# data[].attributes.body
O streaming transmite dados — geralmente áudio e vídeo, mas, cada vez mais, outros tipos também 

# data[].attributes.body
O streaming transmite dados — geralmente áudio e vídeo, mas, cada vez mais, outros tipos também 

# data[].attributes.headline
Os botos são responsáveis pelo maior festival folclórico, qual o nome do festival? Festival do Sairé

# data[].attributes.subject
Os botos são responsáveis pelo maior festival folclórico, qual o nome do festival? Festival do Sairé

# data[].attributes.body
-Kassandra

# data[].attributes.body
De onde se origina a arquitetura que chamamos de clássica, e que influenciou movimento de design em todo o mundo?

# data[].attributes.body
A ideia central do texto é explicar a origem dos eletrônicos, como era a tecnologia de antigamente, e assim continua falando sobre como a evolução da tecnologia, da criação dos supercomputadores. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Streaming is a technology used to deliver content to computers and mobile devices over the internet. Streaming transmits data - usually audio and video, but increasingly other kinds as well - as a continuous flow, which allows the recipients to begin to watch or listen almost immediately.

There are two ways to download content over the internet:

Streaming is the quickest way to access internet-based content, but it's not the only way. Progressive download is another option that was used for years before streaming was possible. In order to understand what streaming is, where you use it, and why it's so helpful, you need to understand these two options.

The key differences between progressive download and streaming are when you can start using the content and what happens to the content after you're done with it.

Progressive downloads are the traditional kind of download that anyone who's used the internet is familiar with. When you download an app or game or buy music from the iTunes Store, you need to download the entire thing before you can use it. That's a progressive download.

Streaming is different. Streaming allows you to start using the content before the entire file is downloaded. Take music: When you stream a song from Apple Music or Spotify, you can click play and start listening almost immediately. You don't have to wait for the song to download before the music starts. This is one of the major advantages of streaming. It delivers data to you as you need it.

The other major difference between streaming and downloads is what happens to the data after you use it. For downloads, the data is permanently stored on your device until you delete it. For streams, the data is automatically deleted after you use it. A song you stream from Spotify isn't saved to your computer (unless you save it for offline listening, which is a download).

Streaming requires a relatively fast internet connection - just how fast depends on the type of media you are streaming. A speed of 2 megabits per second or more is necessary for streaming standard definition video without skips or buffering delays. HD and 4K content requires higher speeds for flawless delivery: at least 5Mbps for HD content and 9Mbps for 4K content.

Live streaming is the same as the streaming discussed above, it's specifically used for internet content delivered in real time as it happens. Live streaming is popular with live television shows and special one-time events.

Streaming has traditionally been used to deliver audio and video, but Apple has recently implemented technology that allows streaming to work with games and apps too.

This technique, called on-demand resources, allows games and apps to include a core set of features and functions when the user first downloads them and then to stream new content as the user needs it. For example, a game might include its first four levels in the initial download and then automatically download levels five and six when you start playing level four.

This approach is useful because it means downloads are quicker and use less data, which is especially important if you have a data limit on your phone plan. It also means that apps take up less space on the device they're installed on.

Because streaming delivers data as you need it, slow or interrupted internet connections can cause problems. For example, if you have streamed only the first 30 seconds of a song and your internet connection drops bfore any more of the song has streamed to your device, the song stops playing.

The most common streaming error that crops up has to do with buffering. The buffer is a program's temporary memory for streamed content. The buffer is always filling up with the content you need next. For example, if you watch a movie, the buffer stores the next few minutes of video while you're watching the current content. If your internet connection is slow, the buffer won't fill up quickly enough, and the stream either stops or the quality of the audio or video is reduced to compensate.

Streaming is used most often in music, video and radio apps. For some examples of streaming content, check out:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What Is Streaming and When Do You Use It?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Streaming is a technology used to deliver content to computers and mobile devices over the internet. Streaming transmits data - usually audio and video, but increasingly other kinds as well - as a continuous flow, which allows the recipients to begin to watch or listen almost immediately.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Respect: What is it, types, examples, learn and teach respect

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Respect: a useful guide to what is it, why it’s important, its types and different examples. Find out tips on how to teach respect.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Healthy eating is about eating smart and enjoying your food. Transform your eating habits with these easy tips.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Concept of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.

In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labour, natural resources and capital can generate a profit. The entrepreneurial vision is defined by discovery and risk-taking and is an indispensable part of a nation's capacity to succeed in an ever-changing and more competitive global marketplace.

Meaning of Entrepreneur

The entrepreneur is defined as someone who has the ability and desire to establish, administer and succeed in a startup venture along with risk entitled to it, to make profits. The best example of entrepreneurship is the starting of a new business venture. The entrepreneurs are often known as a source of new ideas or innovators, and bring new ideas in the market by replacing old with a new invention.

It can be classified into small or home business to multinational companies. In economics, the profits that an entrepreneur makes is with a combination of land, natural resources, labour and capital.

In a nutshell, anyone who has the will and determination to start a new company and deals with all the risks that go with it can become an Entrepreneur.
Also Refer: Top 8 Difference Between Businessman and Entrepreneur
What are the 4 Types of Entrepreneurship?

It is classified into the following types:
Small Business Entrepreneurship-
These businesses are a hairdresser, grocery store, travel agent, consultant, carpenter, plumber, electrician, etc. These people run or own their own business and hire family members or local employee. For them, the profit would be able to feed their family and not making 100 million business or taking over an industry. They fund their business by taking small business loans or loans from friends and family.
Scalable Startup Entrepreneurship-
This start-up entrepreneur starts a business knowing that their vision can change the world. They attract investors who think and encourage people who think out of the box. The research focuses on a scalable business and experimental models, so, they hire the best and the brightest employees. They require more venture capital to fuel and back their project or business.
Large Company Entrepreneurship-
These huge companies have defined life-cycle. Most of these companies grow and sustain by offering new and innovative products that revolve around their main products. The change in technology, customer preferences, new competition, etc., build pressure for large companies to create an innovative product and sell it to the new set of customers in the new market. To cope with the rapid technological changes, the existing organisations either buy innovation enterprises or attempt to construct the product internally.
Social Entrepreneurship-
This type of entrepreneurship focuses on producing product and services that resolve social needs and problems. Their only motto and goal is to work for society and not make any profits.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship:

Not all entrepreneurs are successful; there are definite characteristics that make entrepreneurship successful. A few of them are mentioned below:

Ability to take a risk- Starting any new venture involves a considerable amount of failure risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur needs to be courageous and able to evaluate and take risks, which is an essential part of being an entrepreneur.

Innovation- It should be highly innovative to generate new ideas, start a company and earn profits out of it. Change can be the launching of a new product that is new to the market or a process that does the same thing but in a more efficient and economical way.

Visionary and Leadership quality- To be successful, the entrepreneur should have a clear vision of his new venture. However, to turn the idea into reality, a lot of resources and employees are required. Here, leadership quality is paramount because leaders impart and guide their employees towards the right path of success.

Open-Minded- In a business, every circumstance can be an opportunity and used for the benefit of a company. For example, Paytm recognised the gravity of demonetization and acknowledged the need for online transactions would be more, so it utilised the situation and expanded massively during this time.

Flexible- An entrepreneur should be flexible and open to change according to the situation. To be on the top, a businessperson should be equipped to embrace change in a product and service, as and when needed.

Know your Product-A company owner should know the product offerings and also be aware of the latest trend in the market. It is essential to know if the available product or service meets the demands of the current market, or whether it is time to tweak it a little. Being able to be accountable and then alter as needed is a vital part of entrepreneurship.

Importance of Entrepreneurship:

Creation of Employment- Entrepreneurship generates employment. It provides an entry-level job, required for gaining experience and training for unskilled workers.

Innovation- It is the hub of innovation that provides new product ventures, market, technology and quality of goods, etc., and increase the standard of living of people.

Impact on Society and Community Development- A society becomes greater if the employment base is large and diversified. It brings about changes in society and promotes facilities like higher expenditure on education, better sanitation, fewer slums, a higher level of homeownership. Therefore, entrepreneurship assists the organisation towards a more stable and high quality of community life.

Increase Standard of Living- Entrepreneurship helps to improve the standard of living of a person by increasing the income. The standard of living means, increase in the consumption of various goods and services by a household for a particular period.

Supports research and development- New products and services need to be researched and tested before launching in the market. Therefore, an entrepreneur also dispenses finance for research and development with research institutions and universities. This promotes research, general construction, and development in the economy.

The above-mentioned concept 'Entrepreneurship' is elucidated in detail for Commerce students. To know more, stay tuned to BYJU'S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Entrepreneurship? Meaning, Types, Characteristics, Importance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labour, natural resources and capital can generate a profit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Key facts

Depression is a common mental disorder.

Globally, an estimated 5.7% of adults suffer from depression.

More women are affected by depression than men.

Depression can lead to suicide.

There is effective treatment for mild, moderate and severe depression.

Depressive disorder (also known as depression) is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.

Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It can affect all aspects of life, including relationships with family, friends and community. It can result from or lead to problems at school and at work.

Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through abuse, severe losses or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression. Women are more likely to have depression than men.

An estimated 4% of the population experience depression, including 5.7% of adults (4.6% among men and 6.9% among women), and 5.9% of adults aged 70 years and older. Approximately 332 million people in the world have depression (1). Depression is about 1.5 times more common among women than among men. Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression (2). In 2021, an estimated 727 000 people lost their lives to suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in 15-29-year-olds.

In high-income countries, only about one third of people with depression receive mental health treatment (3).

Barriers to effective care include a lack of investment in mental health care, lack of trained health-care providers and social stigma associated with mental disorders.

Symptoms and patterns

During a depressive episode, a person experiences a depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty). They may feel a loss of pleasure or interest in activities.

A depressive episode is different from regular mood fluctuations. They last most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.

Other symptoms are also present, which may include:

poor concentration

feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth

hopelessness about the future

thoughts about dying or suicide

disrupted sleep

changes in appetite or weight

feeling very tired or low in energy.

Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including in the community and at home, work and school.

A depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number and severity of symptoms, as well as the impact on the individual's functioning.

There are different patterns of depressive episodes including:

single episode depressive disorder, meaning the person's first and only episode;

recurrent depressive disorder, meaning the person has a history of at least two depressive episodes; and

bipolar disorder, meaning that depressive episodes alternate with periods of manic symptoms, which include euphoria or irritability, increased activity or energy, and other symptoms such as increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and impulsive reckless behaviour.

Contributing factors and prevention

Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment, bereavement, traumatic events) are more likely to develop depression. Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person's life situation and the depression itself.

