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Charlemagne first inherited the Frankish throne in 768 and ruled until 814. The battle between the Lombards and Pépin’s Frankish army helped the rise of Charlemagne because it created an alliance between the Franks and the Church. During his 46 years of reign, he worked to build a “new Rome” in what now is France and Germany. Charlemagne helped spread church teachings and Christian beliefs as a devout Christian. He spent much of his life at war defeating the Lombards, Saxons, and Avars, and failing to conquer Muslim Spain. Charlemagne was important because his role had a big impact on bringing civilization, order, and learning to the barbarian Europe.

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Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Empire 800

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Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Empire 800

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On christmas day in the year of 800, Charlemagne was in Rome for worship. When he was kneeling in prayer, Leo III placed a crown on his head and declared him “Emperor of the Romans”. This title indicated Charlemagne’s importance to western Europe, because he had united them for the first time in 400 years. He saw himself as the inheritor of Roman authority, and aimed to live up to the image of a roman emperor in his actions, policies, and the glory of his empire. He was most admired for his skills as a warrior and his devotion to Christianity. This was significant because it showed the close ties that existed between the Franks and the Christian church.

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On 28 January 814 Charlemagne, which means Charles the Great, died in Aachen, aged about seventy. His legacy would last a very long time. Though the power of the Holy Roman Empire declined over the following centuries and the title lost its prestige, it was not dissolved until Napoleon, ironically, broke it up just under 1,000 years later in 1806. This lead to the fall if the Holy Roman Empire.

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In the 900s, most Europeans were governed by small, local, independent leaders. The political organization that these leaders represented is feudalism. Within the system, a powerful noble granted (fief) land to a lesser noble (vassal). In return, the vassal promised loyalty, military assistance, and other services to the fief. Eventually, the fief became hereditary, as legal possession as the land passed from a vassal to his son. This system is called primogeniture. Women’s rights regarding property were limited, when the woman got married her dowry would be controlled by the husband, but once he died the property in her dowry would be controlled by the woman again. Feudalism is important because it created the society that the people lived in, because it was a hierarchy that discouraged unified government, and discouraged trade and economic growth.

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The Viking invasion of England came in 1066, when Harald Hardrada sailed up the River Humber and marched to Stamford Bridge with his men. The English king, Harold Godwinson, marched north with his army and defeated Hardrada in a long and bloody battle. The English had repelled the last invasion from Scandinavia.

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The first crusade began when French and Italian lord led armies to reclaim Jerusalem. The Turks were disunited and were unable to defend the city. The crusaders captured Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land. They also massacred its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.

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The Turks united their forces and began taking back cities the europeans captured. King Louis VII and King Conrad III led separate armies to Jerusalem to reclaim the city. They joined forces in Damascus. The combined forces failed to recapture the city and they returned to Europe.

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The third crusade started when Muslim leader, Saladin, gained control of Jerusalem. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England all sent armies to capture Jerusalem. They failed to claim the city. Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land and his army went home. Then Philip sent his army home. Richard stayed in Jerusalem and made a truce with Saladin. Through the truce, the crusaders received control of some towns along the Palestinian coast and it allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely.

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The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire his is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key turning point in the decline of the Empire and of Christianity in the Near East.

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The Renaissance was the time period of creativity and change in Europe and during the 1300s to the 1600sin which there were changes in many areas such as political, social, economical, and cultural. The most important change was that of the people and how they saw themselves and their world. Many people showed interest in classical learning, especially the culture of the ancient Romans. They set out to change their own age. The Renaissance, as they felt, was a time of rebirth after the disorder and disasters of the medieval world.

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The 100 year war begin in 1337 because the English king Edward the third who was claimed the French throne in 1328, brought an army to Flanders to gain control of the land which was also a rich trading area. In the Hundred Year War England lost the war but they won many battles. By the end of the war in 1353 French controlled England's French land except Calais. Many new weapons were used in Europe like foot soldiers using longbow but French Knights were on Horseback.

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The Magna Carta was signed in 1215 by a powerful group of high nobles who were the barons of the kingdom joined together against the king and his demands. This group was created because one of king Henry the seconds sons, King John wanted the nobles to pay more taxes to support his wars in France and the group did not agree to that. So the Magna Carta was the document was created as a threat of an armed uprising against the throne and John was forced to accept it.

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The Black Plague began in 1347 because in the Middle Ages diseases spread quickly through the cities because of the non sanitary ways that were used back then. The Black Plague started in Asia and traveled through busy trade routes which spread through Europe. It spread by Black rats that were on ships and then was spread to humans from flea by bites from fleas on the rats. The Black Plague killed about 25 million people from 1347 to 1351. The result of the Black Plague was the faith in God was lost so church's lost many followers and relations between upper and lower class changed and workers demanded higher wages.

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The Great Schism of 1378, also known as the Great Western Schism, was a dispute between three Popes over the authority of the Church. The 1378 Schism continued from 1378 to 1417 when the dispute was finally resolved and the Church became united once again. Unlike the previous Great Schism between Eastern and Western Churches, the Great Schism of 1378 was mainly political in nature and was ended by the Council of Constance.

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The Spanish Inquisition was just one of several inquisitions that occurred between the 12th and 19th centuries. In addition to the term being used for the historical events, the word "inquisition" refers to the tribunal court system used by both the Catholic Church and some Catholic monarchs to root out, suppress and punish heretics. These were baptized members of the church who held opinions contrary to the Catholic faith.