# data[].attributes.body
Teresa Shidian Tian
HAS2C.02
23rd February 2019

# data[].attributes.body
Where are my Natural resources?

# data[].attributes.headline
POSITION-- What should US government and society do?

# data[].attributes.subject
POSITION-- What should US government and society do?

# data[].attributes.body
should not excessively exploit the Natural Resources of Native Americans.

respect Native American culture and habits. Create related constitution and laws to ensure the effectiveness of protecting tribal reservation resources.

help to enhance Native American's living access qualities to help them to have a better recognition by the US government and protect their resources.

share the product of US social development with Native Americans, and regard them as a impartible part of the country.

# data[].attributes.body
Photo from the 1870s of a pile of bison skulls.

# data[].attributes.body
Scene of a Native American hunting bison, their given natural resource

# data[].attributes.body
Previously, millions of bison were roamed at the Great Plains of the American West as the significant traditional food source of the Native Americans. The US government killed millions of bison for cutting Native people’s food supply during the mid-19th century, the number of bison in the Yellowstone National park decimated from millions to 25. Native Americans got no food resource to hunt or eat because hunting was banned because of the restoration of bison. Even if the Treaty of 1855 was signed between the US government with Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla Tribes, Native Americans still only have access to limited bison.

# data[].attributes.headline
Standing Rock Protest: 300 protesters injured after police use water cannons, tear gas and rubber bullets. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Standing Rock Protest: 300 protesters injured after police use water cannons, tear gas and rubber bullets. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Twenty-six people were hospitalized and more than 300 injured after North Dakota law enforcement officers trained water cannons, teargas, and other "less-than-lethal" weapons on unarmed activists protesting against the Dakota Access pipeline in below-freezing weather on Sunday night, according to a group of medical professionals supporting the anti-pipeline movement.

The Standing Rock Medic & Healer Council said that injuries from the "mass casualty incident" included multiple bone fractures from projectiles fired by police, a man with internal bleeding from a rubber bullet injury, a man who suffered a grand mal seizure, and a woman who was struck in the face with a rubber bullet and whose vision was compromised.

The majority of the patients suffered hypothermia, a result of being soaked by water cannons, the group said.

Civil rights groups are decrying the use of water cannons in below-freezing weather.

"It's absolutely a blatant disregard for the safety and humanity of unarmed protesters," said Jen Cook, policy director for the ACLU of North Dakota. "In combination with other tactics, it's a misuse of less-than-lethal weaponry ... It's unjustifiable."

Dramatic video footage of the standoff between several hundred anti-pipeline protesters and law enforcement officers shows police repeatedly aiming the water cannon directly at individuals - and not at fires, as the Morton County sheriff's department claimed on Sunday night.

The footage also appears to show that law enforcement officers were separated from the demonstrators by a barbed wire fence and concertina wire, raising further questions about whether such force was justified.

The Morton County sheriff, Kyle Kirchmaier, defended the use of the water cannons in a press conference today, though he objected to the terminology.

"We don't have a water cannon," he said. "I don't know where the term water cannon comes from. This was basically just a fire hose."

Kirchmaier said that law enforcement officers did consider the low temperatures when they deployed the water, but said: "We're just not going to tolerate people and protesters in large groups coming and threatening officers. That's not happening. So as this was going on, the water was used as a tool to help quell that situation, and when it was no longer necessary, it was not used any longer."

The incident began on Sunday evening, when a group of activists, who refer to themselves as "water protectors", attempted to move two burned trucks off a bridge just north of the protesters' encampments. Law enforcement officers then began attacking the demonstrators with a barrage of less-than-lethal weapons, including teargas, rubber bullets, and concussion grenades.

The bridge has been barricaded for weeks, forcing vehicles to take an approximately 20-mile detour to reach Bismarck, the closest city. Activists say that the barricade is threatening the safety of people in the camps, as well as residents who live further south on the reservation.

The use of water cannons against protesters invokes images of African Americans being bombarded with fire hoses during the civil rights movement, but the crowd control tactic was developed in Germany in the 1930s, according to the ACLU.

The civil liberties organization warns that water cannons can cause hypothermia, frostbite and internal injuries from the force of the stream.

Membership ask

In light of Sunday's events, Cook said the ACLU was renewing its call for the Department of Justice to investigate the use of force by law enforcement officers on the protesters. Cook stressed that the ACLU wants to see Barack Obama's administration open the investigation before President-elect Donald Trump takes office.

The ACLU was joined by Amnesty International and the National Lawyers Guild in condemning the use of force by law enforcement agencies.

Sunday's violence drew suspicion and concern from the indigenous and environmental activists who have established encampments near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation in opposition to the pipeline, which is planned to cross under the Missouri river. The tribe fears that the pipeline could contaminate their water source and object to construction disturbing sacred burial grounds.

Last week, the US government announced that it was delaying granting the final permit that Dakota Access pipeline needs to drill under the river. The company fired back, filing court papers seeking a judicial order that they be allowed to drill.

The pipeline's parent company, Energy Transfer Partners, announced today that it was merging with Sunoco Logistics Partner. Both companies are part of an oil and gas empire controlled by ETP's CEO, Kelcy Warren. The $21bn all-stock deal will boost the companies by simplifying their complex relationship, according to the Wall Street Journal.

