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Radical Republican influence declined as Americans moved on from the Civil War.

Many people in the North and South called for full amnesty for former Confederates.  As federal troops left the South, many southern states chipped away at the rights of African Americans.

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the Presidential election of 1876 despite losing the popular vote.  He struck a deal with Congress, promising to end Reconstruction.

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The Reconstruction Act of 1867 removed the governments of all the southern states that had refused to ratify the 14th Amendment and replaced them with military rule until they ratified the 14th Amendment and let African Americans vote.

African Americans played a greater role in politics under Radical Reconstruction.

Education, Infrastructure,  and Women’s Rights all expanded under Radical Reconstruction.

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15th Amendment

Approved in 1869, it barred states from denying African American males the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Many thought it was weak as states could require voters to own property or pay voting tax.

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14th Amendment

It passed in 1868 with support from Radical Republicans

It says that all people who were born or naturalized in the United States are citizens.

States may not pass laws that take away a citizen’s rights, nor can a state “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person...the equal protection of the laws.”

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13th Amendment

January of 1865, Congress approved the amendment that abolished slavery and forced labor throughout the country.

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Andrew Johnson assumed office after Lincoln’s assassination.  Like Lincoln, John favored a lenient plan of Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans differed from Jonson - they wanted to prevent Southerners from gaining control over southern politics, and they wanted to protect the freedmen and guarantee their right to vote.

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Grant had captured Richmond by April 2

Lee could not escape and surrendered

Grant offered generous surrender terms - Confederates were to give up their weapons and leave in peace.

Over 600,000 people died - around 2600 Confederates and 360,000 Union.

The war reunited the country and put an end to slavery.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Fredricksburg - Fredricksburg, VA 12/11/1862 - Burnside vs. Lee  Depressing defeat of the Union after attempting a full frontal attack. 12,000+ casualties for Union, only 5,000 for Confeds.

Gettysburg - Gettysburg, PA, MD July 1-3, 1863- Turning point because it drove the Confederates out of the North. Meade  v. Lee.  casualties - Almost 50,000 total- ⅓ of Confederates.

Vicksburg- Vicksburg, MS - Grant v. Pemberton Union siege on the southern town of Vicksburg. Confederates surrender July 4, 1863- One day after Lee’s surrender at Gettysburg!

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At least 400 women disguised themselves and fought for Union and Confederate armies.

Women increasingly took over jobs in factories and farms as men left for war.

The war created an opportunity for women to become teachers and nurses, professions dominated by men before the war.

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January 1, 1863.  Lincoln freed the slaves in all the states that were fighting against the Union, so, it actually freed ZERO slaves.  However, it changed the objective of the war; It was now a war to preserve the Union and end slavery.  It also kept Britain from helping the South as they wouldn’t fight to help keep people enslaved.  Additionally, the proclamation made it possible for African Americans to join the Union Army.

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First Battle of Bull Run - Manassas, Va. 7/21/1861 - McDowell v. Jackson.  Both sides expected an easy victory.  Each side overestimated themselves while underestimating the opposition.  North retreated and the South were unable to pursue.

Battle of Antietam - Sharpsburg, MD. 9/17/1862 - McClellan v. Lee.  Bloodiest day of the war, casualties - 12,000 Union and 14,000 Confederates.  No clear winner.

The Battle of Shiloh - Corinth, MS. 4/6/1862 - Grant v. Johnston.  Union gained control of western Tennessee and part of the Mississippi River

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Civil War Soldiers:African Americans join the fight!

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Civil War Soldiers:African Americans join the fight!

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Enlisted in the Army after 1862 in the North.

Over 180,000 served

Made up 10% of the Union Army by the end of the war

Faced discrimination while serving

Paid less than white troops

Segregated troops with white officers

The 54th Regiment

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January 1, 1863.  Lincoln freed the slaves in all the states that were fighting against the Union, so, it actually freed ZERO slaves.  However, it changed the objective of the war; It was now a war to preserve the Union and end slavery.  It also kept Britain from helping the South as they wouldn’t fight to help keep people enslaved.  Additionally, the proclamation made it possible for African Americans to join the Union Army.

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Many measures were taken to reduce African American rights in the south including a poll tax - people had to pay a tax in order to vote and this kept poor freedmen from voting. Some states required literacy tests - voters had to prove they could read and write in order to vote.  Illiterate white males could avoid the test with the grandfather clause - one didn’t have to take the test if one’s grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867.  Southern states created a system of legal segregation with “Jim Crow laws”  The Supreme Court support this in Plessy v. Ferguson saying that facilities could be “separate” as long as they were “equal.”

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After the Mexican American War the Abolitionists dug deep to create a new Political Party called the Free –Soil Party.  They proposed something to Congress that created a ton of controversy:  “Let’s make all territory we gained from the Mexican-American War Free Territory!”

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Southerners worried that if Congress banned slavery in Missouri, it would try to end slavery elsewhere.
Southerners worried that if Congress banned slavery in Missouri, it would try to end slavery elsewhere.

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“As new states applied to enter the US, a debate over slavery added to tensions between the North and the South.”

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The Missouri Compromise added Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state at the same time to keep the balance equal between the North and the South in the Senate.

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With the invention of the Cotton Gin, both cotton production and slave labor grew! Southerners were agrarians.

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Mild winters and long, hot, humid summers.

Plentiful rainfall and long growing seasons

A perfect place for raising warm-weather crops that would have withered and died farther north.

An especially important feature of the South was its broad, flat rivers. Many of the South's earliest towns were built at the mouths of rivers.
Although many people in the South were farmers, Southerners used natural resources in other ways as well. In North Carolina, they harvested thick pine forests for lumber. From Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland, they gathered fish, oysters, and crabs.

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Better Roads

Faster Steamboats and River Travel

Efficient Railway system

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In the North, All the Northern states experienced four distinct seasons

Both freezing winters to hot, humid summers.

Different areas of the North had distinctive natural features.

The jagged New England coast, for example, had hundreds of bays and inlets that were perfect for use as harbors.

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In the North, there were a variety of climates and natural features. Northerners adapted to these geographical differences by creating different industries and ways of making a living.

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The North and the South developed differently from each other in the first half of the 1800s.

The North & South differed in their geography, economies, transportation systems, and societies.

Between 1800 and 1850, these differences led to sharply conflicting views on many national issues.

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Poorly heated

Cramped conditions

Not enough food

Filled with debtors

Reform:

Dorthea Dix

More sanitary and humane, no debtors

Built asylums for mentally ill

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Suffragists demanded that women get the right to vote

States passed laws that protected women’s property rights

Private schools for women opened and some colleges allowed them in

Women entered careers once closed to them

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Women’s Rights

Could not vote

Could not serve on juries

Could not attend college

Could not enter professions such as medicine or law

Limited rights in land ownership

Reform:

Led by Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

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Reform:
Horace Mann
Created colleges to train teachers
Other states soon followed MA.

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Massachusetts becomes the first state to use taxes to set up public schools, free from religion.
Only wealthy, no poor
Many Americans couldn’t read or write

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Suffragists demanded that women get the right to vote

States passed laws that protected women’s property rights

Private schools for women opened and some colleges allowed them in

Women entered careers once closed to them

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Temperance Movement

Pushed for an end to alcohol abuse and the problems created by it.

Many women took part in this social reform

Considered alcohol to be morally wrong

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Could not vote
Could not serve on juries
Could not attend college
Could not enter professions such as medicine or law
Limited rights in land ownership

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a person or institution that owes a sum of money.

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the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art.

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the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others.