

[Sources: Amnesty International (AI) press release, May 20, 1996; Beijing Review, March 13-19, 1989, March 20-26, 1989, March 27-April 2, 1989; Bercovitch and Jackson, 1997, 69, 82-83; Brewer, 1986, 223-241; British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), March 14, 2008, March 16, 2008, April 29, 2008, May 3, 2008, May 5, 2008, July 1, 2008, April 8, 2009, October 27, 2009, January 15, 2010, July 22, 2010, April 23, 2011, April 27, 2011, August 8, 2011, February 1, 2013, April 2, 2013, April 25, 2013; Brogan, 1992, 169-182; Butterworth, 1976, 149-150, 212-213, 261-263; Clodfelter, 1992, 1153; Donelan and Grieve, 1973, 79-82; Facts on File, November 10-16, 1950, May 25-31, 1951, March 19-25, 1959, March 26-April 1, 1959, April 2-8, 1959, April 9-15, 1959; Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), March 6, 1989, March 7, 1989, March 8, 1989, March 10, 1989, March 14, 1989, April 30, 1990; Grunfeld 1996; Keesing's Record of World Events, May 9-16, 1959, November 7-14, 1959, February 1988, March 1989, May 1990; Langer, 1972, 1341; Los Angeles Times (LAT), March 8, 1989; New York Times (NYT), May 1, 1990, March 16, 2008; Richardson 1962; Smith 1996; Tillema, 1991, 215-216; Voice of America (VOA), November 5, 2012.]
Selected Bibliography
Grunfeld, A. Tom. 1996. The Making of Modern Tibet, revised edition. Armonk, NY and London: M. E. Sharpe.

Richardson, H. E. 1962. A Short History of Tibet. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.

Smith, Warren W. 1996. Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.

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Crisis Phase (January 1, 1950-March 9, 1959): The People's Republic of China (PRC) claimed sovereignty over Tibet on January 1, 1950, and the Chinese government announced that it intended to intervene both politically and militarily in the affairs of Tibet. Representatives of the PRC government and Tibet held talks in Kalimpong, India beginning on March 7, 1950.

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During this time period, both Nazi Germany and Communist Chinese governments attacked religious groups within their respective countries. For Germany, this was the Jews during the Holocaust, and for China, it was the invasion of Tibet which is a region with a large number of Buddhists (a minority group in China).

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Nazi Germany Constructed multiple camps such as Auschwitz to systematically kill of the Jewish people.

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Auschwitz: Genesis of Death Camps

After the start of World War II, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, implemented a policy that came to be known as the "Final Solution." Hitler was determined not just to isolate Jews in Germany and countries annexed by the Nazis, subjecting them to dehumanizing regulations and random acts of violence. Instead, he became convinced that his "Jewish problem" would be solved only with the elimination of every Jew in his domain, along with artists, educators, Romas, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically handicapped and others deemed unfit for survival in Nazi Germany.

Did you know? In October 1944, a group of Auschwitz "Sonderkommando," young Jewish males responsible for removing corpses from crematoriums and gas chambers, staged a revolt. They assaulted their guards, using tools and makeshift explosives, and demolished a crematorium. All were apprehended and killed.

To complete this mission, Hitler ordered the construction of death camps. Unlike concentration camps, which had existed in Germany since 1933 and were detention centers for Jews, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state, death camps existed for the sole purpose of killing Jews and other "undesirables," in what became known as the Holocaust.

Auschwitz: The Largest of the Death Camps

Auschwitz, the largest and arguably the most notorious of all the Nazi death camps, opened in the spring of 1940. Its first commandant was Rudolf Höss (1900-47), who previously had helped run the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany. Auschwitz was located on a former military base outside Oswiecim, a town in southern Poland situated near Krakow, one of the country's largest cities. During the camp's construction, nearby factories were appropriated and all those living in the area were forcibly ejected from their homes, which were bulldozed by the Nazis.

Auschwitz originally was conceived as a concentration camp, to be used as a detention center for the many Polish citizens arrested after Germany annexed the country in 1939. These detainees included anti-Nazi activists, politicians, resistance members and luminaries from the cultural and scientific communities. Once Hitler's Final Solution became official Nazi policy, however, Auschwitz was deemed an ideal death camp locale. For one thing, it was situated near the center of all German-occupied countries on the European continent. For another, it was in close proximity to the string of rail lines used to transport detainees to the network of Nazi camps.

