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Crop transformations following storm Vaia

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Crop transformations following storm Vaia

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The calamitous event that also characterized Trentino was revealed between 26 and 30 October 2018; and has been called the Vaia storm.
The strong wind and abundant rain caused millions of trees to crash to the ground, with the consequent destruction of tens of thousands of hectares of alpine forests; it was a real natural disaster.
Some small realities have been able to find a positive side to this catastrophe, enhancing the territories adjacent to the inhabited areas, carrying out transformations of cultivation from forest to meadow or pasture.
To carry out these crop changes, large excavators equipped with forestry cutters were used, then sowing and mulching with hay.

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the hydraulic works of the Patascoss stream in Madonna di Campiglio in order to reduce the criticalities generated by the watercourse. In particular, the construction of a "device for the control of solid transport" is underway, while the works to adapt the covered section have already been completed by the Municipality of Pinzolo.

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the weir represent a solution to the problem of excessive transport of suspended solids, especially in the event of exceptional floods. Traditionally they are made of stone, wood and / or concrete, with solid section or with cracks to retain only the largest solids. This constructive solution has the purpose of keeping the drainage of the water regular. However, they need to periodically be cleaned and improved.

In my landslide, as you can see from the image, the weir that is there needs a replacement of the wooden parts because they are now deteriorated.

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The consequences of the floods are both negative and positive and depend on the intensity and duration of the flood and the physical characteristics of the affected area.
Are there environmental consequences /
 demographic, social, economic.


Precautions must be taken with constructions and infrastructures, which must be built quickly for any other new water bombs and / or floods

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I build a retaining wall to create a plan. I would make this structure because is useful for the people of that place

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A weir is a small barrier built across a stream or river to raise the water level slightly on the upstream side; essentially a small-scale dam. Weirs allow water to pool behind them, while allowing water to flow steadily over top of the weir.
Additionally, the term weir can be used to refer to the crest of a spillway on a large embankment dam.

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The retaining walls are nothing more than those constructions built to support the adjacent land, which would otherwise collapse. Generally they are made of concrete, but we can also find them in stone or wood, depending on the urban and aesthetic factor.

They are not to be confused with other types of masonry. For example, if this type of construction coincides with the boundary wall of a property, this should never be considered as a continuum of the other. They will simply be two nearby structures, but with totally different purposes.

So let's see what retaining walls are and what they are for.

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Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to . They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.

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The earth embankments are works made up of structural reliefs that generally have heights
considerable compared to the medium level of the countryside, with the function of "holding" the water.
The construction of the embankments poses multiple problems that must be addressed on site
design. The problems of a general nature are therefore linked to the height of the works
to their weight to the transversal dimensions with relative geometric constraints, to the availability of
material for the construction of the work itself., to the hydraulic aspects.

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it is a passive defense of the territory designed to prevent the overflowing of waterways. It generally consists of an impermeable survey in earth similar to a dam which can even considerable heights.
There are a different type of embankaments, because it depends on the problem.

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The gabion in engineering is a wire mesh container filled with pebbles and stones. Designed by Egidio Palvis, Engineer of the Royal Corps of Civil Engineers from 1880 to 1929.
The first cylindrical-shaped gabions were built and installed by Maccaferri, with the initial purpose of stemming the flood of the Reno river in the city of Bologna.

The wire mesh has a hexagonal mesh with twisted wire to prevent the sagging of some wire making an extended part of the gabion unravel with the stone coming out. This type of work is very functional given its adaptability to the conformation of the slopes. Furthermore, the gabion is very suitable to be greened and to favor the life of macro and micro invertebrates.

The construction of the gabion does not require a particular expertise. The environmental impact is minimal as it is possible to build it with the natural stone of the place. Over time it can become covered with soil on which the vegetation that hides the artifact tends to grow spontaneously.

Gabions up to 30 cm thick are called mattresses, or Reno mattresses, from the name of the river near Bologna on which they began to be used at the end of the 19th century. The Reno-type mattress is generally reinforced with transversal intertwined meshes. The main uses are:
Retaining walls: the advantage of retaining walls made with gabions is that they have a flexible structure, therefore capable of adapting to any differential subsidence of the ground without cracking as happens with concrete or masonry walls.
River protection: in rivers, gabions are used to protect the banks from the erosion of the watercourse, especially in the stretches outside the bends of the river where erosion is more intense

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Drainage pipes are essential tools for creating hydraulic systems that allow extra water to be removed from specific layers of soil. Such systems are particularly necessary in cases where the water in question can disturb or destroy the human works taking place on those lands. Consider, for example, situations requiring consolidation of clay soils to allow the construction of roads or buildings. In such cases, prior artificial drainage is required to redistribute excess water to harvesting systems or deeper depths and to make the soil more stable and bearing. These works are also called “tubular drains”, as they require the installation of slotted drainage pipes, the specific characteristics of which will now be explained.

