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Gonochorism
AKA: unisexualism
An organism that has one out of at least two distinct sexes in the species (male OR female).

Hermaphroditism
→  Organism with both male and female sexual organs and other sexual characteristics. Have the ability to perform as both sexes Simultaneously or Sequentially after sexual Maturation

Protogynous
→ Fish originally female but changes to male sex throghout any point of its life cycle.

Protandrous
→ Fish originally male but changes to female sex throghout any point of its life cycle.

Intromittent organ
→ Specialised organ/structure possessed by the male to inject sperm into female.
Spawning
The process/act of the releasing of eggs and sperms into the water column/substrate, in order to be fertilized

Semelparous
Single reproductive episode before death; only reproduces once, often with large amounts of offsprings. (eg. Sockeye salmon)

Iteroparous
Multiple reproductive cycles over its lifetime; reproduces more than once. (Annually/monthly/lunar/weekly/daily cycles)

Pelagic Eggs
Eggs that float/released directly into water column & are more commonly seen in saltwater fish.

Demersal Eggs
Eggs that sink into substrate & are observed more in freshwater fish

Oviparity
Eggs are laid externally on the mother's body with little to minimum allocation for embryonic development to occur within the mother.

Ovoviviparity
Eggs are hatched & internal fertilisation occurs inside mother’s body. However, fry develops externally of the mother & it gets its nutrition from the yolk sac.

Viviparity
It is the fertilized eggs being held in the body of the female parent and retained there until the offspring is able to live independently. The embryo grows and continues to get nourishment from the female parent through the placenta or something similar to that.

Pseudoplacenta
An organ that contains live young that has hatched from the egg, but not ready to be born; only occurs in viviparity. A primitive placental connection formed via the ovarian follicle.

Branchialplacenta
More advanced & efficient form of Pseudoplacenta. Lining of the ovary produces folds of highly vascularized tissues that are able to contact the gills of embryos that’re developing.

Trophotaenia
These are food absorbing process that grows externally from the hindgut of the embryo to allow the transfer of nutrients from mother to internally-developing young. Can still be attached to fry at birth. Found in members of family Goodeidae.

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- Process of sexually mature male and female releasing their sperm and eggs
- Some will then be fertilized and produce offspring
- Proper environmental conditions and to select a male in a place suited for laying the eggs

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Iteroparous species, like the Atlantic cod, are able to reproduce multiple times in their life time.

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Semelparous species, like the salmon, only reproduce once in their entire life time

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1. Brood hiders (Salmon)
2. Brood guarders (Octopus)
3. Open substratum spawners (Sardine)
4. Substrate spawners (Cod)
5. Nest spawners (Betta)
6. Internal
7. External

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Selection of traits:
- Purpose
- Colour (Arowana)
- Disease/temperature resistance (Tilapia)
- Growth rate (Tilapia)
- Quality of flesh (Salmon)
- Feed efficiency (Trout)
- Inheritability
- sex linked
- Dominant/recessive
- Risk of inbreeding

E.g. Sturgeons:  Females produces Caviar/roe that’s commercially important But Males unable to produce this hence female more valuable. Thus, female that has contain this desirable traits are selected as it gives the most benefits compared to the male.

Solution: Through selective breeding, using technology to artificially select the desirable traits to breed female.

--> Production of the female eggs must be at the right time of the year to ensure correct size of stocking when needed
---> After selection, male & female eggs are spawned. Female eggs kept seperately from male eggs.
--> Female eggs collected by gently stripping abdominal area towards cloacal region. Ooze eggs into dry container

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(Reproduction classified based on the type of hatching)
1. Ovoviviparity (E.g. Guppies)
Eggs are hatched & internal fertilisation occurs inside mother’s body. However, fry develops externally of the mother & it gets its nutrition from the yolk sac.

2. Oviparity (Dermsal eggs E.g. Lophiocharon & Pelagic Eggs E.g. Winter Flounder)
Eggs are laid externally on the mother's body with little to minimum allocation for embryonic development to occur within the mother.

3. Viviparity (E.g. Bull Sharks)
It is the fertilized eggs being held in the body of the female parent and retained there until the offspring is able to live independently. The embryo grows and continues to get nourishment from the female parent through the placenta or something similar to that.

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Gonochorism: separate gender, no sex change between the two gender
Hermaphroditism: An organisms with both male and female sexual organs and characteristics
Protogynous: Sequential hermaphroditism where genetically female becomes male
Protandrous: Sequential hermaphroditism where genetically male becomes female
Intromittent organ: External organ of a male organisms that is specialized to deliver sperm during sexual intercourse

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Genetic Manipulations:
- Desired traits' Genetic Markers would be selected
- Eggs and milt would then be collected and genetically manipulated, then fertilized.
- The fertilized eggs would then be inserted into a sexually mature female at spawning age.

Selective Breeding:
- Hand Stripping: the abdomen of the fish is gently massaged from anterior to posterior, so the eggs would flow out freely from the vent into the collecting pan. (Done on Sturgeons for caviar)
- Air Pressure:Air is injected into the upper abdomen at low pressures to expel the eggs
- Surgical/Sacrificial: Fish is anesthetized/killed, and belly slit from vent to gills in order to release the eggs.