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people dealt with the frustration of limited voting rights, many of the laborers and skilled workers formed societies to provide themselves with mutual aid. These societies would combine to form "trade unions." Once these local foundations became popular, some of these unions became federations and sometimes became National Unions. Many of these unions formed in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore where jobs were limited, and the population was enormous due to the contemporary immigration floods.

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Children often worked in factories, if they did not work hard enough, they would get wiped or weighted, that is when heavy weights were strapped to the kids' neck and were forced to walk the factories hallways to show other kids to be good. Also, kids had to repair the machines because the adults weren't small enough. Also work days were 13 hours long and 6-7 days a week. Many workers made minimum wage. Many inexperienced workers had to operate dangerous machines and work with toxic materials and injury was common among workers.

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Primary source of the working conditions in factories. "Elizabeth Bentley (Started working at age 6)--"Q: Explain what you had to do." A: When the frames are full, they have to stop the frame, and take the flyers off, and take the full bobbins off, and carry them on to the roller, and then put the empty ones on. Q: Suppose you slowed down a little, what would they do? A: Strap us. The girls had black marks on their skin many a time, and their parents dare not come in about it, they were afraid of losing their work. Q: What part of the mill did you work in? A: In the card-room. It was very dusty. The dust got upon my lungs, I got so bad in health. When I pulled the baskets all heaped up the basket pulled my shoulder out of its place and my ribs have grown over it. I am now deformed." From "reformmovements1800s.weebly.com/factory-reforms.html"

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Primary source of the working conditions in factories. "Elizabeth Bentley (Started working at age 6)--"Q: Explain what you had to do." A: When the frames are full, they have to stop the frame, and take the flyers off, and take the full bobbins off, and carry them on to the roller, and then put the empty ones on. Q: Suppose you slowed down a little, what would they do? A: Strap us. The girls had black marks on their skin many a time, and their parents dare not come in about it, they were afraid of losing their work. Q: What part of the mill did you work in? A: In the card-room. It was very dusty. The dust got upon my lungs, I got so bad in health. When I pulled the baskets all heaped up the basket pulled my shoulder out of its place and my ribs have grown over it. I am now deformed." From "reformmovements1800s.weebly.com/factory-reforms.html"

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Sarah Bagley –one of the workers that thrived in the working conditions in the mills. She was also called the Lowell girl.

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Samuel Gompers- generally considered the most influential labor leader in the history of the United States. He was instrumental in the creation and growth of the American Federation of Labor.

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Workers would go on strike. This is when workers refused to work because they felt that their pay or treatment was unfair. This could be effective if a large amount of workers stopped working because the factory would not be able to operate and make goods and the factory is forced to meet the workers demand or shut down the factory.

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A union is a group that tried to improve working conditions and pay. Unions helped people who felt like they were not getting enough money, because the skilled workers felt like they should be getting payed more, so they ask to get have a higher wage when getting hired.  Unions also formed strikes. A strike is when a worker feels like they have “the short end of the stick” they will stop working and the factory leaders would realize how much they need them, so they would pay higher wages.

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This is another example of a union.

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In the 1840s laws were passed to limit the number of hours worked from 14-12 to 10 or less. In 1842, the Female Labor Reform Association was created in order to help mill girls from the Lowell System improved the mill conditions. By 1833, child labor was further regulated when it became illegal for children under 9 years old to work, and children over 13 were not allowed to work more than 9 hours a day.