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Democritus and the Spherical Model (442 BC)

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Democritus and the Spherical Model (442 BC)

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Description: Matter consists of invisible particles called atoms and a void (empty space)
Atoms: Indestructible, unchangeable, homogeneous, differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement.

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J.J. Thomson and the Plum Pudding Model (1904)

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J.J. Thomson and the Plum Pudding Model (1904)

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Reason why Spherical Model is incorrect: Atoms are a lot more complex.
Experiment: An electric current passed through a vacuum tube, and a steam of glowing material was seen. Thomson found that the glowing stream would bend toward a positive charged electric plate. He then theorized and proved that the stream was made up of pieces of atoms that carried a negative charge. (AKA electrons)
Description: Each atom was a sphere filled with a positively charged fluid. Scattered in this fluid were negatively charged electrons.

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Ernest Rutherford and the Planetary Model (1911)

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Ernest Rutherford and the Planetary Model (1911)

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Reason why Plum Pudding Model is incorrect: There is no positively charged fluid in an atom.
Experiment: Ernest fired tiny alpha particles (a particle ejected from radioactive nuclei) at solid object such as gold foil. He found that most of the alpha particles passed right through the gold foil, but, a small number of the alpha particles passed through at an angle (as if they bumped something) and some bounced straight back like a tennis ball hitting a wall.
Description: Atoms consisted of a small center fill with positive charges (nucleus). Negative charged electrons were scattered around the dense positively charged center.

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Reason why the Planetary Model is incorrect: The electrons actually moved in fixed, circular orbits (of energy levels) around the nucleus.
Description: It has a dense positively charged nucleus with electron shells around it. The electrons shells become larger the further away they are from the nucleus. So the electrons farthest from the nucleus have the highest energy level.

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Erwin Schrodinger and the Quantum Mechanical Model (1926)

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Erwin Schrodinger and the Quantum Mechanical Model (1926)

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Reason why the Bohr Model is incorrect: There are no electron shells.
Cat experiment: A cat, poison, a Geiger counter, radioactive material, and a hammer are all inside a sealed container. The amount of radio active material was small enough that it only had a 50% shot of being detected by the course of an hour. If the Geiger counter detected radiation, the hammer would smash the poison. The cat would then exist in some superposition zombie state of being both dead and alive. But Schrodinger knew that all of this was impossible.
Description: The electron cloud model represents a sort of history of where the electron has probably been and where it is likely to be going.  The red dot in the middle represents the nucleus while the red dot around the outside represents an instance of the electron.