Dave Archambualt, chairman of the tribal council of the Standing Rock Sioux, said that he fears violent confrontations with law enforcement will convince the government to allow drilling to proceed.

"Every time there's something like a confrontation and life is being threatened, I think the government is going to do what they can to try to end this before someone gets killed," he said. "Aggression by law enforcement has always been intentional to force the government to give the easement."

"It's escalating more and more to the point where law enforcement is not really concerned with human life," he added.

Rupa Marya, a physician at the University of California, San Francisco who has travelled to Standing Rock to help provide medical care, echoed Archambault's concerns.

"If the police are going to be there actively spraying people with water in 27-degree weather, its putting people at tremendous risk for death from hypothermia," she said. "They might be calling this non-lethal forms of crowd control, but these are lethal forms of violence."
Nicky Woolf contributed reporting
No billionaire owner, no shareholders. Just independent, investigative reporting that fights for the truth, whatever the cost. Why not support it? Become a Guardian US member for $49 a year, or make a contribution.

Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dakota Access pipeline: 300 protesters injured after police use water cannons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Twenty-six people were hospitalized and more than 300 injured after North Dakota law enforcement officers trained water cannons, teargas, and other "less-than-lethal" weapons on unarmed activists protesting against the Dakota Access pipeline in below-freezing weather on Sunday night, according to a group of medical professionals supporting the anti-pipeline movement.

# data[].attributes.body
The Standing Rock protest was suppressed by police in riot gear who were aiming at the protesters.

# data[].attributes.headline
Dakota Access Pipeline: Standing Rock Protest 

# data[].attributes.subject
Dakota Access Pipeline: Standing Rock Protest 

# data[].attributes.body
The Sioux tribe near the Standing Rock believes that the pipeline would pollute the Missouri River, which is the water source for the reservation.

now the spilt oil is polluting the natural resource-- water

# data[].attributes.body
"Fracking, tar sands and crude oil pipeline spills, radioactive frack waste, and the associated chemicals being spilled and dumped into our rivers and aquifers have resulted in the largest public health experiment on Earth."

— Standing Rock protestor Sarah

# data[].attributes.headline
keystone xl pipeline: polluting the Native Americans' natural resource, water 

# data[].attributes.subject
keystone xl pipeline: polluting the Native Americans' natural resource, water 

# data[].attributes.body
On February 11, 2019, Keystone XL Line (containing tar sands) in Missouri had an 1,800-gallon spill.

Last year in 2018, more than 400,000 gallons were spilled out to the Missouri tribe area the main Keystone line in South Dakota near a tribal community. The pipeline contaminated the one of the vital natural resources -- water

video: What is Keystone XL pipeline?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What is the Keystone XL Pipeline? Find out who supports it, who is against it, and why.

# data[].attributes.body
A native people hunted a deer in a national reservation area within his tribal reservation land, however, Herrera was found guilty by a state court in Wyoming despite the off-reservation hunting rights that had been promised to the Crow Tribe since 1868 when the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed

# data[].attributes.body
Gold mining in America exploited gold, a precious natural resource of Native American communities, also affected their life. Native American Subsistence cultures disappeared along with natural resources and potable water.

# data[].attributes.body
Smohalla, a chief of an Indian tribe Wanapun, said:

“God said he was the father and earth was mankind; that nature was the law; that the animals, and fish and plants beyond nature, and that man only was sinful."

# data[].attributes.headline
Trail of Tears -- Gold exploited on Cherokee lands

# data[].attributes.subject
Trail of Tears -- Gold exploited on Cherokee lands

# data[].attributes.body
A term used to describe the removal of native American tribes from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States to the farther west. The natural resources were exploited from Native Americans. (1830 to 1850s)

In 1838s, the removal of Cherokee was brought on by the discovery of gold in Dahlonega, Georgia in 1828s, it resulted in the Georgia Gold Rush. The natural resources of Native people, gold, had been exploited by the white American men.

# data[].attributes.body
This document is for my cited works.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sierra Nevada -- gold mining threatening river salmon runs of Maidu.

# data[].attributes.subject
Sierra Nevada -- gold mining threatening river salmon runs of Maidu.

# data[].attributes.body
On January 24, 1848, gold was found near the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The Maidu tribe that resides on the areas with the highest concentration of gold, was affected by this gold rush.
The river salmon runs of tribes like Nisenan, Koukow, Miwok, Pomo, Yokuts, including Maidu, was contaminated and ruined by the placer gold mining. (Abandoned mines in California could also threaten people’s primary water source. )

a map of Gold mines near the Sierra Nevada mountains in California

# data[].attributes.body
The second gold rush in the United States

# data[].attributes.headline
Definition of Natural resources exploitation 

# data[].attributes.subject
Definition of Natural resources exploitation 

# data[].attributes.body
People occupy and exploit natural resources that do not originally belong to them for their profit

usually negatively result in environmental degradations and people’s unsecured living quality.

In America, the political and economical self-determination and self-sufficiency of most Native American tribes all depend on maintaining their natural resources.

While the colonised Europeans came to this continent and began to exploit natural wealth that Native American regard to be sacred, the conflict between the American government and the Native Americans community has begun.