# data[].attributes.body
constitution gives the president the power to grant reprieves and pardons
reprieve is a postpone to an execution
a pardon is a legal forgiveness of a crime

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the constitutions states that congress has power to declare war also the president can send troops for up to 60 days plus 30 to return

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president rely more and more on executive agreements rather than formal treaties

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president has sole power to negotiate treaties with other nations

# data[].attributes.body
the president can both extend diplomatic relations to foreign governments and also terminate relations with other nations

# data[].attributes.body
derived from delegated powers stated in the constitution. congress normally defers to the president in foreign affairs

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the president can negotiate executive agreements .
president is expected to handle international crises

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the president is the commander in chief and thus has the power to deploy troops.
appoints all ambassadors
negotiates treaties
sole power to recognize nations

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when the presidency and congress are controlled by different parties also when congress chambers are different

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president prefers to establish a cooperative bipartisan relationship with congress.

# data[].attributes.body
can sign a bill into a law
can veto a bill but congress can override the veto with 2/3 vote in each chambers

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the president is required to give a state of union address to congress also can veto a law also head of thier political party

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includes key presidential aides such as the chief of staff and the press secretary

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includes 14 executive departments heads and the attorney general

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president has power to remove most officials they appoint

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power to appoint all ranking officers

1. cabinet members
2. heads of independent agencies
3. ambassadors and other diplomats
4. all federal judges
all must be approved by the senate

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to enforce the federal law and administer a vast federal bureaucracy that spends more than 3trillion a year

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the constitution declares the "executive power shall be vested in a president of the united states of america"

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the candidate who receives the most votes wins all of the states electoral votes

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created to safeguard the presidency from direct popular election.
electors were chosen by the sates but now there chosen by the parties and are selected

# data[].attributes.body
is a group is tax exempt organization created to influence the political process

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supreme court ruled the portion of the federal elections reform act that limited the amount of money an individual could contribute

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placed limits to contributions
enforce campaign finance laws

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unregulated donations to political for party-building  expense

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3. cost for campaigning has skyrocketed costing over 60.3 millions of dollars

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2. convention is a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election.
1. formally name the party's presidential and VP  candidates
2. adopt a party platform
3. they attempt to unify the party and generate positive

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1. the presidential primaries or caucus
Primaries can be open or closed.
CLOSED: voters must identify to a certain party
OPEN: voters can choose which party they want to affiliate with.

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Some legal experts believe that by choosing to add a question on the constitutionality of the executive actions, the court's eventual opinion could end up redefining the balance of power between Congress and the President generally, possibly restricting the power of presidents who issue wide-ranging executive actions.

For a President that has fought with Congress for years and acted on climate change, gun control and immigration via executive actions, order and regulations, the court could deal the President and future presidents a court precedent that repudiates his legacy.

"The court might say that the President's authority to interpret what Congress meant and prioritize how to implement congressional directives is more limited than presidents would like," said Stephen W. Yale-Loehr of Cornell Law School. "Theoretically, this could be one of the most important decisions the court issues this year and could affect how future presidents act in a variety of areas such as guns, and the environment."

Justices could also, Yale-Loehr noted, reaffirm the administration's view that the President has wide authority in the area of immigration generally. "Or it could do something in the middle distinguishing his authority in immigration vs. other areas."

Two federal lower courts blocked Obama's immigration actions -- meant to allow millions of undocumented immigrants to apply for programs that could make them eligible for work authorization and associated benefits -- on narrower grounds, and never reached the question of whether the immigration actions violated the "take care" clause of the Constitution that says the President "shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed."

Immigrant rights groups and other progressives disagree that by adding the question, the Court was doing anything but ensuring that the justices have all the questions in the case squarely before them. They point out that the constitutional question had always been a part of the argument put forward by Texas and the other states.

"As to the constitutional question, it is the one question not ruled on below. But I am pleased the high court took it up -- to prevent further political lawsuits to legal executive actions," said Karen Tumlin of the National Immigration Law Center.

Ian Millhiser, of the Center for American Progress, says he does not expect a sweeping opinion on executive actions.

"The Court is going to say the President has the statutory authority to do this, or he doesn't," he said.

"With each executive action the most important question is whether there is a law that authorized the President to take the action he took. Whatever the court says about what the President's powers are under the immigration laws, that doesn't tell you anything about what his powers are under some other set of laws," Millhiser said.

But the potential is there if justices want to make a statement in either direction on executive authority.