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- The banks of the river
are subject to very marked
corrosion due to the very
Stony soil.
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- The problem can be
solved by reinforcing the
Embankments and the
riverbed in order to
prevent water from
displacing the material.

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The consequences of floods, both negative and positive, vary greatly depending on their location, duration, depth and speed, as well as the vulnerability and value of the affected natural and constructed environments. Floods impact both individuals and communities, and have social, economic, and environmental consequences.

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- The banks of the river are subject to very marked corrosion due to the very Stony soil.

- The problem can be solved by reinforcing the Embankments and the riverbed in order to prevent water from displacing the material and the creation of restraint systems to block the material.

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Repair the wall of the river, after a floods.

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Repair the wall of the river, after a floods.

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After the flood:
For protect the city near the river, we need to build a wall and we need to build quickly, for protect the people who live here.

With this we make sure that no future flood will come.
The retaining wall that we can build requires a high and wide reinforced concrete wall.

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The water of the River,continuing to pass,over the years,erodes the Banks and create landslide.
This phenomenon takes the form of localized landslides, while in the long term the watercourse tends to find a new way.

to avoid this type of situation, rivers and streams should be kept clean and the banks reinforced

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the initial purpose of stemming the flood of the Reno river in the city of Bologna.

The wire mesh has a hexagonal mesh with twisted wire to prevent the sagging of some wire making an extended part of the gabion unravel with the stone coming out. This type of work is very functional given its adaptability to the conformation of the slopes.

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The typical application is in rock masses whose surface can be reduced into fragments having, as an order of magnitude, a size not less than that of the double-twisted mesh and in any case not greater than 0.5 m of equivalent diameter. For moderately steep slopes or where vegetation cover can take root, the nets must be kept as close as possible to the wall.

For steeply inclined slopes and / or close to verticality, the net, supported at the top, is kept free along the wall, leaving the boulders the possibility of falling towards the foot, always remaining contained between the rock and the covering net. Important is the realization of a safe and continuous anchoring at the top and at the foot where the possibility of unloading the accumulated debris must be foreseen.

The double twist metal mesh is the ideal solution both for its flexibility in every direction and for its ability to avoid stretch marks in the mesh in case of accidental breakage of some thread: an ancient and unsolvable problem for simple twist nets (regardless of the type of thread used) which by their nature cannot provide such a guarantee.

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Terracing or terrace cultivation, also known as bands, ronchi or steps, are a solution adopted in agriculture to make areas of particular and accentuated slope cultivable, or in urban planning to make steep terrain suitable for the construction of buildings, squares or roads.

They have been adopted in many hilly or mountainous locations since the sixteenth century in Trentino, Veneto, Friuli - Venezia Giulia, Piedmont, Lombardy and Liguria. Used to the maximum near Amalfi.

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the problem have the capacity to prevein certain problem, many of this problem can be solved with;
raising the level of groundwater in the area's aquifers;
restoration of biodiversity;
brake on a possible desertification process;
protection against floods or avalanches;
timber production;
control of the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.

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SCALING INTERVENTIONS
This is an intervention aimed at stabilizing large portions of the wall by demolishing unstable stone blocks and sending them downstream of the unsafe boulders by means of levers and hydraulic equipment. This intervention allows the drastic reduction of the rocky material in conditions of instability and, consequently, the reduction of the risk of sudden fall of material from the slope.
If the volume of the stone blocks is such as to make it risky to send them directly downstream, we will proceed with the forced demolition of the same with the use of explosive materials. The demolition of rock performed with the use of explosives is carried out by blasting the loaded powders into previously made holes in the block. These processes are always carried out by specialized personnel with a suitable firing license.

ROCKFALL NETS
Rockfall nets are one of the most common interventions. Through a suitable cortical coating to be carried out in adherence, the inertia of the detachment of the unstable material is blocked in such a way as to stabilize the wall, thus avoiding any movement or detachment. The net is fixed to the wall by means of ropes pulled and tied in special nails equipped with eyebolts anchored in a suitable way to the wall.
Our company is equipped with up-to-date means and equipment for the realization of riveting, deep riveting, active tie rods, small diameter poles and self-drilling bars.
The nails are installed by inserting the bar and its grouting with cement grout, within the hole previously made with a manual portable drill (for simple anchors) or with a bottom-hole hammer drill (for deep or large-diameter anchors).
In order to facilitate the greening work, it is possible to provide for the coupling of the rockfall network with suitable natural biomats or three-dimensional geocompounds.