Depression is closely related to and affected by physical health. Many of the factors that influence depression (such as physical inactivity or harmful use of alcohol) are also known risk factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases. In turn, people with these diseases may also find themselves experiencing depression due to the difficulties associated with managing their condition.

Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. Interventions for parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive symptoms and improve outcomes for their children. Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

Diagnosis and treatment

There are effective treatments for depression. These include psychological treatment and medications. Seek care if you have symptoms of depression.

Psychological treatments are the first treatments for depression. They can be combined with antidepressant medications in moderate and severe depression. Antidepressant medications are not needed for mild depression.

Psychological treatments can teach new ways of thinking, coping or relating to others. They may include talk therapy with professionals and supervised lay therapists. Talk therapy can happen in person or online. Psychological treatments may be accessed through self-help manuals, websites and apps.

Effective psychological treatments for depression include:

behavioural activation

cognitive behavioural therapy

interpersonal psychotherapy

problem-solving therapy.

Antidepressant medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine.

Health-care providers should keep in mind the possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication, the ability to deliver either intervention (in terms of expertise, and/or treatment availability), and individual preferences.

Antidepressants should not be used for treating depression in children and are not the first line of treatment in adolescents, among whom they should be used with extra caution.

Different medications and treatments are used for bipolar disorder.

Self-care

Self-care can play an important role in managing symptoms of depression and promoting overall well-being.

What you can do:

try to keep doing activities you used to enjoy

stay connected to friends and family

exercise regularly, even if it's just a short walk

stick to regular eating and sleeping habits as much as possible

avoid or cut down on alcohol and don't use illicit drugs, which can make depression worse

talk to someone you trust about your feelings

seek help from a healthcare provider.

If you have thoughts of suicide:

remember you are not alone, and that many people have gone through what you're experiencing and found help

talk to someone you trust about how you feel

talk to a health worker, such as a doctor or counsellor

join a support group.

If you think you are in immediate danger of harming yourself, contact any available emergency services or a crisis line.

WHO response

WHO's Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders including depression.

Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHO's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). The Programme aims to help countries increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders through care provided by health workers who are not specialists in mental health.

WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by lay therapists to individuals and groups. An example is the Problem Management Plus (PM+) manual, which describes the use of behavioural activation, stress management, problem solving treatment and strengthening social support. Moreover, the Group Interpersonal Therapy for Depression manual describes group treatment of depression. Finally, the Thinking Healthy manual covers the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy for perinatal depression.
References
1. 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) [online database]. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2024 ( https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/, accessed 13 August 2025).

2. Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86-92.

3. Evans-Lacko S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al. Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Psychol Med. 2018;48(9):1560-1571.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
WHO fact sheet on depression, providing information on prevalence, symptoms, prevention and contributing factors, diagnosis and treatment, and WHO's work in the area.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
www.indeed.com needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Instagram vs Facebook: which is best for your brand’s strategy?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about how Facebook and Instagram can help fuel your social media marketing strategy, plus get a detailed breakdown of benefits each has to offer.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Note from BBT: I was trying to figure out what was going on. On one of my social network accounts, I read that rapper Karol Conká is confirned as one of the contestants on the new season, the 21st, of the ever popular Globo TV reality show, Big Brother Brasil. OK. That's cool. But I saw a post that comedian Nego Di and social media influencer Camilla de Lucas are also confirmed. OK, three black contestants. But then the posts kept coming. Another black contestant, and yet another and then still another.

"What's going here?", I thought. I mean, actor Babu Santana had a lot of support before he was eventually eliminated from the possibility of becoming the first clearly black man to win on the program and of course, all of black Brazil celebrated the eventual winner, the doctor, Thelma, who took home the BRL 1.5 million prize. But even so, this is BBB and it's pretty standard to have only a few black people on the show since in debuted nearly 20 years ago.
In 2019, with the presence of five black participants, the media was abuzz about one of the most popular television programs having the largest number of Afro-Brazilians in the program's history. Now, in 2021, that record is being broken. As you can imagine, the show has even started yet and black Brazil's social networks are already dancing in the streets. OK, I get it. In Eurocentric Brazil, this IS a big deal and as I've explained my relationship to BBB in several previous posts, I DO understand why people are so excited about this. But hollup. Let's put this in perspective. Black Brazilians are still be discriminated against for their natural hair. Black Brazilians are still being massacred in the streets by police bullets and the masses of the black Brazilian population is still barely getting by. Perhaps this one of the reasons for so much celebration. The way black people are treated by Brazil, maybe seeing people who look like them will offer a sort of escape from the realities of being black in Brazil. In the same way that advised not to be fooled by six black women competing for the Miss Brasil competition back in 2016 because things will return to normal very soon, I'm saying the same thing with the announcement of, I think, now eight black participants on the most popular reality show on television. In 2017, the second black woman in a row was crowned Miss Brasil. She became the third black winner in the contest's 63 year history up to that point. But guess what. Since 2017, three straight white contestants in a row have won the competition. As I predicted, things would return to normal very soon and they did. You can count on the same happening on BBB, so enjoy it you while you can. Big Brother Brasil reality show's 21st season will have largest number of black participants in its history
By Fernando Oliveira and Luiz Prisco

Judging by the list of participants released by Globo TV this Tuesday (19), BBB 21 will try to repeat part of the plans of "BBB 19", until today considered a trauma on the part of the production of the program. The new season should set the record for the largest number of black participants in the history of the reality show.

According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), 56.1% of the Brazilian population declares itself black or brown. However, this division is not seen on national television and cinema, still dominated by white protagonists. One of the main products of national entertainment, Big Brother Brasil, will try to change this unbalance on the 2021 edition.

So far the singers Karol Conka and Pocah, the social influencer Camilla de Lucas, comedian Nego Di and the actor Lucas Penteado have been named as participants. All are part of the cast, the group of guests by Globo. The popcorn team includes geography teacher João Luiz, who is also gay.

For the most attentive fans of the attraction, this could be a great opportunity to follow up on the historic reparation started with Thelma Assis' victory last year. In BBB 19, which had five black participants, the champion was Paula Sperling, accused of giving several statements considered racist.

In the book Confinamentos & Afins, released last year, Rodrigo França justified why he avoided going head to head with his reality show companion: "I confess that, out here, I have had to raise my voice a few times, as a resource to be respected, yes. But, in the program, I knew that if I did that, I would be the 'mad black man', the 'dangerous guy', the 'bandit'", he said. "My silence wasn't cowardice, it was saving energy. Racism is not entertainment. You can't romanticize on television something that excludes, diminishes and kills every day."

In the United States, the CBS network decided that its realitys shows, including the the American version of Big Brother, would have 50% non-white participants. Globo, it seems, was inspired by the idea: Almost half of BBB21 cast will be black or brown participants. Remembering that the format belongs to the Dutch Endemol and, in the rules, doesn't provide any restriction as to race or any other characteristic.

Black participants announced for BBB 21

Lucas Penteado, of Team Camarote

Nego Di, of Team Camarote

Pocah, of Team Camarote

João Luiz, of Team Pipoca

Camilla de Lucas, of Team Camarote

Karol Conká, of team Camarote

Projota, of Team Camarote

Lumena, of Team Pipoca

After seeing black doctor Thelma Assis win the 2020 edition, representativeness may be the key this year. Both on team Camarote, consisting of famous participants, and on team Pipoca - consisting of unknown people - there is a cast formed by pretos (blacks) and pardos (browns). Of the 20 cast names, 8 are non-white.

Among the famous, who in this new format of reality call more attention, is rapper, feminist and anti-racism activist Karol Conká. The Curitiba native will join humorist Negro Di, singer Pocah, actor Lucas Penteado, rapper Projota, and social influencer Camilla de Lucas. On team Pipoca are João Luiz and Lumena.

Social and commercial demand

For Maíra de Deus Brito, PhD student in Human Rights and Citizenship at the University of Brasília (UnB), and author of the book Ele Não Está, this adaptation of BBB21 to the racial profile of Brazilian society meets a growing demand in society and commercial pressure.

"20 years ago we watched a program that reflects the Brazilian culture and that is why racism is so clear and relativized. The same thing that happens inside the house (set of BBB), happens outside. However, I was impressed by Thelma's victory in 2020, as well as the increase of black people in this year's edition. But I think it's naïve to believe that changing this profile is only interested in representativeness. BBB is a highly profitable program and must follow discourses and trends to succeed. The issues of race and gender are stronger than ever and reality shows follow this wave," says the researcher.

The presence of a greater number of black people, Maíra de Deus Brito points out, also fulfills the function of showing the variety of bodies and beauties existing in diversity.

"Black people on BBB will prove that there is (and a lot of) black beauty and that this white-hetero-cis pattern should be undone. It's a timid start, but when we think about how many houses the program has come to, it can be a very relevant action," he ponders.

"In 2019, the Mangueira samba school paraded with the theme "Stories to Lullaby Great People," in which the people said: "Brazil, my black/let me tell you the history that history doesn't tell." Karol (Conká) and Lucas (Penteado), among other black men and women participants, will tell our stories in culture, politics and in all other sectors that we are present, but that they insist on erasing or stereotyping us," concludes Maíra de Deus Brito.
BBB21: Globo is no more and no less racist with this season
By the Alma Preta newsroom

As the names were announced, a riot took over the social networks, with people excited about the possibility of accompanying black men and women on the program, especially during the period of pandemic and social isolation.

The largest Brazilian television station, as is well known, has not increased the participation of black people because it believes in representativeness or in the greater diversity of people. There is a pressure from society and from the market so that the products presented to the public respond to everyone's interests. This, definitely, does not make Rede Globo a more diverse broadcaster or committed to the structural changes imposed by racism.

CBS, the owner of the rights to BBB, demanded for the reality shows of 2021-22 the presence of 50% of non-white participants. "As we strive to improve all of these creative aspects, the commitments announced today are the first important steps in gaining new voices to create content and further expand diversity in our reality show programming as well as our network," said George Cheeks, president and CEO of CBS Entertainment Group.

It's worth liking BBB and wanting to change reality

Even with all the limitations, including those already known to the public, the reality show with a massive audience will allow the discussion of a number of interesting topics. The profile of the guests suggests this, with black people engaged in the struggle against racism, sexism and different social inequalities.

If Thelma and Babu could barely say the word "racism" openly in the 2020 edition, this time the game will literally be different.

The program will also allow both the "fans" and the participants of the reality show itself to show the differences between black people. The six participants will certainly have affinities, but the disagreements will be present, as well as the fights and the mismatches. Black people are unique and diverse, with the similarity of sharing the social construction of blackness.

