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Creation of United Nations, October 1945

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Creation of United Nations, October 1945

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The United Nations organization was founded after WWII by 51 countries. UN was made for the sole reason to maintain international peace, and security. After the organization was made, more started to promote human rights. Since the general assembly had adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in 1948, the UN has helped enact many of those bills.

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The Test Baker Underwater explosion was Americas first trial for nuclear weapons. This explosion was done to test and study its effects. The effects that took place from this explosion included contaminated ships and a forced evacuation of the Marshall Islands. This took place on July 25th, 1946 in the Marshall Islands. Another effect this had on the rest of the Cold War was people starting to grasp the destruction and devastation nuclear bombs would lead to in the future.

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The Truman Doctrine was a speech and an foreign policy established by President Truman that the U.S. would interfere to stop the Soviet Union and communism from expanding. This had many effects such as the tensions rising between America and the Soviet Union and the U.S. being more involved with European affairs as the U.S. was committed to keeping out communism. A specific example of this is when the U.S. pledged to help and support Turkey and Greece from keeping out the Soviet Union.

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The Marshall Plan was a US providing aid to western European countries after the destruction of WW2 and provided 12 billion in aid to help with finance to rebuild. This was to help the nations in Europe including germany to help reduce trade barriers and to modernize industry, and help rebuild their infrastructures. This helped because the economic output of the countries were 35 percent higher in 1951. The Eastern European satellites and Soviet Union refused to take part in the plan and created their own plan to rebuild Eastern Europe this was called COMECON. The Soviets Union was more limited mainly to trade and credit agreements among six members. But the impact from COMECON weren't as big as the Marshall Plan.

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Communist takeover  in Czechoslovakia (1948)

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Communist takeover  in Czechoslovakia (1948)

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The communist party lead a coup d'état trying to seize control over Czechoslovakia. The leader of the communist group tried to push his powers out and grow the communist party. The president of Czechoslovakia didn't want a civil war so he gave the power over to the communists. Lots of people left the country so they weren't under communist law.

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The Berlin blockade was an attempt to limit the ability of the United States and other western nations to enter Berlin within the occupied zone of East Germany. This led to the mass starvation and economic devastation of the Berliners throughout the year commending necessity for supplies. Due to the neediness of the Berliners, the western powers (US, UK, and France) began the largest air drop in world history delivering 90,000 pounds of food, coal, and other supplies until the blockade was lifted.

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The Berlin Airlift was a strategy used by the US that used planes and air travel to carry goods supplies into their portion of Berlin. This was necessary because after the end of the war, Berlin was divided into 4 seperate zones between the Soviets, France, British, and the US. However, the Soviets blocked off highways and modes of transportation used to get supplies to the other countries in an attempt to move them out of the area. This caused the Berlin Airlift.
This was important because it was the beginning of tensions between the Soviets and the US. It also signified flaws in the Soviets plans and the unwillingness of the US to give up their land.

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A few year after WWII the Soviet Union dominated some of the Eastern European countries they had occupied during WWII, they were all Communist countries. Many Western countries feared the dominant communist presence that was so close to them. In case of a conflict western countries decided to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. The treaty was these countries agreed to support and cooperate with each other against conflicts. In response the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union combined their air forces. They were known as the communist bloc.

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Russia's first test of the atomic bomb (1949)

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Russia's first test of the atomic bomb (1949)

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Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China- 1949

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Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China- 1949

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In weeks and year leading up to Mao Zedong's address to the people there had been a long war between the communist party in China and the nationalistic party.  Even though the US was supporting the Nationalist government the communists and Mao Zedong's army were victorious. When the communists won he announced that China was not going to be seen as a uncivilized government anymore. He vowed to make the government strong and to make the reputation of China a better one. Mao Zedong was in charge of the Communist party in China from 1949- 1976.

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The Korean war was a was fought between North and South Korea. The North wanted to control all of Korea, This was a problem for U.S. because we were trying to stop the spread of communism. This led to the NATO powers fighting with South Korea against North Korea who were supported by the Soviet Union and China. The effects of the the Korean war were the addition to the building tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union During the Cold War. Also the long-lasting feud that the U.S. and North Korea have.