Conservatives have fought Obama on executive actions

"The court has the potential to make a broad statement on President Obama's unprecedented use of prosecutorial discretion in order to re-write laws he does not like," said Josh Blackman, a constitutional law professor at the South Texas College of Law in Houston. Blackman has filed a brief in support of Texas in the case.

"The broadest way that the Court could rule is that the President failed to take care that the laws are faithfully executed," Blackman said. "Such a ruling could radically alter the scope of how presidents act without Congress."

Conservative Carrie Severino, who heads the Judicial Crisis Network, thinks there are justices who want to correct what she says is the President's "dramatic expansion" of executive power and "restore the constitutional structure of government."

"This President has been brazen about his willingness to take action that is normally reserved to Congress," she said. "The fact that the Court added the constitutional question means that some justices recognized that this is not a run of the mill act of prosecutorial discretion, but a novel and controversial power grab," she said.

When the administration rolled out the programs more than a year ago, officials were clear to point out that they had asked the Office of Legal Counsel at the Justice Department, an office that provides legal advice to the president and executive agencies, for its advice.

In a 33-page memo Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Karl R. Thompson, wrote, "the practice of granting deferred action, like the practice of setting enforcement priorities, is an exercise of enforcement discretion rooted in DHS's authority to enforce the immigration laws and the President's duty to take care that the laws are faithfully executed."

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will the supreme court limit obama's executive power? - cnnpolitics

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Ariane de Vogue, CNN Supreme Court Reporter

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Will the Supreme Court limit Obama's executive power? - CNNPolitics

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Some legal experts believe that by choosing to add a question on the constitutionality of the executive actions, the court's eventual opinion could end up redefining the balance of power between Congress and the President generally, possibly restricting the power of presidents who issue wide-ranging executive actions.

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John F. Kennedy's Early Life

Born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy (known as Jack) was the second of nine children. His parents, Joseph and Rose Kennedy, hailed from two of Boston's most prominent Irish Catholic political families. Despite persistent health problems throughout his childhood and teenage years (he would later be diagnosed with a rare endocrine disorder called Addison's disease), Jack led a privileged youth. He attended private schools such as Canterbury and Choate and spent summers in Hyannis Port on Cape Cod.

Joe Kennedy, a hugely successful businessman and an early supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was appointed chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934 and named U.S. ambassador to Great Britain in 1937. As a student at Harvard University, Jack traveled in Europe as his father's secretary. His senior thesis about Britain's unpreparedness for war was later published as an acclaimed book, Why England Slept (1940).

Did you know? John F. Kennedy's Senate career got off to a rocky start when he refused to condemn Senator Joseph McCarthy, a personal friend of the Kennedy family whom the Senate voted to censure in 1954 for his relentless pursuit of suspected communists. In the end, though he planned to vote against McCarthy, Kennedy missed the vote when he was hospitalized after back surgery.

Jack joined the U.S. Navy in 1941 and two years later was sent to the South Pacific, where he was given command of a Patrol-Torpedo (PT) boat. In August 1943, a Japanese destroyer struck the craft, PT-109, in the Solomon Islands. Kennedy helped some of his marooned crew back to safety and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism. His older brother, Joe Jr., was not so fortunate: He was killed in August 1944 when his Navy airplane exploded on a secret mission against a German rocket-launching site. A grieving Joe Sr. told Jack it was his duty to fulfill the destiny once intended for Joe Jr.-to become the first Catholic president of the United States.

JFK's Beginnings in Politics

Abandoning plans to be a journalist, Jack left the Navy by the end of 1944. Less than a year later, he returned to Boston, preparing a run for Congress in 1946. As a moderately conservative Democrat, and backed by his father's fortune, Jack won his party's nomination handily and carried the mostly working-class Eleventh District by nearly three to one over his Republican opponent in the general election. He entered the 80th Congress in January 1947, at the age of 29, and immediately attracted attention (as well as some criticism from older members of the Washington establishment) for his youthful appearance and relaxed, informal style.

Kennedy won reelection to the House of Representatives in 1948 and 1950, and in 1952 ran successfully for the Senate, defeating the popular Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. On September 12, 1953, Kennedy married the beautiful socialite and journalist Jacqueline (Jackie) Lee Bouvier. Two years later, he was forced to undergo a painful operation on his back. While recovering from the surgery, Jack wrote another best-selling book, Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. (The book was later revealed to be mostly the work of Kennedy's longtime aide, Theodore Sorenson.)

