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The causes, Effects of the Messina Italy earthquake

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The causes, Effects of the Messina Italy earthquake

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The 1908 Messina earthquake occurred on 28 December in scily and calabria southern Italy with a moment magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria were almost completely destroyed, and between 75,000 and 200,000 lives were lost. And caused a 39ft tsunami afterwards

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, the earthquake was caused by a large, low-angle SE-dipping, blind normal fault, lying mainly offshore in the Strait of Messina, between plates. Its upper projection intersects the Earth surface on the western, Sicilian side of the Strait. Italy sits along the boundary zone of the African Continental plate, and this plate is pushing against the seafloor underneath Europe at a rate of 25 millimeters (1 inch) per year. This causes vertical displacement, which in turn can cause earthquakes. The earthquake was recorded by 110 seismographic stations around the world.

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The effects of the earthquake were felt within a 300-km radius. Rescuers

go through the rubble for weeks, and people were still being pulled out alive days

later, but thousands remained buried there. The 1908 earthquake had a signiﬁcant

impact on buildings and people and local communities which were destroyed

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In the wake of the earthquake many of the homeless residents of Messina and Calabria were relocated to various parts of Sicily and other regions of mainland Italy. Others, including the.majority of the survivors from the poverty quarter of Messina, were forced to emigrate to America. In 1909 the cargo ship Florida carried 850 such passengers away from Naples. Lost in a dense fog, the Florida collided with the Republic, a luxury passenger liner. Three people aboard the Florida were killed instantly. Within minutes, pandemonium broke out on the ship. The captain of the Florida, Angelo Ruspini, used extreme measures to regain control of the desperate passengers, including firing gunshots into the air. Eventually the survivors were rescued at sea and brought into the New York harbour where they would start a new life.

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It is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

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Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake,

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In the years following 1908, precautions were taken when the reconstruction of Messina began in 1909, building architecture that would be able to withstand earthquakes of a high or low magnitude, if one should strike again., authorities made a plan to demolish the remaining structures of Messina and transfer the city and its port elsewhere in Sicily but this was discarded after strong protests from the Messinesi.