It's worth remembering that the black population in Brazil has more than 100 million black and brown people and they will not be represented in all their diversity by 6 people. Even with the jump from 2 participants, the standard number of Black participants on the reality show, to 6 is significant, the singularities of the povo negro (black people) and of each individual are unique.

Regardless of the characteristics of each member of the program, it is healthy that Black people have the possibility to consume representative entertainment products, in which it is possible to recognize themselves, at least in some way. Entertainment is part of our daily life and the BBB will be the subject of discussion, with or without the presence of black people. If this is the case, it is better that this social segment is involved and that black people have more and more reasons to have enjoy themselves, especially during social isolation.

To deny the relevance of Big Brother Brasil is to row against the tide and close your eyes to a program that will move people's daily lives. It is a space for the construction of imaginary and it is fundamental that it walks towards breaking the myth of racial democracy and helps in the mobilization of people.

BBB, however, should stay in its place, as a space of entertainment, with the possibility of important discussions, but without the understanding that it is an environment of struggle for rights.

Having access to rights and having the possibility to consume representative products are different. One does not deny the other. It is possible (and a lot) to like about BBB, to cheer for black people, and to keep mobilizing in group and in daily life to change the unequal reality of the country. One thing, however, is not equal to the other.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
In its 21st season, Brazil's most popular reality show, Big Brother Brasil, will have largest number of black participants in its history - Black Brazil Today

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Note from BBT: I was trying to figure out what was going on. On one of my social network accounts, I read that rapper Karol Conká is confirned as one of the contestants on the new season, the 21st, of the ever popular Globo TV reality show, Big Brother Brasil .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The outbreak of the virus has sickened more than 80 million people. At least 1.7 million people have died. Here’s how the year unfolded.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A building science consulting and full service architecture firm specializing in building technology for all types of buildings including commercial, institutional, and residential.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A building science consulting and full service architecture firm specializing in building technology for all types of buildings including commercial, institutional, and residential.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There are few words that have been more polarising in recent years than 'influencers'. Who are they? What do they actually do?

If you're a start-up bringing a new product or service to the market, influencer marketing can be one of the most cost-effective ways to drive interest and conversion.

So what are the main advantages? They're two-fold: cut-through and credibility.

In the golden age of advertising, people trusted brands. Copy never shied away from informing the audience of their desperate 'need' for the product, which at best helped elevate quality brands like VW, and at worst drove millions in revenue for big tobacco companies. For even more reasons to buy, celebrities were added into the mix - a practice that still lingers for household names like Mullër and Aveeno.

Decades later, as a reaction to the years of convenient endorsements and general misinformation by big business, money and time-strapped consumers now think outside the telly-box for their product recommendations. Enter: the influencer.

In a nutshell, influencer marketing is the establishment of mutually beneficial and creative content partnerships between brands and individuals holding a significant level of online influence (hence 'influencers').

Influencers can range hugely in size of social following, audience and subject matter. Young lifestyle influencers like Zoella or pranksters like Ben Phillips have crossed most people's feeds at one point or another, but others occupy more of a niche: KSI has racked up an eye-watering 10.9 million subscribers on YouTube by sharing his FIFA gameplay and creating original comedy shorts; and online foodies like the Hemsley + Hemsley cross several demographics with their no-sugar, no-grain kitchen creations.

This is where you can get cut-through to your target audience. With the right influencer, you can reach the audience most likely to move the needle for your business at a fraction of the cost of media buying. In 2016, alcopop brand Hooch worked with Vine stars Stuggy, Joe Charman, Leslie Wai and Huw Samuel for its "Outrageously Refreshing" campaign which targeted young men with clubbing holidays for the summer through their collective 5.8 million social followers.

Interspersed with their self-initiated, self-funded news and reviews is #sponsored content, a marker of a brand/organisation collaboration. The word 'collaboration' is used with intent here, because companies who steam in with a hard brief will learn quickly that influencers won't just read their press release verbatim in a piece to camera. They've created a platform for their views and a following by being authentic, being impartial and responding to their audience's feedback, so for them a short-term financial injection isn't worth the long-term impact it could have on their revenue opportunities.

Although you might be disappointed that your debut script has been trashed, this is where you can gain credibility for a new product or service - followers trust the impartial opinions of their favourite influencer and this tends to carry over to their discretion in sponsorship deals. The mattress company Eve has an ambassador programme which exchanges their next-gen product for blogger reviews, borrowing authenticity, editorial finesse and channels from the influencer army.

The process of influencer marketing depends on the complexity of the content plan and the profile of the influencer. Influencers with a few thousand followers scattered across their channels may not have management yet but you'll need a few of them to get cut-through for your campaign message or product launch. Getting in touch with them direct can be as straightforward as a Twitter DM.

Influencers whose subscriber tickers start reaching the hundreds of thousands/millions have a few more gatekeepers to deal with. In the last five years whole agencies have sprung up (see Gleam Futures, OPI Talent, dedicated to the management of these individuals and their business opportunities, and they require a slice of the budget pie for their time and expertise as well.

Regardless of their stage in the journey or who the first point of contact is, the negotiations are no different to other business partnerships:

· Leverage interest and assert your brand's value to them and their followers.
· Respect their experience and credibility in their field.
· Stay open to their creative input (there's a good reason they have more followers and higher engagement than you).

The pitfall for most brands looking to utilise influencer marketing is selection. Pick the wrong influencer and it's about as helpful as shouting into the proverbial abyss. Some questions to ask before you draw up the contract:

· Which audience are you targeting?

· What channels are they using

· What type of content do they search for?

·Who do they follow?

Influencers are just another spoke in the modern marketing wheel, but ignore them at your own peril - in whatever guise they operate, they're here to stay.

By Nicholas Gill, co-founder and strategy partner at Team Eleven

PrivSec Conferences will bring together leading speakers and experts from privacy and security to deliver compelling content via solo presentations, panel discussions, debates, roundtables and workshops.
For more information on upcoming events, visit the website.

Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. comments powered by

© Digital Marketing Magazine 2018 | Privacy Policy | Twitter | YouTube

Amplified Business Content is a limited company registered in England and Wales.
Registered Number: 07953063
Registered Office: 9-11 Castle Street, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 1BS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influencers: Who Are They? What do they do?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are few words that have been more polarising in recent years than 'influencers'. Who are they? What do they actually do? If you're a start-up bringing a new product or service to the market, influencer marketing can be one of the most cost-effective ways to drive interest and conversion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Brol.com - Travel to Brazil with experts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
We are here again to help you plan your next trip in the largest country of South America or you can say that Latin America, that is Brazil. We have searched a new place names as Altmira in the country of Brazil. Altamira is medium populated city, with an area of 161,446 which makes it largest city in Brazil in territorial extension. It is situated on the shores of the Xingu River. Until 2009 it was the world's largest municipal subdivision. It occupies 12.8% of the state's territory, 1.8% of the Brazilian territory and 0.8% of the South American territory. It also covers a more extensive area than the countries like Bangladesh.

Altamira Municipality is divided into two regions the Altamira city and district, majority of its population lives in urban area, and rest in rural districts, which is covered by the Amazon rain forest. It is home to hundreds of indigenous communities and environmental protection areas. It is home to Belo Monte Dam, a hydroelectric dam complex which is situated on the Xingu River.

The economy of the city is majorly drawn from Agriculture and Trade. Altamira is located in a transition area between the Brazilian Highlands and Amazonian Lowlands, on the shores of the Xingu River a tributary of the Amazon river. Altamira covers an area of 724,965 hectares in which Altamira National Forest is situated The forest comes under conservation unit which was created in 1998. The municipality also covers a part of the Jamanxim National Park, which is also protected area of the 3,373,134 hectares. Another one js Terra do Meio Ecological Station, a strictly protected conservation unit created formed in 2005. It covers an area of 342,192 hectares. Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005. The municipality contains 49% of the 445,408 hectares. Serra do Pardo National Park, is also there which was built in 2005, along with the other parks.
Things to do in Altamira:
Once you arrive in Altamira, you have lot to do you can enjoy sport fishing, ecotourism activities and see indigenous tribes. On the first day of the tour visit Arapuja beach which is one of the most popular in Altamira. If you are visiting the place between July to September, in the summers, you can have a chance to visit the Summer Festival where you can enjoy as many activities as you want, like it offers sports, ecological and artistic activities. And if you are visiting the city in rainy season you can have a chance to witness submerged beach, which occur during the monsoon.

On the second day of the tour you visit Pedral Seaside, the area is covered with several kiosks which serves delicious local sea food like traditional cooked fresh, you can enjoy food with local live music. The place is located about 8 km from the downtown.After pedral seaside visit another attraction point in Altamira is Cais do Porto. This locality of Altamira has bars, tracks, beach, sports ground and courts. Localities who reside nearby come here daily for chit chat and snacks. It is a meeting point for locals with an amazing view of the Xingu River.On the third and the Last day of the tour you can visit the Indian Museum which is situated in downtown area of the city, there you will learn more about the indigenous culture of Xingu and see a precious collection from different indigenous ethnic tribes. You can also buy some souvenirs made by them for your loved ones.

People of Altamira generally gather on the beaches ever weekend you can see them chit chatting, gossiping, eating, dancing on several beaches.
Weather of Altamira
The climate of Altamira is tropical humid, with high temperatures all year and average rainfall annually. The seasons are undefined, with only change in rainfall rate.Summers are warm and rainy, with lows between 19 °C and 22 °C and highs of 26 °C and 35 °C.Winters are warmer and drier with lows between 22 °C and 26 °C and highs of 30 °C and 40 °C. So if you are residing some where in cold countries like Europe, you can come here to enjoy sun.
How to Reach Altamira

1. Board a Plane and land at Altamira Airport which receives flights from some Brazilian capitals and majorly from Belem International Airport.

2. Catch a bus from Belem Bus Station. It is approximately 800 km route and the final destination is Altamira Bus Station. check the timing of the bus before planning a trip.

3. Rent Vehicles in Belem and take the PA-475 Road and the Transamozonica Road. If you are Brazilian then carrying a personal car would be a great idea.

Points of Attraction:

Mirante sq.

Pedral seaside resort

Indian museum

Independence sq.

Cais do porto

Catheradal Sagrado coracao de jesus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
City of Altamira - Para Brazil | Brol.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We are here again to help you plan your next trip in the largest country of South America or you can say that Latin America, that is Brazil. We have searched a new place names as Altmira in the country of Brazil.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Visit Brasil - Site oficial de turismo do Brasil

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Situated between the large northern capitals of Brazil ( Belém, in Pará, and Manaus in Amazonas), Santarém is surrounded by two rivers: the Amazon, of muddy water, and Tapajós, of clear and green water, forming a beautiful meeting of different waters that do not mix for several kilometers. These rivers give Santarém a great ecotourist vocation, by offering 300 km of wonderful freshwater beaches with white sands, as well as tours of the Amazon Rainforest and lakes, islands, waterfalls and igarapés (rain forest waterways).

