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2. Uproot - Hold (page 229)

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1. Sullied - Shaped (page 355)

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"A woman who will be like a rock in a riverbed, enduring without complaint, her grace not sullied but shaped by the turbulence that washes over her". Hosseini uses imagery in this paragraph towards the end of the novel to aptly describe the characteristics and lives of the many women who lived under similar circumstances and still continue to do so.

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Jalil was Mariam's father who could never fully accept Mariam as his daughter since she was an illegitimate child between him and Mariam's mother who was a servant in their house. When Mariam decides to go to his house to meet him, she doesn't receive any hospitality and is rather married off to Rasheed which begins her true narrative and life experiences.

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2. Bazaar: A market (as in the Middle East) consisting of rows of shops or stalls selling miscellaneous goods. Hold significance as well since it is one of the few ways Mariam and Laila are able to interact with society, which helps highlight the different restrictions women face with respect to their role and freedom in societal life.

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1. Harami: The Islamic word for meaning bastard. Nana uses the word to degrade her daughter, Mariam

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Ancillary

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Antagonist

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There are various external conflict in the book, however there is one that is the most important which sets up the narrative of the novel as a whole. As a young illegitimate child, Mariam is forced and married off to an old shoe seller, Rasheed. This situation is out of the control of Mariam, and is even considered normal to marry a teenage girl to someone three times her age. Hosseini really tries to highlight the injustice and  oppression women faced in Afghani society through Mariam and Laila's narrative.

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Towards the end of the novel, Mariam, faces an internal conflict where she decides to take action and control the direction of her own life, rather than be controlled by others as she had been her entire life. When Rasheed, Laila's & Mariam's abusive husband is assaulting Laila and threatening their infant daughter, Mariam decides to stand up for Laila & herself for all the years of abuse and torment they had suffered and she does so by striking Rasheed in the head, killing him.

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3. “Marriage can wait, education cannot … society has no chance of success if its women are uneducated, Laila. No chance.” - Babi (Laila's father), page 103

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2.  Soon, Rasheed returns with a handful of pebbles and forces Mariam’s mouth open and stuffs them in. He then orders her to chew the pebbles. In her fear, she does as he asks, breaking the molars in the back of her mouth. He tells her, “Now you know what your rice tastes like. Now you know what you’ve given me in this marriage. Bad food, and nothing else"
- Narrator & Rasheed, page 94

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2. "It was the first time she'd eaten ice cream and Marian had never imagined that such tricks could be played on a palate" - Personification

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1. "Like a compass needle that points north, a man's accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You remember that, Mariam" - Nana, page 6.

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The burqa was an item of great significance in the novel. As a young woman freshly married to Rasheed, Mariam is introduced to rules and norms that all women were expected to follow. Even during the scorching heat of summer, women were forced to wear burqas covering their entire face and head, combined with multiple layers of clothes. The burqas represented the repression of women in Afghanistan, and their struggle to achieve equal standards of living and respect.

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1. "The wives each had on a flimsy black scarf, which they wore not on their heads but tied loosely around the neck like an afterthought" -  Simile

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Towards the end of the novel, Laila and Mariam, united by their hardships and love for Laila's children, decide to stand up against Rasheed's increasing violence, which results in Mariam killing Rasheed in order to protect Laila and her child.

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Laila (left) and Mariam (right) find an unlikely bond/friendship amongst each other after suffering at the hands of their physically & emotionally abusive husband, Rasheed.

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Protagonist

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Protagonist

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by Khaled Hosseini