However, not all those arriving at Auschwitz were immediately exterminated. Those deemed fit to work were employed as slave labor in the production of munitions, synthetic rubber and other products considered essential to Germany's efforts in World War II.

Auschwitz and Its Subdivisions

At its peak of operation, Auschwitz consisted of several divisions. The original camp, known as Auschwitz I, housed between 15,000 and 20,000 political prisoners. Those entering its main gate were greeted with an infamous and ironic inscription: "Arbeit Macht Frei," or "Work Makes You Free."

Auschwitz II, located in the village of Birkenau, or Brzezinka, was constructed in 1941 on the order of Heinrich Himmler (1900-45), commander of the "Schutzstaffel" (or Select Guard/Protection Squad, more commonly known as the SS), which operated all Nazi concentration camps and death camps. Birkenau, the biggest of the Auschwitz facilities, could hold some 90,000 prisoners.

It also housed a group of bathhouses where countless people were gassed to death, and crematory ovens where bodies were burned. The majority of Auschwitz victims died at Birkenau. More than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, dotted the landscape and served as slave-labor camps. The largest of these subcamps, Monowitz, also known as Auschwitz III, began operating in 1942 and housed some 10,000 prisoners.

Life and Death in Auschwitz

By mid-1942, the majority of those being sent by the Nazis to Auschwitz were Jews. Upon arriving at the camp, detainees were examined by Nazi doctors. Those detainees considered unfit for work, including young children, the elderly, pregnant women and the infirm, were immediately ordered to take showers. However, the bathhouses to which they marched were disguised gas chambers. Once inside, the prisoners were exposed to Zyklon-B poison gas. Individuals marked as unfit for work were never officially registered as Auschwitz inmates. For this reason, it is impossible to calculate the number of lives lost in the camp.

For those prisoners who initially escaped the gas chambers, an undetermined number died from overwork, disease, insufficient nutrition or the daily struggle for survival in brutal living conditions. Arbitrary executions, torture and retribution happened daily in front of the other prisoners.

Some Auschwitz prisoners were subjected to inhumane medical experimentation. The chief perpetrator of this barbaric research was Josef Mengele (1911-79), a German physician who began working at Auschwitz in 1943. Mengele, who came to be known as the "Angel of Death," performed a range of experiments on detainees. For example, in an effort to study eye color, he injected serum into the eyeballs of dozens of children, causing them excruciating pain. He also injected chloroform into the hearts of twins to determine if both siblings would die at the same time and in the same manner.

Liberation of Auschwitz: 1945

As 1944 came to a close and the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allied forces seemed certain, the Auschwitz commandants began destroying evidence of the horror that had taken place there. Buildings were torn down, blown up or set on fire, and records were destroyed.

In January 1945, as the Soviet army entered Krakow, the Germans ordered that Auschwitz be abandoned. Before the end of the month, in what came to be known as the Auschwitz death marches, an estimated 60,000 detainees, accompanied by Nazi guards, departed the camp and were forced to march to the Polish towns of Gliwice or Wodzislaw, some 30 miles away. Countless prisoners died during this process; those who made it to the sites were sent on trains to concentration camps in Germany.

When the Soviet army entered Auschwitz on January 27, they found approximately 7,600 sick or emaciated detainees who had been left behind barbed wire. The liberators also discovered mounds of corpses, hundreds of thousands of pieces of clothing and pairs of shoes and seven tons of human hair that had been shaved from detainees before their liquidation. According to some estimates, between 1.1 million to 1.5 million people, the vast majority of them Jews, died at Auschwitz during its years of operation. An estimated 70,000 to 80,000 Poles perished at the camp, along with 19,000 to 20,000 Romas and smaller numbers of Soviet prisoners of war and other individuals.

Auschwitz Today

Today, Auschwitz is open to the public as the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. It tells the story of the largest mass murder site in history and acts as a reminder of the horrors of genocide.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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Auschwitz: Concentration Camp, Facts, Location

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After the start of World War II, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, implemented a policy that came to be known as the "Final Solution." Hitler was determined not just to isolate Jews in Germany and countries annexed by the Nazis, subjecting them to dehumanizing regulations and random acts of violence.