Santarém achieved worldwide famein 2009 because the Balneário Alter do Chão was rated by the English newspaper The Guardian as one of the best beaches in Brazi l. This is not by chance. The white sand beaches and blue-green water offer sanctuary in a paradise in the middle of the Amazon. You can bathe in the river, hike in the forest or even take a boat ride in the forest during the wet season.

For the more adventurous, the geography, full of waterfalls, rivers and rock formations are an invitation for rappelling, canyoning and sport fishing. In Alter do Chão, you can also have the experience to swim with porpoises (freshwater dolphins). The porpoises are the main characters in the largest local folklore festival, the Festival of Sairé. The event takes place in September and mixes regional legends with catholic and indigenous religious rituals.

Santarém is one of the oldest cities in the North region and is home to secular monuments and historical buildings. You can visit the Cathedral of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, the oldest of the city, and the Museu de Arte Sacra (Museum of Sacred Art), close to the church. Another museum that is worth visiting is João Fona, which has ceramic casts of the tribe from Pará: the Tapajó Indians.

In Aritapera, you can see the traditional production of gourds, declared a Cultural Heritage Site of Brazil by the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Iphan - the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage). They can be purchased at the Centro de Artesanato do Tapajós Cristo Rei (Tapajós Cristo Rei Handicraft Center).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Situated between the large northern capitals of Brazil ( Belém, in Pará, and Manaus in Amazonas), Santarém is surrounded by two rivers: the Amazon, of muddy water, and Tapajós, of clear and green water, forming a beautiful meeting of different waters that do not mix for several kilometers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In fact, around 1 billion people use Instagram every single month - that's around 13 percent of the world's population.

Also, 80 percent of Instagram users follow one or more businesses, and 72 percent of users have purchased a product that they first saw on Instagram.

All of these statistics highlight one key insight: Instagram is a goldmine for marketers, businesses, and entrepreneurs alike.

But how can you measure how successful you are on Instagram?

Your first thought might be to obsess about your follower count, but your Instagram engagement is a much healthier metric to measure.

And that's exactly why we've created this article. Today we're going to show you how to work out your own Instagram engagement rate.

We'll also give you some of our top tips that'll help you to improve your Instagram engagement rates and take your Instagram marketing efforts to the next level.

Okay, there's a lot to cover, so let's dive in.

What is an Instagram Engagement Rate?

Simply put, your Instagram engagement rate is the sum of the likes and comments that you receive per post, divided by the number of followers that you have.

Engagement rates are healthy metrics to monitor because they underline how frequently your following interacts with your content, and force you to focus on important data, rather than vanity metrics (like the number of followers you have).

How to Measure Instagram Engagement

Remember, the formula to measure Instagram engagement is to take add the likes and comments you get per post, divide that by the number of followers you have, and multiply that by 100.

Written as an equation, it looks like this:

(Likes + comments per post) ------------------------- X 100 Total number of followers

Let's take a look at an example sum - this will help you to find your own Instagram engagement rate.

On average, Oberlo receives around 733 likes and 31 comments per post. Per the equation above, we need to add those two numbers together. That makes a combined total of 764 engagements.

To find out Oberlo's Instagram engagement rate, we now need to divide the average number of engagements (764 in this case) by the number of followers (63,000) and then multiply that sum by 100.

764 ÷ 63,000 = 0.0121

0.0121 x 100 = 1.21

Oberlo's Instagram engagement rate is 1.21 percent.

It's a fairly simple concept to grasp, with an equally straightforward calculation, but it's still important that marketers and entrepreneurs are familiar with the idea.

What Is A Good Engagement Rate on Instagram?

Before we look at engagement rates, let's get one thing straight--there is no universally "good" engagement rate. Ideal engagement rates depend on a variety of factors, so there's no "one size fits all" solution here.

That said, you look at various engagement rates and use those numbers to inform how you look at your engagement metrics.

The average engagement rate on Instagram ranges anywhere from 1 percent to 5 percent.

If you want to know the average engagement rates in your specific industry, you'll have to do some research to find out, but this range serves as a good, average baseline.

Going forward, keep this range in mind, but also remember it's not set in stone. For example, if your engagement rate is 0.85%, then you're doing pretty well.

Of course, you want to aim as high as possible. In most cases, you'll be looking at an engagement rate of 1-3 percent. 5 percent or more represents very high engagement.

How to Increase Your Instagram Engagement Rate

Now that we've covered what an Instagram engagement rate is, and shown you how you can calculate it for yourself, it's time to get into the juicy stuff.

We're going to give you our top tips for increasing your Instagram engagement rate and provide you with some real-life examples that you can use as inspiration for your content.

If you've been wondering how to increase engagement, Instagram offers many options, and there are tons of great strategies you can use. It basically boils down to doing 5 things:

1. Time your posts well.

2. Use the right hashtags and captions.

3. Leverage the power of Instagram Stories.

4. Hold contests and giveaways.

5. Use omnichannel marketing to boost your Instagram presence.

In this article, we'll go in depth into each of these strategies and guide you through the steps necessary to take full advantage of what they have to offer and maximize your IG engagement.

When it comes down to it, the key to increasing your Instagram engagement rate is to improve your Instagram profile and activity. Not sure how to best do that? Read on and find out!

How to Improve Your Instagram

To optimize your Instagram, you need to optimize your content for your audience. Specifically, if you want to increase your engagement rate, you need to engage as well. Engaging with other profiles, responding to users in messages and comments, and posting regularly will all help you improve your Instagram.

The tips we'll share in this article all relate to optimizing your content for your audience, so keep that in mind as a rule of thumb from here on out.

One of your main goals for your Instagram content will be getting in front of the highest number of users possible, without fatiguing them with too much content.

That's why you need to know two crucial things if you're serious about stepping up your Instagram game:

We also found that Wednesday is the best day to post on Instagram, and Sunday is the day with the lowest engagement.

Of course, you're going to need a wealth of content if you want to maintain that pace - and maximize your Instagram engagement - so check out our video below for tips that'll help you to generate compelling Instagram content for your business.

Instagram hashtags are a fantastic feature that you can use to increase your Instagram engagement rate.

Hashtags can help you to:

But, how can you find hashtags that'll improve your Instagram engagement rate?

Research. And plenty of it.

Take a look at what your audience, competitors, and even Instagram influencers are posting, and find which hashtags are most popular in your niche.

You can then take a look through the recent top posts, and check which hashtags are being used to generate posts with high engagement.

Of course, there are plenty there are plenty of businesses out there, like Gymshark , which have their own branded hashtags. If any of your competitors use branded hashtags, then you can utilize them to get a better idea into what types of Instagram content they're most interested in.

There are also tools available which you can use to find popular Instagram hashtags like Seekmetrics, TagBlender, and InstagramTags.

And remember, while you can use up to 30 hashtags per Instagram post, you don't always need to fill your Instagram captions to the brim with hashtags.

Choose your hashtags carefully, and they can bring a whole new wave of users to your Instagram content.

BONUS: Check our list of the 100 best Instagram hashtags for likes.

The captions that you choose for your content can do a lot to increase your Instagram engagement rates.

Instagram captions can really help you to provide additional context to your content, and can help you to engage and delight your audience.

Take this example from YouTuber IAMKARENO, who used Instagram's multiple-image feature for a post, which she captioned "1 or 2?"

This simple tactic promotes her followers to engage with her content by leaving a comment on the photo which they prefer.

Of course, this strategy will also work wonders for her Instagram engagement rate.

Clearly there's a lot of room to experiment with your Instagram captions, so feel free to test out different tactics and find what works best for you.

BONUS: Check out our list of 200+ of the best Instagram captions for your content.

Take Advantage of Instagram Stories

And even though statistics from your Instagram Stories aren't included in the engagement rate calculation, they're still a must-have if you're looking to boost your Instagram engagement.

Why? Well, Instagram Stories can be used to retain the attention of your existing followers, provide more personable, spontaneous content, and even direct your following to other Instagram posts or even your own store.

It's a fairly straightforward Instagram Story, sure, but it engages their audience, and it forwards them to relevant content that they're likely to be interested in with just a tap.

And, of course, their blog is on the same domain as their online store - idle minds might even end up making a purchase after a few clicks.

It's also important to remember that users who engage a lot with certain accounts are much more likely to see their content again, thanks to the Instagram algorithm.

All in all, Instagram Stories are a fantastic feature that you can use to maintain a high engagement rate on the platform.

Don't Be Afraid of Videos

But, we know that creating video content can be daunting, especially if it's your first time (and you're doing it for a business).

Hold Contests and Giveaways

If there's one thing in life I can say with total confidence, it's this: people free stuff.

But what does this mean for you and your Instagram account?

It's simple - running contests or giveaways will allow you to tap into that joyous feeling that we get when we have the chance to win something.

Think about it - you've already garnered an audience which is engaged with your content. All you need to do next is find a prize that they're interested in, and promote it to them in exchange for Instagram engagement.

As an example, let's take a look at how food blogger EricTriesIt utilizes Instagram giveaways.

First of all, he posts to his Instagram story to let his following know about the giveaway.

Businesses usually ask people to like a photo, tag their friends, or follow their account to enter - all of which are going to work wonders for their Instagram engagement rate.

But, as you can see in EricTriesIt's Instagram post about the contest, entrants need to like the photo, follow two accounts, and tag a friend in the comments section.

All of these actions are carefully selected to draw in the largest number of users to this post.

If you're looking to increase your Instagram engagement, contests and giveaways could be a great option for you.

Use Omnichannel Marketing

If you want to increase your Instagram engagement rates, you don't need to rely on your existing Instagram presence alone.

With omnichannel marketing - the act of engaging with an audience on a variety of different platforms - you can take advantage of all of your marketing clout to try and draw in engaged users to your Instagram content.

But how do you get started with omnichannel marketing?

Tackle the low-hanging fruit first. Then think big.

Pair some Instagram content with a relevant blog post of yours.

Turn your social media bios into funnels which draw in traffic to your Instagram account, like Pepsi has done in the image below.

Do as much as you can to make sure that your audience is constantly being exposed to content that they like, and it's only a matter of time before your Instagram engagement rates will skyrocket.

Start Improving Your Instagram Engagement Today

Okay - that's all from us today.

