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- Orthodox branch of Islam
- From “Ahl al-Sunnah” or “People of Tradition”
- Stresses the tradition; practices based on what the Prophet Muhammad said/did/liked or condemned

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- Guided by the wisdom of Muhammad’s descendants through his son-in-law/cousin, Ali
- Claimed that Ali was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader (imam)
- Ali was assassinated in 661

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The internal struggle between good & evil

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- Holy wars between Muslims & Christians over the holy land of Jerusalem

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- Pilgrimage to Mecca

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- Muslims believe that all things belong to God
- About 2.5% of your income

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Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan

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Mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day facing Mecca

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"There is no god worthy of worship except God, & Muhammad is His Messenger"

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- Qur'an written
- Hadith: live life based on Muhammad's life

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(630 AD)
- Raids led to conversion of Mecca to Islam
- Kaaba

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- Khadija (wife) was first convert
- Beginning of the Hajj
- Creation of Umma

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- Hijra = Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina
- Muhammad threatened the elite with his teachings

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- Meditating when the Archangel Gabriel appeared
- Words exchanged are later written down in the Quran (There is one god, Allah)

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- Born: 570 AD
-

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- Polytheistic (Allah = Chief god)
- Arabian Peninsula became center of trade
- Quraysh leaders became wealthy

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(1530 - 1584)
- 1st Tsar (Czar) of Russia
- Oprichniki (Secret Police) : had "enemies" killed

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(1462 - 1505)
- Grand Prince of Moscow & “Grand Prince of all Rus”
- Defeats Novgorod & establishes Moscow as a force
- Ends Mongol occupation & begins new era in Russian history (Tsardom)

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(1440s - 1505)
- Grand Princes held the power allotted to them by the Mongols (Majority of people still powerless)
- Cycle of “Serfdom”

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- Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Russia
- Mongols controlled Kievan Russia until the late 1400s
- Russia does NOT go through the Renaissance because of the Mongols

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(1019 - 1054)
- Spread Christianity
- Had Greek religious texts translated into Slavic

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- Prince Vladimir I converted in 989 CE (after marrying byzantine emperor's sister) , forced the Boyars to be baptized and got rid of paganism

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(900-1000s CE)
- Struggles with the adoption of a single, monotheistic religion
- Power held by the princes & Grand Princes (nobility & powerful elite)

- Fled to Scandinavia after father's death in 972 CE
- Upon return, military conquests consolidated the provinces of Kiev & Novgorod into a single state

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(Established 882)
- Related to the Vikings
- “Third Rome”
- Decentralized government
- Pagans

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Confucianism, Daoism & Legalism introduced in China

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Confucianism, Daoism & Legalism introduced in China

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Bring order after warring states period

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- Turkish Muslims (Seljuks) CRUSADES!
- Constantinople conquered by Ottoman Empire (Muslims) &

empire falls in 1453

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(1054)
- Split between Orthodox Christianity (East) & Roman Catholicism (West)

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(7th century)
- Within a generation of Justinian’s death, the empire lost many of its outlying territories to invading Islamic armies

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The “New Rome” - Constantinople (Byzantium)

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The “New Rome” - Constantinople (Byzantium)

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First Crusade: 1095-1099

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Byzantines fought the Vandals, Ostrogoths & Visigoths 

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Byzantines fought the Vandals, Ostrogoths & Visigoths 

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(533 - 555 )

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(written 450 B.C.)
Roman Law codes

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(532 CE)
- Anger over excessive taxation & unfair imprisonment
- Greens (lower class) & Blues (upper class)
- Began at a chariot race among spectators (lasts several days)

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(reigned 527–565)
- Byzantine empire reached greatest size under him
- Wife: Theodora
- Justinian's Code: Simplified 12 tables

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1. Higher level of civilization

2. Fewer nomadic invasions

3. Geography - more mountains (harder for invaders to conquer them)

4. Prosperous commerce (economics)

5. Stronger military

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Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons

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(306 - 337 CE)
Reunited empire& moved capital to Constantinople

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(284 - 305 CE)
Splits empire trying to save it

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- Poor leaders = frequent fights for power
- Social
- Inflation
- Mercenaries: paid fighters (not loyal)

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(96 - 180 CE)
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius & Marcus Aurelius

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(68 - 69 CE)
Power struggle where Vespasian won control & consolidated the fragmenting empire

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- Civil war for control
- Octavian, Lepidus & Marc Antony

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- Took control after triumvirate falls & becomes dictator
- Death: March 15, 44 BCE (Ides of March)

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3 people (often generals) allied together to gain more power

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50 years (264 BC to 146 BC) fought against Hannibal & the people of Carthage (North African Coast)

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2 consuls & 300 senators -> tribunes & pleb reps

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2 consuls & 300 senators -> tribunes & pleb reps

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(Golden Age: 27 BCE - 180 CE)

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(27 BCE - 476 CE)
- Octavian (renamed Augustus Caesar) wins struggle for power and becomes 1st emperor

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(509 BCE - 27 BCE)

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(563 - 483 BCE)

Founder of Buddhism

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(450 CE)

1. Division into separate kingdoms

2. Not unified again until the Muslims (7c)

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(375 - 415 CE)

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(320 - 335 CE)

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Hinduism & the caste system introduced in India 

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Hinduism & the caste system introduced in India 

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Aryans (People from north) & Dravidians (Indus) cultures are the roots of hinduism

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(304 - 232 BCE)

- 262 BCE - Converted to Buddhism after Battle of Kalinga
- Edicts in India, Nepal, Pakistan & Afghanistan

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(321 - 298 BCE)  Abdicated throne 301 BCE
[Hindu who unified northern India - drove out greeks] Advisor: Kautilya

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321 - 185 BCE

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1. By 334 BCE, Greek city states freed from Persia

2. 332 BCE: Invaded Egypt (Persian)

3. Crowned as a Pharaoh & founded the city of Alexandria with huge library

4. 330 BCE: Conquered the Persian Empire

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Sparta wins after plague hits Greece (Philip II of Macedonia conquers Greece)

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(431–404 BC) Athens v Sparta

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776 BCE

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Happens under Pericles
Inventions

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(499 - 480 BCE) - Greek Victory

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(508 - 322 BCE)

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1200 BCE (10 Year War)

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(323 - 33 BCE)

1. Heliocentric & Geocentric theories

2. Realistic art

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(700 - 324 BCE)

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(32000 - 6000 BCE)

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^ Taxes ^ Gap between rich & poor + Attacks from Xiongnu

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Patriarchal + Imperial Growth (220 BCE- 20 million people 9 CE- 60 million people) + Low taxes

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Trade with Rome + New Farming tools + Metallurgy

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25-220 CE (Collapse)

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9 - 23 CE - Han began to lose influence but kept mandate

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206 BCE - 9 CE (Legalist but introduced Confucianism in gov't)

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221 BC - civil disorder leads to downfall

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1st Emperor Shi Huangdi (Legalist)

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475–221 BC