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The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(1954)

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The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(1954)

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The Southeast treaty organization was a organization with the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan all in it.  They created this organization to prevent communism from gaining ground in Southeast Asia.  When the Vietnam War occurred the involvement of the U.S in SEATO let them stay involved in Vietnam because Vietnam was under the protection of SEATO since they were in SEATO territory. SEATO also worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards of the Southeast Asian states.

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The Warsaw Pact was a pact created in Poland as a collective defense treaty. The pact was created because of the integration of West Germany into NATO. Was also considered to be created because of the Soviet Union's desire to maintain control over the military forces in  Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight.

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Causes: The main cause of the central treaty organization was to prevent communist attacks. There wasn’t much peace in the Middle east due to communism and the US wanted to stop that.

Effects: Developments that were caused due to the pact brought more tensions between people. The Egyptian leader took full control of the Suez canal, which resulted in Israel invading the Sinai peninsula which then led to the British getting involved. This caused for Britain to lose their reputation and they lost their leadership in the CTO. All in all many unions and revolutions broke out due to the development of this pact.

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The launch of Sputnik on October 4th, 1957 was the event of the first satellite ever launched into our atmosphere. It was launched to conduct multiple different tests. To name a few: Calculate the density of the atmosphere, test radio waves in the atmosphere, and to greater understand pressurization on satellites. This launch served to further intensify the cold war and increase spending from the United States. From the perspective of the United States, it was the Soviet enemy demonstrating dominance by launching a craft in the air. It made the U.S. feel pressured, and resulted in the U.S. increasing spending on science, and starting NASA as an exact result of the Sputnik launch.

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The Vietnam War was fought between communist North Vietnam, backed by the Soviet Union plus China and South Vietnam which was backed up by the United states. A main cause of the Vietnam war was the desire to stop communism from spreading to other countries also known as the "domino theory".  An effect of the Vietnam war was the large death toll as millions of people were killed.

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The Great leap was a five year economic plan that was executed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party. The plan was to have forced agricultural collectivization and rural industrialization. The great leap resulted in 30-55 million deaths due to starvation, execution, and forced labor, along with massive economic and environmental destruction. The great leap forward was the largest episode of mass killing in history, and a clear example of the failures of socialism and economic central planning.

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Because of the legislative office elections being seized when batista came to power, Castro began organizing a resistance movement leading several attempts against Batista’s forces. Eventually castro's guerrilla warfare eroded the power of batista's military causing him to flee, and castro rose to power. Effects from castro rising to power were things such as cuba turning into the first communist state in the western hemisphere and with his power castro enforced many reforms. Another effect was Castro’s communist reforms also aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union and alienated it from the United States.

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The Bay of Pigs Crisis was an invasion that occurred because of President Kennedy's concern about the communist country of Cuba being so close to the United States. This was an attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow the Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista. Despite their efforts, the U.S. was not able to successfully invade the country. This led to the security of the Cuba-Soviet alliance.

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As tensions between the west and Russia escalated, Russia built a wall surrounding berlin. this wall was built to stop defectors and the flow of information and culture from the west. This effected the relations between the west and Russia, symbolically and also literally cutting the once allies apart. this also had consequences for Berliners, with families being torn apart.

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The Berlin wall was constructed August 13th in 1961. The goal was to stop the people on the west side from immigrating to East Berlin.

The wall was built down the middle of Berlin by the German Democratic Republic (Controlled by western allies) to try and stop their people from escaping the area of West Berlin, though the wall didn’t fully stop the attempts of escaping.

It was later taken down in 1989, but many parts of the wall still stand today.

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After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which was one of the main causes of the end of WWII a nuclear war tension arose. Many big nations then come together to try and negotiate a treaty to stop these nuclear attacks.

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The Chinese Cultural Revolution started in 1966 in Beijing, China. It was launched by communist leader Mao Zedong to make sure his authority and power over China was maintained strongly. He believed the Soviet Union was moving too far into a "revisionist" direction and that China should be under a pure and cultural communist party.
Mao Zedong carried out his beliefs through the action of the Red Guards who in reality just led to more anarchy and terror among the Nation. In 1972, Mao had a stroke and died therefore allowing Zhou to revive the education system. By 1977 Zhou had voted for Deng Xiaoping who would then remain in control for the next 20 years and it was peaceful again. Sadly however, around 1.5 million people were killed due to the Cultural Revolution along with millions of others put in prison as well as loss of faith in government for years to come.