Now you know what Instagram engagement is, how to measure it, and how to improve it.

You're all set up for success on Instagram now, so remember to have fun with it.

Be creative, and try your best to differentiate your content from others.

Do you have any tips and tricks that'll help others to improve their Instagram engagement?

Do you have any questions about Instagram marketing?

Let us know in the comments section below - we read them all!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Instagram Engagement: What It Is and How to Improve It in 2021

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms in the world. In fact, around 1 billion people use Instagram every single month - that's around 13 percent of the world's population. That's exactly why it's so important to learn what your Instagram engagement rate is, and how you can improve it by...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Speedy weeknight dinners, 5-ingredient dishes, quick and easy meals, plus kid-pleasing snacks and desserts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When it comes to the best PC games, the list seems endless. After all, not only are there a lot of amazing titles both AAA and indie, but gamers' tastes vary as well, so any list of the best PC games will also be very subjective. Still, there are a few that really stand out from the crowd, and while you can say that every single game deserves at least a once-over, those at the top of the pile deserve a place in everyone's collection.

The truly best PC games are the ones that are the most immersive, letting you experience imaginative adventures, epic new places, and gameplays that really draw you in. And, many of them will give your and the best gaming monitors a proper workout. Luckily, with all the graphical heavy lifting that new GPUs like the Nvidia RTX 3080 and AMD's Big Navi are capable of, the quality at which you can experience these games will be more impressive than ever.

Here are the best PC games right now, including the best Steam games. Whether you're a fan of the or MOBAs and the newest open-world games or you prefer to compete with your closest friends on the best co-op PC games, hours upon hours of fun await.

The best new PC game: Paradise Lost

Paradise Lost is a game that will intrigue fans of alternate history. It's set in a world where World War 2 ended in the nuclear destruction of Europe by the Nazis. Almost 20 years after that apocalyptic event finds you, playing as 12-year old Szymon, exploring an abandoned Nazi bunker looking in search of a mysterious man.

The gameplay is in line with other walking simulators. And, since your only communication is through the bunker's technology with a mysterious girl named Ewa, this game may remind you of Firewatch by way of Bioshock. Though it's a short game, the cost of entry is just right to dive into this adventure.

1. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt

The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt is aging like fine wine. Even several years after it hit the streets, it's still one of the most impressive open world games that's ever existed - mixing Skyrim's unapologetic scale with Grand Theft Auto V's incredible depth. It's such a jam-packed game, which is why it claims the top spot on our list of the best PC games in 2021. Staggering, beautiful and an absolute time sink - in a good way - The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt isn't just the best PC game of 2021 or among the best open world games on PC. It might just be one of the best video games of all time.

2. Ghostrunner

Ultra-violence and constant motion meet in this post-apocalyptic dystopian game. This FPP is not for the faint of heart - it's tense, exhilarating, and you will probably die over and over trying to beat it. If you ever wanted a game that came in equal parts Doom Eternal and Mirror's Edge, you found it in Ghostrunner.

The game is set in Dharma Tower, a sort-of last refuge for humanity, where you ascend the tower through platforming and katana-induced carnage to take revenge on a ruthless ruler. You do so by slicing up your enemies, dodging bullets, and using a number of unique abilities to continue making your way to the top. This is the kind of game that will leave you out of breath just playing it. And, if that sounds like your kind of game, then you're in for a treat.

3. Hades

Supergiant Games has made a name for itself thanks to the great reception that Pyre, Transistor, and, most recently, Bastion has received. Fans of the studio have a new entry to add to the studio's pantheon of great games: . Hades uses the same isometric view of the other games and tells the story of Hades' son, Zagreus, trying to escape the underworld.

This roguelike dungeon crawler has a few new features up its sleeve. Not only can you romance some characters for extra bonuses, but dying in the game doesn't start you at the last checkpoint. When you die, you might start at the beginning but you're not starting over. You're able to upgrade your character and weapons to improve your chances of escaping with each subsequent death. This leads to a sense of progression that makes for a very addictive game.

4. Control

It's not hard to see why has taken the gaming world by storm. The creative team at Remedy Entertainment made sure to pack this title with plenty to love, paying very close attention to the intricate details. A deeply cinematic game, this action-adventure offers its players staggering visuals, inspired environment design and brilliant performances - not to mention, a deeply satisfying combat experience.

places you in the capable shoes of fiery-haired Jesse Faden. You're tasked to seek out The Oldest House, a building in New York City that's in a constant state of architectural flux and only appears to those who desire to find it, and locate your missing brother, all while heading the Federal Bureau of Control as its director and overseeing the containment of paranatural entities.

There's nothing quite like Control on the market, and it makes it one of the best PC games to play right now.

5. World of Warcraft: Shadowlands

World of Warcraft: Shadowlands may be the fastest selling game this side of Cyberpunk 2077. But it's also a shot in the arm to one of the longest lasting MMOs out there. Considering WoW has 16 years under its belt, the new installment keeps things fresh by introducing not only a new story but a revamped leveling system, access to a new class, and, of course, new areas, dungeons, and raids to explore and take part in.

World of Warcraft: Shadowlands takes place in the land of the dead, split into five major zones and a central hub city to explore. Whether you want to play with friends or tackle the story on your own, there's a ton of new content here to keep you occupied. Though there's plenty of new additions with the expansion, such as more character customizations and a new drop zone known as "Exile's Reach" for beginner players to level up, the game stays true to its RPG and MMO roots, giving you the kind of fantasy-laden vast world to explore and kill monsters in that's kept the game alive for 16 years.

6. Microsoft Flight Simulator

Beyond its impeccable graphics and its excellent peripheral support, it won't take you long to realize that the Microsoft Flight Simulator is a labor of love. There's a great attention to detail here, as well as a level of realism and immersion you won't find elsewhere. So much so that if you're not a fan of flight simulations, you'll want to start getting on the bandwagon. Though that also means this game won't be for everyone. Still, if you're a flight sim fanatic or you love planes and flying, you'll relish the chance to fly iconic vehicles in some of the most beautiful yet dangerous locations and conditions in the world.
Read the full review: Microsoft Flight Simulator

Today's best Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020) deals

7. Hitman 3

Hitman 3 closes out the rebooted trilogy with another gorgeous entry that hews close to what makes these games so unique. It doesn't redefine the gameplay but it does introduce six new maps and wraps up the story started in 2016's Hitman. Just like the previous games, Hitman 3's maps will take you all over the world from Dubai and England to China and more.

If you're not familiar with the gameplay of this series, you're in for a treat. As Agent 47, you play a calm and calculating hitman whose job is not to run and gun through a mob of bad guys as most games would have you do. Instead, you move around large maps like an English manor to find and eliminate your targets quietly and undetected. On top of that, you can play the same map multiple times to find a multitude of ways or story paths to take out your targets, giving this entry, as well as the previous ones, the kind of replayability you don't see in most games.

8. Monster Hunter World

Monster Hunter is one of the biggest gaming franchises you've probably never heard of for years now. With Monster Hunter: World, the series broke into the mainstream and came to the PC (much to many gamers' relief), and now, it's one of the best PC games you can play to date.

Monster Hunter: World puts you in the shoes of a monster hunter, and you'll hunt increasingly bigger and meaner monsters, strip them for parts, and craft bigger, badder armor. It's a deviously simple gameplay loop that ends up being one of the most compelling and rewarding PC games you can play right now.

There's an incessant onslaught of content in this game, and Capcom, the developers of this monster hunting hit, are committed to bringing a wealth of free DLC to the game - as well as a new frosty expansion in Monster Hunter World: Iceborne. If you're looking for an addictive, immersive and most importantly, fun game to play on your own or with all your closest friends cooperatively, Monster Hunter: World is the PC game of your dreams. There's no doubt it's one of the best PC games you can buy today.

9. Death Stranding

If the name Norman Reedus is what got your attention when someone mentioned Death Stranding, well then you're in for a treat. However, this game is getting a lot of attention for more than just the big names attached to it, which incidentally include Mads Mikkelsen and Léa Seydoux. As porter Sam Bridges, you bravely traverse an apocalyptic United States to deliver valuable cargo, navigating lands overrun by terrorists, bandits and these invisible creatures called Beached Things. This award-winning action game is a treat to all the senses as well, thanks to its great storyline, which may be reminiscent of the current pandemic, good gameplay, fun quests, and impressive sound and visuals.

10. Red Dead Redemption 2

The newest release from Rockstar Games was an instant hit upon release. Red Dead Redemption 2 is an engrossing western following Arthur Morgan and his gang as they try to survive a fictionalized Wild West as outlaws on the run. However, the game is much more than just that.

Whether it's getting lost in the story, following through on every side quest to its conclusion, or just bonding with your horse, RDR2 is one of those games where you can easily sink 50+ hours into and still have something to do. The gameplay is stellar, and the graphics are gorgeous. You can even run the game in 8K, if you have the hardware. Definitely give this a look if you haven't already.

11. Doom: Eternal

Doom: Eternal takes everything from the remastered Doom of 2016 and turns it up to 11. The game is intense, visually and sonically overwhelming, and is exactly what you would expect a fever dream inspired by Doom would feel like.

The gameplay is a seamless first-person shooter where you trek into hell to battle an assortment of never-ending demons and reclaim an overrun earth. Refilling your health sometimes requires quite literally tearing monsters apart, and there is some need to be creative with your weapon choice, depending on what demon you're facing. However, this game is all about creating havoc and rushing into battle as loud and as brash as possible.

Not only is Doom: Eternal a hell of a ride (pun intended). It's also a gorgeous looking game that takes advantage of the newest hardware. And, it's a 2v1 multiplayer mode where one player takes control of the "slayer" and faces off against two more player-controlled demons.

Today's best Bethesda Doom Eternal deals

12. Half-Life: Alyx

No game has been as anticipated for as much or as long as Half Life 3. So, as gamers will have to wait a little longer for it, Valve has graced us with what may be the most compelling reason to get a VR headset with Half-Life: Alyx.

Half-Life: Alyx is set 5 years before Half-Life 2. What starts as a rescue mission for the protagonist's father evolves into attempting to steal a superweapon from the alien overlords. From the interactive puzzles, the well-thought out combat and the fantastic story, this prequel is a welcome dive back into the Half-Life world that has been universally praised for its quality.

If you're looking for an excuse to get into VR gaming, this might be the one for you. Half-Life: Alyx's attention to detail shows what can be done with VR when taken seriously.

13. Forza Horizon 4

Microsoft's racing series is only getting better with each release, and in many ways this spin-off has exceeded the main Forza Motorsport line as the best racing games on PC at present. They're definitely more fun, adding a dash of arcade fun to the strikingly recreated cars and race tracks we've come to expect from Forza.

