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internal hardware of a computer responsible for executing the instructions of a program.

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.arithmetic calculations such as addition

.logical operations

.comparisons between values

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CU organizes execution of instruction

.ensures execution of instruction in the correct sequence

.decodes every instruction that processor will execute

.sends and receives control signals to and from other components

.checks signals have been delivered successfully

.make sure data goes to the correct place at correct time

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clock signal-used to synchronise the operations of the processor components

system clock-generates regular clock pulses by emitting signals that continously switch from low(0) to high(1)

clock speed-how quickly the CPU can process instructions (Number of clock cycles in one second )

CLOCK SPEED ESSENTIALS :

.clock speed is mesured in hertz

.1 clock cycle per sec = 1Hz

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memory within the processors that provide extreamly fast access

general registers include storing the results of intermediate calculations that are part of larger computations

special purpose registers -

processor based registers used for a specific purpose

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CIR holds the current instruction that the processor is executing

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TEMPORARILY STORES THE MEMORY ADDRESSES USED WHEN SEARCHING FOR DATA IN RAM

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temporarily holds the data that are read from or written to the main memory

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Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed by the processor

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Stores the result of any calculation

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FETCH:Each instruction is fetched from memory (in order), and put into the appropriate registers. The control unit can then access the instruction for the next stages.

DECODE:The instructions (which are received in binary) need to be decoded before they can be run. This is the process the control unit uses to work out what the other components need to do.

Each processor will have slightly different encodings for instructions.

EXECUTE:The control unit will tell the other components what they need to do in order for the instruction to work.

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As embedded systems are specialized to the tasks they perform

Embedded systems use software known as firmware to control the hardware. Firmware is usually programmed in the factory where the microcontroller is produced. Unlike software, the user does not directly interact with the firmware. Assembly language is often used to develop firmware, as it provides direct control over specific hardware components.