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The White Revolution was in Iran after the US and Great Britain helped overthrow the democratically elected prime minister, Mosaddegh and replaced him with the shah, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. The shah ruled harshly, but instituted many reforms to improve women’s rights, give greater access to education, and buy land from wealthy landowners and sell it cheaply to peasants known as the White Revolution because there was no bloodshed.
This event showed that the US and Great Britain were willing to overthrow democratically elected officials to put people they wanted in power due to fears of Soviet influence. It also led to the Iranian Revolution and Iran’s mistrust of the US and Great Britain.

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The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was a international treaty that stated prevented the spread of nuclear weapons and technology to further the idea of nuclear disarmament. They grouped countries into two different categories: nuclear weapon states (US, Russia, China, France, and UK) and non-nuclear weapon states. The impact of the NPT was pretty large because it helped to curb the spread of nuclear weapons. The non nuclear weapon states were unhappy with how slow the disarmament process was going.

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The Iranian Revolution stemmed from the unstableness in the Iranian Office. Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had an authoritarian style and was known for his harsh rule, which many citizens opposed, therefore starting a revolution with hopes to get him out of office. The effects of the revolution were that the style of government was now changed to a theocracy which revolved around religion. In addition, now with the new government controlled by a cleric and Guardian Council now opposed many Western policies.

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The Soviet Afghan War began in December of 1979 when Soviets invaded Afghanistan to support the government who'd been taken over by the communist party. The Soviets would go against Muslim fighters and guerrilla groups who did not like the government and leadership, especially because Afghanistan had been in a time of reform by its people. The event resulted in the deaths of 562,000 to two million people in addition to the millions of people who fled Afghanistan to Pakistan and Iran and those left homeless. In Afghanistan, new ways of political participation were adopted in order to prevent the government to be taken over once again and so more people would be satisfied with it. The Soviet Afghan war was also fairly detrimental to the Soviet Union despite withdrawing from the war. The war put pressure on their economic system and their leadership at risk of reform.

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The Contras were a rebellion against the communist Nicaragua government. The rebellion was supported by president Reagan. After the Boland Amendment, rebellions such as the Contras were no longer allowed to be funded due to their large amount of funding from the cocaine trade. Reagan then made a negotiation with a terrorist group in Iran giving them funds in exchange for releasing hostages, but 18 million dollars of this just went to the Contras.

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The Soviet Afghan War began in December of 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan to strengthen the country's government.

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liberal reforms that's goals were to modernize the empire. Perestroika was aimed to modernize socialism and keep power in the communist party. Glasnost was to give the public more of say and be more open about what was going on in the Soviet Union. Ultimately Perestroika failed to reinvigorate the economy. Glasnost lead to a greater transparency from the Soviet Union

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Tiananmen Square Incident April 1989- June 1989

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Tiananmen Square Incident April 1989- June 1989

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Series of protests and demonstrations in Chin in the spring of 1989, many of them held at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. These demonstrations were pushing for political and economical reformations, with the influence of democratic ideals being at the center. Towards June the government felt more in control of the situation and used heavily armed troops on the protestors, through violent means. The response of the Chinese government was met with international backlash from countries around the world, criticizing how they handled it. Since then the event has been rarely talked about and kept quiet by the government

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The fall of the Berlin wall-November 9 1989

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The fall of the Berlin wall-November 9 1989

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After WWII, Berlin was divided up between the Soviets and the US, Britain and France, however many people who lived on the Eastern side of the wall (The side that the soviets governed) wanted to leave and go to the West side, and so many did until the Berlin wall was erected, in 1961, to stop mass migration from East to West Berlin. This stopped most, but not all, from crossing the border, which caused tensions to calm down enough for the leader of the Soviet Union to declare that people could cross freely again. After the wall came down people were able to live much more freely because they could go into West Germany whenever they wanted, and they weren’t afraid of getting shot if they tried. People In East and West Berlin could also now enjoy going to a movie theater, work or visit people on the other side of the border, which made the people of both side much happier.