Forza Horizon 4 is easily one of the best PC games you can buy today, and this entry brings the racing to the UK after having explored America, France, Italy and Australia in the previous three instalments of the franchise. Now, you can rip through charming villages, seaside towns and the city of Edinburgh by way of many miles of country roads and dirt tracks in between. It's fast, frantic and a lot of fun.

You can purchase Forza Horizon 4 through the Microsoft Store. It's also available as part of the Xbox Game Pass for PC, or you can buy the Xbox One version and get a download code for PC using the Xbox Anywhere feature.

14. Nioh 2

If you like the idea of playing games like Dark Souls that are so hard you'll exhaust the depths of your expletive-filled vocabulary, then Nioh 2 should probably be next on your list to buy. Like From Software's games, Nioh 2 rewards you for learning the fighting systems inside and out and squeezing every advantage out of its loot, weapons, and Yokai skills to gain the upper hand. You can gain more and more Yokai skills as you defeat enemies. You also have quite a bit of customization available to you for deeper gameplay. This sequel is a worthy follow up to the first game, also set in a fictionalized, fantastical version of historical Japan, that will have you either squealing in delight or screaming in anger.

15. Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice

From Software is a household name when it comes to designing the best PC games. The minds behind the critically praised Dark Souls series have transported PC gamers to some of the most forsaken landscapes and through some of the most challenging yet rewarding gameplay. From Software is back at it once more, with Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice.

Sekiro places you in the shoes of the Young Wolf, a shinobi tasked with rescuing his young master. The game will take you through 16th-century Japan, but things will get eerie and supernatural: this is From Software we're talking about.

Don't expect an easy time of it, however. Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice is an awfully difficult game to master, and you'll need quick reflexes to deflect enemy attacks, as well as to master stealth. You won't be able to hide behind a shield all day, like you were able to in Dark Souls III.

16. Minecraft

The phrase "build it, and they will come" rings truer than ever with Minecraft, the survival-based sandbox RPG that has now been bought more than 100 million times since its release in 2009. In it, you can construct your own worlds using resources you find in the wild, or discover existing ones created by other players online.

In Minecraft, you can either limit yourself to the numerous tools and blocks offered by the developer, Mojang, or you can install mods to truly capitalize on your investment. Moreover, sometime in 2021, you'll be able to take part in the Super Duper Graphics Pack, an optional piece of DLC that offers more realistic lighting effects and textures to an already amazing game.

17. Sid Meier's Civilization VI

Sid Meier's Civilization VI is the most recent installment in the iconic turn-based strategy game, and it's without a doubt among the best PC games you can play to date. One of the things that make the PC the best platform for gaming on is the sheer breadth of different game genres on offer. And, what Civilization VI has to offer is its massive scope, despite the fact that it might seem slower paced next to the likes of Fortnite.

Spread your empire across the map and crush your enemies. You build up your empire from a simple settlement to a world power, and you can decide to do this through military might, technological supremacy or cultural influence. Since its launch in 2016, it has had two expansion packs that really cement this game as an epic entry in our best PC games list. Civilization VI: Rise and Fall released in February 2018, with Civilization VI: Gathering Storm following in February 2019.

18. Fortnite Battle Royale

Still among the biggest games in the world a few years after its release, Fortnite Battle Royale is a natural shoo-in for this list. After all, it is a global phenomenon and among the best PC games to play right now if you like super-competitive online games. This is a game people keep coming back to, and that's mostly due to its addictive gameplay and regular updates from Epic.
Gabe Carey and Bill Thomas have also contributed to this article
Fortnite Battle Royale is actually a game mode for the Fortnite game, but this mode has become so popular, many people consider it a separate game in its own right. As with other Battle Royale games, the aim of Fortnite Battle Royale is to fight your way through an ever-shrinking map until you're the last player standing. While that might sound simple enough, there's a whole lot of depth to this game once you start playing.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best PC games 2021: the must-play titles you don't want to miss

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When it comes to the best PC games, the list seems endless. After all, not only are there a lot of amazing titles both AAA and indie, but gamers' tastes vary as well, so any list of the best PC games will also be very subjective.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Architecture is a term that encompasses the art and technique required to design buildings. This foundational process is completed before the construction phase begins, and has resulted in a variety of architecture styles throughout history that look vastly different from one another while achieving the common goal of giving humans shelter from the elements for living and working.

The built environment is a rich and varied tapestry that includes overlapping design styles and architectural movements that have sometimes spanned centuries and often traveled around the world, adapting themselves to different climates, landscapes and cultural needs.

This rundown includes 15 of the most popular architectural styles throughout history, from the buildings of ancient Greece and Rome to the contemporary architecture of today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
15 of the Most Popular Architectural Styles in History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Many types of architecture have been popular in home and building design over the years. Discover the most common architecture styles for easy identification.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This article was most recently revised and updated by

ancient Egyptian architecture, the architectural monuments produced mainly during the dynastic periods of the first three millennia bce in the Nile valley regions of Egypt and Nubia. The architecture, similar to representational art, aimed to preserve forms and conventions that were held to reflect the perfection of the world at the primordial moment of creation and to embody the correct relationship between humankind, the king, and the pantheon of the gods. For this reason, both Egyptian art and architecture appear outwardly resistant to development and the exercise of individual artistic judgment, but Egyptian artisans of every historical period found different solutions for the conceptual challenges posed to them.

Dynastic Egypt

Any survey of Egyptian architecture is weighted in favour of funerary and religious buildings, partly because of their location. Many temples and tombs survived because they were built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood, whereas most ancient Egyptian towns were lost because they were situated in the cultivated and flooded area of the Nile Valley. Yet the dry, hot climate of Egypt allowed some mud brick structures to survive where they have escaped the destructive effects of water or humans.

The two principal building materials used in ancient Egypt were unbaked mud brick and stone. From the Old Kingdom (c. 2575-2130 bce) onward, stone was generally used for tombs-the eternal dwellings of the dead-and for temples-the eternal houses of the gods. Mud brick remained the domestic material, used even for royal palaces; it was also used for fortresses, the great walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes.

Tombs

Mortuary architecture in Egypt was highly developed and often grandiose. Most tombs comprised two principal parts, the burial chamber (the tomb proper) and the chapel, in which offerings for the deceased could be made. In royal burials the chapel rapidly developed into a mortuary temple, which, beginning in the New Kingdom (c. 1539-1075 bce), was usually built separately and at some distance from the tomb. In the following discussion, funerary temples built separately will be covered with temples in general and not as part of the funerary complex.

Mastabas were the standard type of tomb in the earliest dynasties. These flat-roofed, rectangular superstructures had sides constructed at first from mud brick and later of stone, in the form of paneled niches painted white and decorated with elaborate "matting" designs. They were built over many storage chambers stocked with food and equipment for the deceased, who lay in a rectangular burial chamber below ground.

In the great cemeteries of the Old Kingdom, changes in size, internal arrangements, and groupings of the burials of nobles indicate the vicissitudes of nonroyal posthumous expectations. In the 3rd dynasty at Ṣaqqārah the most important private burials were at some distance from the step pyramids of Djoser and Sekhemkhet. Their large mastabas incorporated offering niches as well as corridors that could accommodate paintings of equipment for the afterlife and recesses to hold sculptures of the deceased owner. By the later Old Kingdom, internal space in mastabas became more complex as they accommodated more burials. In the mastaba of Mereruka, a vizier of Teti, first king of the 6th dynasty, there were 21 rooms for his own funerary purposes, with six for his wife and five for his son.

The tomb for Djoser, second king of the 3rd dynasty, began as a mastaba and was gradually expanded to become a step pyramid. It was built within a vast enclosure on a commanding site at Ṣaqqārah, the necropolis overlooking the city of Memphis. The high royal official Imhotep was credited with the design and with the decision to use quarried stone. This first essay in stone is remarkable for its design of six superposed stages of diminishing size. It also has a huge enclosure (1,784 by 909 feet [544 by 277 metres]) that is surrounded by a paneled wall faced with fine limestone and contains a series of "mock" buildings (stone walls filled with rubble, gravel, or sand) that probably represent structures associated with the heraldic shrines of predynastic Egypt. At Djoser's precinct the Egyptian stonemasons made their earliest architectural innovations, using stone to reproduce the forms of predynastic wood and brick buildings. The columns in the entrance corridor resemble bundled reeds, while engaged columns in other areas of the precinct have capitals resembling papyrus blossoms. In parts of the subterranean complexes, fine reliefs of the king and elaborate wall panels in glazed tiles are among the innovations found in this remarkable monument.

For the Old Kingdom the most characteristic form of tomb building was the true pyramid, the finest examples of which are the pyramids at Al-Jīzah (Giza), notably the Great Pyramid of King Khufu (Cheops) of the 4th dynasty. The form itself reached its maturity in the reign of Snefru, father of Khufu, who constructed three pyramids, one of which is known as the Bent Pyramid due to its double slope. Subsequently only the pyramid of Khafre (Chephren), Khufu's successor, approached the size and perfection of the Great Pyramid. The simple measurements of the Great Pyramid indicate very adequately its scale, monumentality, and precision: its sides are 755.43 feet (230.26 metres; north), 756.08 feet (230.45 metres; south), 755.88 feet (230.39 metres; east), 755.77 feet (230.36 metres; west); its orientation on the cardinal points is almost exact; its height upon completion was 481.4 feet (146.7 metres); and its area at the base is just over 13 acres (5.3 hectares). The core is formed of huge limestone blocks, once covered by a casing of dressed limestone. Other features in its construction contribute substantially to its remarkable character: the lofty, corbeled Grand Gallery and the King's Chamber-built entirely of granite-with five relieving compartments (empty rooms for reducing pressure) above.

The pyramids built for the later kings of the Old Kingdom and most kings of the Middle Kingdom (c. 1938-1630 bce) were comparatively smaller in size and not as well constructed. The tomb of King Mentuhotep II of the 11th dynasty is, however, of exceptional interest. Its essential components were a rectangular structure, terraced porticoes, a series of pillared ambulatories, an open court, and a hypostyle hall tucked into the cliffs. (See discussion below.)

The monumentality of the pyramid made it not only a potent symbol of royal power but also an obvious target for tomb robbers. During the New Kingdom the wish to halt the looting and desecration of royal tombs led to their being sited together in a remote valley at Thebes, dominated by a peak that itself resembled a pyramid. There, in the Valley of the Kings, tombs were carved deep into the limestone with no outward structure. These rock-cut tombs had been constructed for private citizens as early as the 4th dynasty. Most were fairly simple single chambers serving all the functions of the multiplicity of rooms in a mastaba. Some, however, were excavated with considerable architectural pretensions. At Aswān huge halls, often connecting to form labyrinthine complexes, were partly formal, with columns carefully cut from the rock, and partly rough-hewn. Chapels with false doors were carved out within the halls. In some cases the facades were monumental, with porticoes and inscriptions.