Kennedy's Road to Presidency

After nearly earning his party's nomination for vice president (under Adlai Stevenson) in 1956, Kennedy announced his candidacy for president on January 2, 1960. He defeated a primary challenge from the more liberal Hubert Humphrey and chose the Senate majority leader, Lyndon Johnson of Texas, as his running mate. In the general election, Kennedy faced a difficult battle against his Republican opponent, Richard Nixon, a two-term vice president under the popular Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Offering a young, energetic alternative to Nixon and the status quo, Kennedy benefited from his performance (and telegenic appearance) in the first-ever televised presidential debates, watched by millions of viewers. In November's election, Kennedy won by a narrow margin-fewer than 120,000 out of some 70 million votes cast-becoming the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to be elected president of the United States.

With his beautiful young wife and their two small children (Caroline, born in 1957, and John Jr., born just weeks after the election), Kennedy lent an unmistakable aura of youth and glamour to the White House. In his inaugural address, given on January 20, 1961, the new president called on his fellow Americans to work together in the pursuit of progress and the elimination of poverty, but also in the battle to win the ongoing Cold War against communism around the world. Kennedy's famous closing words expressed the need for cooperation and sacrifice on the part of the American people: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

Kennedy's Foreign Policy Challenges

An early crisis in the foreign affairs arena occurred in April 1961, when Kennedy approved the plan to send 1,400 CIA-trained Cuban exiles in an amphibious landing at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Intended to spur a rebellion that would overthrow the communist leader Fidel Castro, the mission ended in failure, with nearly all of the exiles captured or killed.

That June, Kennedy met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss the city of Berlin, which had been divided after World War II between Allied and Soviet control. Two months later, East German troops began erecting a wall to divide the city. Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and would deliver one of his most famous speeches in West Berlin in June 1963.

Kennedy clashed again with Khrushchev in October 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis. After learning that the Soviet Union was constructing a number of nuclear and long-range missile sites in Cuba that could pose a threat to the continental United States, Kennedy announced a naval blockade of Cuba.

The tense standoff lasted nearly two weeks before Khrushchev agreed to dismantle Soviet missile sites in Cuba in return for America's promise not to invade the island and the removal of U.S. missiles from Turkey and other sites close to Soviet borders. In July 1963, Kennedy won his greatest foreign affairs victory when Khrushchev agreed to join him and Britain's Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in signing a nuclear test ban treaty. In Southeast Asia, however, Kennedy's desire to curb the spread of communism led him to escalate U.S. involvement in the conflict in Vietnam, even as privately he expressed his dismay over the situation.

Kennedy's Leadership at Home

During his first year in office, Kennedy oversaw the launch of the Peace Corps, which would send young volunteers to underdeveloped countries all over the world. Otherwise, he was unable to achieve much of his proposed legislation during his lifetime, including two of his biggest priorities: income tax cuts and a civil rights bill. Slow to commit himself to the civil rights cause, events forced Kennedy into action, spurring him to send federal troops to support the desegregation of the University of Mississippi after riots there left two dead and many others injured. The following summer, Kennedy announced his intention to propose a comprehensive civil rights bill and endorsed the massive March on Washington that took place that August.

Kennedy held enormous popularity, both at home and abroad, and his family drew famous comparisons to King Arthur's court at Camelot. His brother Bobby served as his attorney general, while the youngest Kennedy son, Edward (Ted), was elected to Jack's former Senate seat in 1962. Jackie Kennedy became an international icon of style, beauty and sophistication, though stories of her husband's numerous marital infidelities (and his personal association with members of organized crime) would later emerge to complicate the Kennedys' idyllic image.

JFK's Assassination

On November 22, 1963, the president and his wife landed in Dallas; he had spoken in San Antonio, Austin and Fort Worth the day before. From the airfield, the party then traveled in a motorcade to the Dallas Trade Mart, the site of Jack's next speaking engagement. Shortly after 12:30 p.m., as the motorcade passed through downtown Dallas, shots rang out. Bullets struck Kennedy twice, in the neck and head; he was pronounced dead shortly after arriving at a nearby hospital.

Authorities arrested 24-old Lee Harvey Oswald, known to have Communist sympathies, for the killing. But he was shot and fatally wounded two days later by local nightclub owner Jack Ruby while being led to jail. Almost immediately, alternative theories of Kennedy's assassination emerged-including conspiracies allegedly run by the KGB, the Mafia and the U.S. military-industrial complex, among others. A presidential commission led by Chief Justice Earl Warren concluded that Oswald had acted alone, but speculation and debate over the assassination have persisted.

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John F. Kennedy - Facts, Presidency & Assassination

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Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, 43-year-old John F. Kennedy became the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. Learn about his personal and political life and his assassination in 1963.