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- innovations in map making, navigation, sailing technique, and ship design
- wanted wealth-> traded with wealthy Chinese
- transportation of people and goods, iron working technology, gunpowder weapons, horses, allies

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- millions die worldwide due to diseases
- settling people in new land bore diseases

- Native populations decreased and new settlers outnumbered them after a short period of time

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1. Disease:
- Kills 90% of old world population
2. Animals:
- Breed animals, steadier diets
- Transportation, food, hunting
3. Plants:
- Potatoes, beans, corn- easily grown
- Higher calorie diets/healthy people to reproduce
4. People:
- Overpopulation causes movement
- 90% of Natives dead
- Racial mixing

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- Along Andes mountains
- had an emperor/took care of everyone
- very large
- Lots of resistance, worshipped freely

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- village/agricultural society
-trade and communication between tribes
- Igbo & the Iroquois

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Chinese Maritime Expansion/ Comparing China & Europe

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Chinese Maritime Expansion/ Comparing China & Europe

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Portugal- trading post empires, create cartithe- a tax on regions, have to buy to trade in many cities

Christopher Columbus- smaller ships and less sailors Bigger deal?, other expeditions were more advanced and important in reality

Zheng He- hundreds of ships and thousands In crew

Europeans wanted African and Asian- wealth and goods

-Zheng He- best explorer
- China had abundant resources
- Time of great voyages & expansion
- Europe recovering from Mongol rule and plague

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- British take over trading post Empire
- took lead over Portuguese

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- women slaves were sought after to serve in harems
- men slaves were sought after to work on plantations

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- Regions- North America, Canada, English, French, Russian

Effects- led to the near extinction of some of the animals for their fur- beavers, deer, etc.

Effects- competition between the North American competitors and none in Russia

Effects- Russians placed taxes for furs

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- Counter Reformation- Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their beliefs and doctrines
- worked to fix problems
- focused on individual spirituality & personal piety
- Jesuits- a group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church

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- Copernicus' idea of the solar system

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1. Established themselves in the Philippines.

2. They set up colonial rule as opposed to just ports because of the proximity to China and the Spice Islands, small and militarily weak societies, and lack of competing powers.

3. Spanish were determined to bring Catholicism to the islands.

4. This resulted in much turmoil between the Spanish and Chinese people. The Spanish ended up massacring 20,000 people in 1603.

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1. Trading post empire= Controlling commerce/trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land.

2.  Tried to control the spice trade, but were never able to control more than 1/2.

3. Instead of selling European goods, they sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia

4. By 1600, the Portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline!

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Aztecs:
- Southern Mexico- Mesoamerica
- left conquered people alone, unstable conquest state
- made conquered people pay with goods & tributes
- 5-6 million people
- Aztec Gods, bloody sacrifice rituals

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Huguenots= protestant minority in France

Catholics fought and killed Huguenots in France

30 years war (1618-1648)=-30 Catholic- Protestant struggle that began in Holy Roman empire, but spread to all of Europe

- 15-30% of Germans perished from violence, famine, or disease
- Martin Luther Began the movement of the protestant church
- left Catholic church due to fake indulgences and the greediness of the clergy and pope in the Catholic church

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- Changed the way humans fit into the world and went about life
- thinkers challenged the fundamental understanding of the world
- ideas attacked by Church and other critiques
- legal system development, new universities, Islamic teachings

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- 1400-1500
- included religion and new ideas
- rediscovery, art, scholarship, social science, philosophy
- mainly the rich people took part but it changed culture overall

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Christopher Colombus

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- Paleolithic= hunterer gatherer tribes
- small groups resisted new wave of algriculture

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Cultural Transformations: Religion & Science 1450-1750

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Cultural Transformations: Religion & Science 1450-1750

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Political Transformations: Empires & Encounters 1450-1750

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Political Transformations: Empires & Encounters 1450-1750

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The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century 1345-1526

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The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century 1345-1526