At Beni Hasan the local nobles during the Middle Kingdom cut large and precise tomb chambers in the limestone cliffs. Architectural features- columns, barrel roofs, and porticoes, all carved from the rock-provided fine settings for painted mural decorations. The tomb of Khnumhotep is an outstanding example of fine design impeccably executed.

The earliest royal tombs in the Valley of Kings were entirely hidden from view; those of the Ramessid period (19th and 20th dynasties) are marked only by a doorway carved in the rock face. They had no identical plan, but most consisted of a series of corridors opening out at intervals to form rooms and ending in a large burial chamber deep in the mountain, where the massive granite sarcophagus rested on the floor. Religious and funerary hieroglyphic texts and pictures covered the walls of the tomb from end to end. The finest of the tombs is that of Seti I, second king of the 19th dynasty; it extends 328 feet (100 metres) into the mountain and contains a spectacular burial chamber, the barrel-shaped roof of which represents the vault of heaven.

After the abandonment of the valley at the end of the 20th dynasty, kings of the subsequent two dynasties were buried in very simple tombs within the temple enclosure of the delta city of Tanis. No later royal tombs were identified in Egypt proper.

Temples

Two principal kinds of temple can be distinguished-cult temples and funerary or mortuary temples. The former accommodated the images of deities, the recipients of the daily cult; the latter were the shrines for the funerary cults of dead kings.

It is generally thought that the Egyptian cult temple of the Old Kingdom owed most to the cult of the sun god Re at Heliopolis, which was probably open in plan and lacking a shrine. Sun temples were unique among cult temples; worship was centred on a cult object, the benben, a squat obelisk placed in full sunlight. Among the few temples surviving from the Old Kingdom are sun temples built by the 5th-dynasty kings at Abū Jirāb (Abu Gurab). That of Neuserre reveals the essential layout: a reception pavilion at the desert edge connected by a covered corridor on a causeway to the open court of the temple high on the desert, within which stood the benben of limestone and a huge alabaster altar. Fine reliefs embellished the covered corridor and also corridors on two sides of the court.

The cult temple achieved its most highly developed form in the great sanctuaries erected over many centuries during the New Kingdom at Thebes. Architecturally the most satisfying is the Luxor Temple, started by Amenhotep III of the 18th dynasty. Dedicated to Amon, king of the gods, his consort Mut, and their son Khons, the temple was built close to the Nile River and parallel with the bank. The original design consists of an imposing open court with colonnades of graceful lotus columns, a smaller offering hall, a shrine for the ceremonial boat of the god, an inner sanctuary for the cult image, and a room in which the divine birth of the king was celebrated. The approach to the temple was made by a colonnade of huge columns with open papyrus-flower capitals, planned by Amenhotep III but decorated with fascinating processional reliefs under Tutankhamun and Horemheb. Later Ramses II built a wide court before the colonnade and two great pylons to form a new entrance. In front of the pylon were colossal statues of the pharaoh (some of which remain) and a pair of obelisks, one of which still stands; the other was removed in 1831 and reerected in the Place de la Concorde in Paris.

The necessary elements of an Egyptian temple, most of which can be seen at Luxor, are the following: an approach avenue of sphinxes leading to the great double-towered pylon entrance fitted with flagpoles and pennants; before the pylon a pair of obelisks and colossal statues of the king; within the pylon a court leading to a pillared hall (the hypostyle), beyond which might come a further, smaller hall where offerings could be prepared; and, at the heart of the temple, the shrine for the cult image. In addition, there were storage chambers for temple equipment and, in later periods, sometimes a crypt. Outside the main temple building was a lake, or at least a well, for the water needed in the rituals; in later times there might also be a birth house ( mammisi) to celebrate the king's divine birth. The whole, with service buildings, was contained by a massive mud brick wall.

Successive kings would often add to temples so that some complexes became enormous. The great precinct of the Temple of Karnak (the longest side 1,837 feet [560 metres]) contains whole buildings, or parts of buildings, dating from the early 18th dynasty down to the Roman period. Of the structures on the main Karnak axis, the most remarkable are the hypostyle hall and the so-called Festival Hall of Thutmose III. The former contained 134 mighty papyrus columns, 12 of which formed the higher central aisle (76 feet [23 metres] high). Grill windows allowed some light to enter, but it must be supposed that even on the brightest day most of the hall was in deep gloom. The Festival Hall is better described as a memorial hall. Its principal room is distinguished by a series of unusual columns with bell-shaped capitals, inspired by the wooden tent poles used in predynastic buildings. Their lightness contrasts strikingly with the massive supports of the hypostyle hall.

The most remarkable monument of Ramses II, the great builder, is undoubtedly the temple dedicated to the sun gods Amon-Re and Re-Horakhte at Abu Simbel. Although excavated from the living rock, the structure follows generally the plan of the usual Egyptian temple. Four colossal seated statues emerge from the cliff face: two on either side of the entrance to the main temple. Carved around their feet are small figures representing Ramses's children, his queen, Nefertari, and his mother, Muttuy (Mut-tuy, or Queen Ti). Three consecutive halls extend 185 feet (56 metres) into the cliff, decorated with more colossal statues of the king-here, disguised as Osiris, god of the underworld-and with painted scenes of Ramses's purported victory at the Battle of Kadesh. On two days of the year (about February 22 and October 22), the first rays of the morning sun penetrate the whole length of the temple and illuminate the shrine in its innermost sanctuary.

The other type of temple, the funerary temple, belongs to the mortuary and valley temples included in the pyramid complex of the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The so-called valley temple stood at the lower end of the causeway that led up to the pyramid. It had a columnar hall and storerooms; basins and drainage channels have occasionally been found in the floors. Its exact function is uncertain. It may have been for the purification of the dead king's body by ritualistic washing and even for the embalming ceremony. It might have served, moreover, as a landing stage during the inundation.

The valley temple of Khafre's pyramid, known as the Granite temple, had a monumental T-shaped hall along the walls of which were ranged seated statues of the king; the floor was of alabaster, and the roof supported by monolithic pillars of red granite. The mortuary temple adjoined the pyramid and had, usually, a central open court surrounded by pillars or columns, a varying number of storerooms, five elongated chambers or shrines supposedly connected in some way with five official names of the monarch, and a chapel containing a false door and an offering table. It was in this chapel that the priests performed the daily funerary rites and presented offerings to the dead king's soul.

The 5th dynasty mortuary temples of Sahure's and Neuserre's pyramids at Abusir are noteworthy; they appear to have been edifices of great magnificence, with fine palm and papyrus columns of granite and walls embellished with excellent reliefs. The only known instance of a mortuary temple not adjacent to the pyramid but enclosing it is the 11th dynasty funerary monument of King Mentuhotep (c. 2050 bce) at Dayr al-Baḥrī, now badly ruined. A ramp led up to the terrace, in the centre of which was the pyramid resting on a podium and surrounded on all sides by a covered hall with 140 polygonal columns. Beyond the hall was an open courtyard flanked by columns, and then a hypostyle hall containing a chapel at the far end.

Although no longer buried in pyramids, the New Kingdom sovereigns still had funerary temples built in the vicinity of their rock-cut tombs. By far the most original and beautiful was the female king Hatshepsut's temple, designed and built by her steward Senenmut near the tomb of Mentuhotep II at Dayr al-Baḥrī. Three terraces lead up to the recess in the cliffs where the shrine was cut into the rock. Each terrace is fronted by colonnades of square pillars protecting reliefs of unusual subjects, including an expedition to Punt and the divine birth of Hatshepsut. Ramps lead from terrace to terrace, and the uppermost level opens into a large court with colonnades. Chapels of Hathor (the principal deity of the temple) and Anubis occupy the south and north ends of the colonnade of the second terrace.

The largest conventionally planned funerary temple complex was probably that of Amenhotep III, now to be judged principally from the two huge quartzite statues, the Colossi of Memnon. These and other royal sculptures found in the ruins of the temple's courts and halls testify to the magnificence now lost. Its design, as well as much of its stone, was used by Ramses II for his own funerary temple, the Ramesseum. The huge enclosure of the latter included not only the temple but also a royal palace (only traces of which can now be seen). The temple itself contained two huge open courts, entered through towering pylons, which led to a lofty hypostyle hall and a smaller hall with astronomical carvings on the ceiling. Statues of vast size stood before the second pylon, one of which, now toppled and ruined, has been estimated to weigh more than 1,000 tons. Mud brick storerooms in the enclosure preserve ample evidence of the use of the vault in the late 2nd millennium bce.

Ramses III's funerary temple at Madīnat Habu contains the best-preserved of Theban mortuary chapels and shrines, as well as the main temple components. The most private parts of the temple, to which few had access apart from the king and his priestly representatives, begin at the sides of the first hypostyle hall, with the temple treasury and a room for the processional boat of Ramses II (a much-honoured ancestor) on the south and shrines for various deities, including Ramses III, on the north. A second pillared hall is flanked by a solar chapel and a small Osiris complex, where the king took on the personae of Re, the sun god, and of Osiris, a transfiguration considered necessary for his divine afterlife. Beyond the Osiris complex, along the temple axis, is a third small hall and the main shrine for the Theban god Amon; two lateral shrines were reserved for Amon's consort Mut and their divine child Khons.

As with most New Kingdom temples, the mural decorations on the outer walls of funerary temples, including that at Madīnat Habu, dealt mainly with the military campaigns of the king, while the inner scenes were mostly of ritual significance. Within the temple precinct lived and worked a whole community of priests and state officials. A small palace lay to the south of the main building, and a further suite of rooms for the king was installed in the castellated gate building on the east side of the precinct. The reliefs in this "high gate" suggest that the suite was used for recreational purposes by the king together with his women.

Domestic architecture

Mud brick and wood were the standard materials for houses and palaces throughout the Dynastic period; stone was used occasionally for such architectural elements as doorjambs, lintels, column bases, and windows.

The best-preserved private houses are those of modest size in the workmen's village of Dayr al-Madīnah. Exceptional in that they were built of stone, they typically had three or four rooms, comprising a master bedroom, a reception room, a cellar for storage, and a kitchen open to the sky; accommodation on the roof, reached by a stair, completed the plan. Similar domestic arrangements are known from the workmen's village at Kabun.