ROCKFALL BARRIERS
These are certified technologies designed to create passive protection against the fall of stone blocks from rocky slopes or walls, consisting of deformable elements with high energy absorption. Thanks to their versatility they can be applied on any slope and can work with different energy classes (from 250 kJ up to 5000 kJ). The structural scheme of the barrier guarantees the transformation of the forces due to falling rocks into controlled plastic deformations.
They are characterized by the rapidity of implementation and the possibility of carrying out rapid and economical post-impact maintenance.
The barrier superstructure is laid on suitable foundations consisting of upstream anchors, side anchors and foundation plinths for the uprights. Depending on the place of intervention, it will be necessary to evaluate whether to carry out the assembly of the barrier with the aid of a helicopter or with the use of a truck with a hydraulic crane.

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Riprap describes a range of rocky material placed along shorelines, bridge foundations, steep slopes, and other shoreline structures to protect from scour and erosion.
Riprap is used where a structure or shoreline is continuously exposed to rushing water:

Along a lake shoreline to limit erosion associated with wave action.

Along the outer bank of a river bend, dissipating the force of the water against the bank.

Near bridges along embankments and adjacent to supports in waterways.

Erosion can compromise bridges, wash out adjacent roadways, or cause loss of property; preventing erosion helps to keep the public safe. At first glance, riprap may seem like a simple science for mitigating the power of water, but it requires a lot of evaluation from engineers. Cost comes into the conversation early because rock can’t always be found locally, and transporting a large quantity of rock isn’t cheap, and neither is the rock itself. Determining the effective size and amount of rock can limit the cost associated with the solution

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Terracing is a solution that in recent years has seen an increasingly frequent use in naturalistic engineering. It allows to contain unevenness and consolidate the ground with surprising results for resistance over time and for safety.

It is a technique with a low environmental impact and less invasive than concrete, also in terms of aesthetics.

It is used to replace the use of concrete walls in applications such as masking works, construction of roads, terracing, retaining walls, rockfall barriers and environmental redevelopment.

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Among the various works carried out, of particular importance is the hydraulic defence and water regulation sector, which has developed with interventions on rivers and basins for public bodies, consortia or private companies.
Cliffs can be placed in rivers and streams to consolidate or rebuild banks and embankments, as well as to stem coastal erosion by the sea.
The materials used for cliffs and hydraulic works are mainly cyclopean boulders.

In the field of reefs and hydraulic works, we are also involved in the construction of new courses and containment tanks for inland waters and the construction of gabions to contain landslides and to regulate rainwater.

Hydraulic defence works are important, as they are of fundamental importance in ensuring the safety of citizens, protecting built-up areas from possible flooding by water and/or mud.
Thanks to state-of-the-art machinery and technical operators in the sector, our company carries out works on reefs and hydraulic works by constructing embankments with tied or cemented reefs and other techniques designed ad hoc.

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The terracing is particularly suitable for rock slopes and in particular for walls of considerable extension;
in addition to reducing the potential unstable masses by interrupting the continuity of the slope, the horizontal section at the foot
of the steps helps to significantly reduce the energy of the falling blocks by stopping, in most cases, movement along the slope itself. In the case of weak and intensely altered rocks, the resulting alteration material from the steps, filling the benches below, it will tend to form a uniform slope over time, favoring
the taking root of vegetation.

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There was a time when there were flat areas along the rivers, called floodplains, whose functioning is essential during periods of flooding of the river. Today, due to urban sprawl, they have shrunk considerably. There is now a movement to restore these areas, which play an important role in preventing and containing floods, as well as water management and nature conservation. Basically, the floodplains with their own vegetation are able to retain and absorb water, protecting the neighboring urban areas from the effects of strong and intense rainfall.

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The solution to be adopted for this type of risk is certainly a retaining wall. The solution could be the creation of walls at the edge of the river, so as to contain possible flooding.
It is essential to slow down water during floods. The cause of this force is given by sudden waves. Along the waterways, in fact, it is easy to find areas of dense shrub vegetation that, if not controlled, becomes a dangerous area. When the water of the river increases these plants tend to create barriers that, yielding, lead to dangerous waves.
The embankment must be strong, durable and resistant to avoid problems on things and people.

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My escavator is making a hydraulic work with tonalite rock and material

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I build a GABIONADE to create a plan. I would make this structure because is useful for the people of that place

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A WORKPLACE - 'BACINI MONTANI', Autonomous Province of TRENTO by elisa.dacas on Genially

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