Villas for important officials in Akhenaton's city of Tell el-Amarna were large and finely decorated with brightly painted murals. The house of the vizier Nakht had at least 30 rooms, including separate apartments for the master, his family, and his guests. Such houses had bathrooms and lavatories. The ceilings of large rooms were supported by painted wooden pillars, and there may have been further rooms above. Where space was restricted (as in Thebes), houses of several stories were built. Tomb scenes that show such houses also demonstrate that windows were placed high to reduce sunlight and that hooded vents on roofs were used to catch the breeze.

Palaces, as far as can be judged from remains at Thebes and Tell el-Amarna, were vast, rambling magnified versions of Nakht's villa, with broad halls, harem suites, kitchen areas, and wide courts. At Tell el-Amarna some monumental formality was introduced in the form of porticoes, colonnades, and statuary. Lavish use was made of mural and floor decoration in which floral and animal themes predominated.

Greco-Roman Egypt

After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, the independent rule of pharaohs in the strict sense came to an end. Under the Ptolemies, whose rule followed Alexander's, profound changes took place in art and architecture.

The most lasting impression of the new period is made by its architectural legacy. Although very little survives of important funerary architecture, there is a group of tombs at Tunah al-Jabal of unusual form and great importance. Most interesting is the tomb of Petosiris, high priest of Thoth in nearby Hermopolis Magna in the late 4th century bce. It is in the form of a small temple with a pillared portico, elaborate column capitals, and a large forecourt. In its mural decorations a strong Greek influence merges with the traditional Egyptian modes of expression.

A boom in temple building followed the establishment of the Ptolemaic regime. At Dandarah, Esna, Idfū, Kawm Umbū (Kôm Ombo), and Philae the Egyptian cult temple can be studied better than at almost any earlier temple. Though erected by the Macedonian rulers of Egypt, these late temples employ purely Egyptian architectural conventions but include flourishes that appear only in the Ptolemaic period, such as pillars in the shape of colossal sistra (a percussion instrument), Composite capitals with elaborate floral forms, monumental screen walls, and subterranean crypts. The temple of Horus at Idfū is the most complete, displaying all the essential elements of the classical Egyptian temple, but for exploitation of setting and richness of detail it is difficult to fault the temples of Philae and Kawm Umbū, in particular.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Alicja Zelazko.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ancient Egyptian architecture | Tombs, Temples, & Significance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ancient Egyptian architecture, the architectural monuments produced mainly during the dynastic periods of the first three millennia BCE in the Nile valley regions of Egypt and Nubia. Due to location and material, most surviving Egyptian architecture is funerary or religious in purpose.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.

To solve this problem, researchers started 'time-sharing'. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer's actual power at their command.

The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organisations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A short history of the internet | National Science and Media Museum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read about the history of the internet, from its 1950s origins to the World Wide Web's explosion in popularity in the late 1990s and the 'dotcom bubble'.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Before the age of electronics, the closest thing to a computer was the abacus, although, strictly speaking, the abacus is actually a calculator since it requires a human operator. Computers, on the other hand, perform calculations automatically by following a series of built-in commands called software.

In the 20 th century, breakthroughs in technology allowed for the ever-evolving computing machines that we now depend upon so totally, we practically never give them a second thought. But even prior to the advent of microprocessors and supercomputers, there were certain notable scientists and inventors who helped lay the groundwork for the technology that's since drastically reshaped every facet of modern life.

The Language Before the Hardware

The universal language in which computers carry out processor instructions originated in the 17th century in the form of the binary numerical system. Developed by German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the system came about as a way to represent decimal numbers using only two digits: the number zero and the number one. Leibniz's system was partly inspired by philosophical explanations in the classical Chinese text the "I Ching," which explained the universe in terms of dualities such as light and darkness and male and female. While there was no practical use for his newly codified system at the time, Leibniz believed that it was possible for a machine to someday make use of these long strings of binary numbers.​

In 1847, English mathematician George Boole introduced a newly devised algebraic language built on Leibniz's work. His "Boolean Algebra" was actually a system of logic, with mathematical equations used to represent statements in logic. Equally important was that it employed a binary approach in which the relationship between different mathematical quantities would be either true or false, 0 or 1.

As with Leibniz, there were no obvious applications for Boole's algebra at the time, however, mathematician Charles Sanders Pierce spent decades expanding the system, and in 1886, determined that the calculations could be carried out with electrical switching circuits. As a result, Boolean logic would eventually become instrumental in the design of electronic computers.

The Earliest Processors

English mathematician Charles Babbage is credited with having assembled the first mechanical computers-at least technically speaking. His early 19th-century machines featured a way to input numbers, memory, and a processor, along with a way to output the results. Babbage called his initial attempt to build the world's first computing machine the "difference engine." The design called for a machine that calculated values and printed the results automatically onto a table. It was to be hand-cranked and would have weighed four tons. But Babbage's baby was a costly endeavor. More than £17,000 pounds sterling was spent on the difference engine's early development. The project was eventually scrapped after the British government cut off Babbage's funding in 1842.

This forced Babbage to move on to another idea, an "analytical engine," which was more ambitious in scope than its predecessor and was to be used for general-purpose computing rather than just arithmetic. While he was never able to follow through and build a working device, Babbage's design featured essentially the same logical structure as electronic computers that would come into use in the 20 th century. The analytical engine had integrated memory-a form of information storage found in all computers-that allows for branching, or the ability for a computer to execute a set of instructions that deviate from the default sequence order, as well as loops, which are sequences of instructions carried out repeatedly in succession.

Despite his failures to produce a fully functional computing machine, Babbage remained steadfastly undeterred in pursuing his ideas. Between 1847 and 1849, he drew up designs for a new and improved second version of his difference engine. This time, it calculated decimal numbers up to 30 digits long, performed calculations more quickly, and was simplified to require fewer parts. Still, the British government did not feel it was worth their investment. In the end, the most progress Babbage ever made on a prototype was completing one-seventh of his first design.

During this early era of computing, there were a few notable achievements: The tide-predicting machine, invented by Scotch-Irish mathematician, physicist, and engineer Sir William Thomson in 1872, was considered the first modern analog computer. Four years later, his older brother, James Thomson, came up with a concept for a computer that solved mathematical problems known as differential equations. He called his device an "integrating machine" and in later years, it would serve as the foundation for systems known as differential analyzers. In 1927, American scientist Vannevar Bush started development on the first machine to be named as such and published a description of his new invention in a scientific journal in 1931.

Dawn of Modern Computers

Up until the early 20 th century, the evolution of computing was little more than scientists dabbling in the design of machines capable of efficiently performing various kinds of calculations for various purposes. It wasn't until 1936 that a unified theory on what constitutes a "general-purpose computer" and how it should function was finally put forth. That year, English mathematician Alan Turing published a paper titled, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem," which outlined how a theoretical device called a "Turing machine" could be used to carry out any conceivable mathematical computation by executing instructions. In theory, the machine would have limitless memory, read data, write results, and store a program of instructions.

While Turing's computer was an abstract concept, it was a German engineer named Konrad Zuse who would go on to build the world's first programmable computer. His first attempt at developing an electronic computer, the Z1, was a binary-driven calculator that read instructions from punched 35-millimeter film. The technology was unreliable, however, so he followed it up with the Z2, a similar device that used electromechanical relay circuits. While an improvement, it was in assembling his third model that everything came together for Zuse. Unveiled in 1941, the Z3 was faster, more reliable, and better able to perform complicated calculations. The biggest difference in this third incarnation was that the instructions were stored on an external tape, thus allowing it to function as a fully operational program-controlled system.

What's perhaps most remarkable is that Zuse did much of his work in isolation. He'd been unaware that the Z3 was "Turing complete," or in other words, capable of solving any computable mathematical problem-at least in theory. Nor did he have any knowledge of similar projects underway around the same time in other parts of the world.

Among the most notable of these was the IBM-funded Harvard Mark I, which debuted in 1944. Even more promising, though, was the development of electronic systems such as Great Britain's 1943 computing prototype Colossus and the ENIAC, the first fully-operational electronic general-purpose computer that was put into service at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.

Out of the ENIAC project came the next big leap in computing technology. John Von Neumann, a Hungarian mathematician who'd consulted on ENIAC project, would lay the groundwork for a stored program computer. Up to this point, computers operated on fixed programs and altering their function-for example, from performing calculations to word processing. This required the time-consuming process of having to manually rewire and restructure them. (It took several days to reprogram ENIAC.) Turing had proposed that ideally, having a program stored in the memory would allow the computer to modify itself at a much faster pace. Von Neumann was intrigued by the concept and in 1945 drafted a report that provided in detail a feasible architecture for stored program computing.

His published paper would be widely circulated among competing teams of researchers working on various computer designs. In 1948, a group in England introduced the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, the first computer to run a stored program based on the Von Neumann architecture. Nicknamed "Baby," the Manchester Machine was an experimental computer that served as the predecessor to the Manchester Mark I. The EDVAC, the computer design for which Von Neumann's report was originally intended, wasn't completed until 1949.

Transitioning Toward Transistors

The first modern computers were nothing like the commercial products used by consumers today. They were elaborate hulking contraptions that often took up the space of an entire room. They also sucked enormous amounts of energy and were notoriously buggy. And since these early computers ran on bulky vacuum tubes, scientists hoping to improve processing speeds would either have to find bigger rooms-or come up with an alternative.

Fortunately, that much-needed breakthrough was already in the works. In 1947, a group of scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a new technology called point-contact transistors. Like vacuum tubes, transistors amplify electrical current and can be used as switches. More importantly, they were much smaller (about the size of an aspirin capsule), more reliable, and they used much less power overall. The co-inventors John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley would eventually be awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956.

While Bardeen and Brattain continued doing research work, Shockley moved to further develop and commercialize transistor technology. One of the first hires at his newly founded company was an electrical engineer named Robert Noyce, who eventually split off and formed his own firm, Fairchild Semiconductor, a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. At the time, Noyce was looking into ways to seamlessly combine the transistor and other components into one integrated circuit to eliminate the process in which they had to be pieced together by hand. Thinking along similar lines, Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, ended up filing a patent first. It was Noyce's design, however, that would be widely adopted.

Where integrated circuits had the most significant impact was in paving the way for the new era of personal computing. Over time, it opened up the possibility of running processes powered by millions of circuits-all on a microchip the size of a postage stamp. In essence, it's what has enabled the ubiquitous handheld gadgets we use every day, that are ironically, much more powerful than the earliest computers that took up entire rooms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Prior to the advent of microprocessors, a number of notable scientists and mathematicians helped lay the groundwork for the computers we use today.